英語(yǔ)中的“必須”有must和have to兩種表達(dá),它們都是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,后面都接動(dòng)詞原形,但兩者用法不同。因此,“必須”不同須明辨。
1.must意為“必須、應(yīng)當(dāng)”,強(qiáng)調(diào)說(shuō)話人的主觀看法;have to意為“必須、不得不”,著重表示客觀需要。如:
You must finish your homework first.
你必須先完成作業(yè)。
We must study hard for the people.
我們必須為人民而努力學(xué)習(xí)。
Grandma is ill ,so he has to stay at home and look after her.
奶奶病了,所以他必須呆在家里照顧她。
I had to walk to school this morning because my bike was broken.
今天早上我不得不步行去上學(xué),因?yàn)槲业淖孕熊噳牧恕?/p>
2.must只有現(xiàn)在形式,要表示過(guò)去和將來(lái)時(shí),通常用had to 和will have to 。如:
I had to tell him about this last night.
昨晚我不得不把這件事告訴他。
Will you have to go there with her tomorrow?
明天你得和她一起去那兒?jiǎn)?
3.must和have to 的否定形式大不相同:must作“必須”講時(shí),其否定形式是needn’t,而不是mustn’t。 needn’t意為“不必、用不著”,mustn’t則帶有命令色彩,有“絕對(duì)不可”或“不許你……”之意;而have to作“必須”講時(shí),其否定式則要借助助動(dòng)詞。如:
——Must I go home now?
我得現(xiàn)在回家嗎?
——No,you needn’t.
不,你不必現(xiàn)在回家。
You mustn’t play on the road. It’s dangerous.
你不要在馬路上玩耍,那很危險(xiǎn)。
You mustn’t smoke in the classroom.
你不準(zhǔn)在教室里抽煙。
You won’t have to worry about your little brother. I will help him.
你不必?fù)?dān)心你弟弟,我會(huì)幫助他的。
She doesn’t have to go there herself.
她不必親自去那兒。
另外,must還可用來(lái)表示推測(cè),有“一定、必定”之意。如:
Theman in the car must be your father.
小汽車?yán)锏哪莻€(gè)男人準(zhǔn)是你父親。
The sharpener must be Lucy’s.
這卷筆刀準(zhǔn)是露茜的。
4.當(dāng)主觀與客觀、主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)的界限不甚分明或無(wú)需側(cè)重時(shí),二者可換用,尤其在同義句型轉(zhuǎn)換中,但must比have to 語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng)一些。如:
I don’t feel well andI must / have to go and see a doctor.
我身體不好,必須去看醫(yī)生。
注意:在反意疑問(wèn)句中,must表示“必須”時(shí),疑問(wèn)部分用mustn’t, must表示“有必要”時(shí),疑問(wèn)部分要用needn’t, must表示“一定、想必”等推測(cè)意義時(shí),疑問(wèn)部分要根據(jù)具體的情況而定;而have to的反意疑問(wèn)句則要借助助動(dòng)詞。如:
You must work hard this year, mustn’t you?
今年你必須努力工作,對(duì)不對(duì)?
He must finish the work before supper, needn’t he?
他有必要在晚飯前完成這項(xiàng)工作,是不是?
The girl’s parents must be teachers, aren’t they?
這女孩的父母一定是教師,不是嗎?(對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的推測(cè),疑問(wèn)部分的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用be的現(xiàn)在式。)
You must have waited here for a long time, haven’t you?
你一定在這兒等了很久,對(duì)嗎?(對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的情況的推測(cè),疑問(wèn)部分的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用haven’t。)
You must have seen a doctor yesterday, didn’t you?
你昨天肯定看醫(yī)生了,對(duì)嗎?(對(duì)過(guò)去情況的推測(cè),疑問(wèn)部分的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用did。)
They have to finish their homework first, don’t they?
他們必須先完成作業(yè),是不是?
Tom has to go home alone, doesn’t he?
湯姆不得不獨(dú)自回家,對(duì)不對(duì)?
You won’t have to worry about your bird, will you?
你不必?fù)?dān)心你的鳥,好不好?
練習(xí):用must, mustn’t, have to, has to, had to, don’t have to, doesn’t have
to或didn’t have to 填空。
1.He _____ come here early.
2.It’s raining heavily outside.Does your father _____ go there by bus?
3.He _____ wait for another two hours because the train was late.
4.Alice _____ go to see her grandma, doesn’t she?
5.We_____ listen to the teacher carefully in class.
6.The children _____ swim in that river. It’s too dangerous.
7.You_____ answer the question in English, and you may answer it in Chinese.
8.There is going to be a sports meeting tomorrow,so we’ll _____ go to school before seven.
Keys:
1.must2.have to3.had to4.has to5.must6.mustn’t7.don’t have to8.have to