周王朝的故事

譯/湯敏TangMin

《封神演義》是一部充滿(mǎn)奇幻色彩的中國(guó)古代神話(huà)小說(shuō)，講述了商周之交的歷史傳說(shuō)，2023年上映的電影《封神第一部：朝歌風(fēng)云》就改編自這部經(jīng)典之作。影片放映后，《封神演義》的故事再次成為人們熱議的話(huà)題，激發(fā)了人們對(duì)古代神話(huà)的興趣。今天，讓我們一同走進(jìn)周王朝文化的發(fā)祥地一，探尋那段波瀾壯闊、真實(shí)存在的周王朝歷史。

Creation of the Gods is an ancient Chinese mythological novel filled with fantastical elements， narrating the historical legends of the transition between the Shang and Zhou dynasties. This classic work was adapted into the 2023 film Creationof the Gods I： Kingdom of Storms， once again making these stories a hot topic and rekindling people's passion for ancient myths. Today， let's journey to Baoji， the birthplace of Zhou culture， to explore the grand and tangible history of the Zhou Dynasty.

西岐在何處？What Is Xiqi？

西岐（qi）是周文王姬昌的發(fā)跡地，位于陜西省關(guān)中平原西部，即我們今天常說(shuō)的古周原。《詩(shī)經(jīng)·大雅·綿》記載周人早期歷史時(shí)這樣寫(xiě)道：“古公亶（dān）父，來(lái)朝走馬。率西水滸，至于岐下?！奔s3000年前，古公亶父率領(lǐng)族人遷徙定居于此，這支來(lái)自西方的族群定名為“周”，他們定居的岐山地區(qū)則被定名為“周原”。今天，人們所說(shuō)的周原遺址，指的是岐山、扶風(fēng)兩縣接壤處的周原核心地區(qū)，面積約33平方公里。

Xiqi is where King Wen of Zhou， Ji Chang， roseto prominence.Itislocated in thewestern part of the Guanzhong Plain in Shaanxi Province， now known asthe ancient site of Zhouyuan. The“Mian”of“Daya” （\"GeaterOdes of the Kingdom\"） from Shijng（Book of Songs） records the early history of Zhou as follows： “Great King Danfu rode his mighty steed at dawn， galloping along the western riverbank until he reached the footofMountQi.\"Thistellsusthataround3，000 years ago， Danfu led his tribe to settle in Xiqi. While this tribe from western China became known as“Zhou，” the Qishan area they settled inwasnamed“Zhouyuan.\"Today， the“ancient site of Zhouyuan\" encompasses a 33-squarekilometer core area located at the junction of QishanandFufengcounties.

西岐曾是西周的都城。武王滅商之后，便將都城遷至豐京，而周原作為周王室的宗廟和祖墳所在地，仍需舉辦重大冊(cè)命和祭祀活動(dòng)，因此古周原是西周王朝的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化中心之一。

Xiqi was once the capital of the Western Zhou. After King Wu overthrew the Shang， he moved the capital to Fengjing. However， since Zhouyuan was home to the royal ancestral templesand tombs，majorroyal investitures and sacrificial ritualscontinued to be held there.As aresult，ancient Zhouyuan remained oneofthe political，economic，and cultural centersof the Western Zhou Dynasty.

周王朝覆滅后，周原成為秦與戎族的必爭(zhēng)之地。歷經(jīng)數(shù)次大戰(zhàn)后，古城被徹底摧毀，淪為廢墟。奴隸主、貴族們倉(cāng)皇逃離，留下許多珍貴的青銅器。隨后，列國(guó)紛爭(zhēng)日益加劇，這片廢墟變?yōu)檗r(nóng)田。后來(lái)，人們?cè)谶@里陸續(xù)發(fā)掘出珍貴的甲骨文和大量國(guó)寶級(jí)青銅器，以及玉器、陶器、瓷器、骨器、蚌器和石器等，這些均得到標(biāo)識(shí)和保存。周原作為“青銅器之鄉(xiāng)”的面貌逐漸呈現(xiàn)于世人眼前。

After the demise of the Zhou Dynasty， Zhouyuan became a fiercely contested stronghold between the Qin state and the Rong tribes. Several large-scale battles took place here， completely destroying the ancient city and leaving it in ruins.Many aristocratic slaveowners fled inhaste，leaving behinda wealth of precious bronze artifacts. As conflicts among the states intensified， the ruins were gradually turned into farmland. In later years， people began uncovering invaluable oracle bone inscriptions and a vast collection of national treasure - level bronze artifacts，as well as jade，pottery，porcelain，bone， shell， and stone artifacts， they were all documented and preserved. Over time， Zhouyuan's identityasthe \"Hometown of Bronze Artifacts” gradually emerged before theworld.

晚清時(shí)期，于此地發(fā)掘的毛公鼎、大盂鼎、虢（guo）季子白盤(pán)、散氏盤(pán)被譽(yù)為“晚清四大國(guó)寶”。其中，毛公鼎是西周晚期的重器，因制作者毛公而得名。該鼎于清道光二十三年（1843年）出土，現(xiàn)藏于中國(guó)臺(tái)北故宮博物院。其高53.8厘米，腹深27.2厘米，口徑47.9厘米，重34.7公斤，鼎口飾重環(huán)紋一道，配敞口雙立耳、三蹄足，造型古樸莊重。鼎內(nèi)壁鑄有銘文32行，近500字，是現(xiàn)存青銅器銘文中最長(zhǎng)的一篇，堪稱(chēng)“西周青銅器銘文之最”，是研究西周晚期政治歷史的重要史料。

During the late Qing Dynasty， several significant cultural relics were discovered here， including the DukeMao Tripod，GreatYu Tripod，Ji ZibaiPlate of the Guo State，and San Family Plate， collectively knownasthe“FourGreatNational Treasuresofthe LateQing.”TheDukeMao Tripod isalargebronze vessel from the late Western Zhou period， named after the person who commissioned the making of the tripod，Duke Mao. It was excavated in the23rd year（l843） of the Daoguang Emperor's reign and is currently housed in the National Palace Museum in Taipei， China. The tripod stands 53.8cm tall， with a depthof 27.2cm and a mouth diameter of 47.9cm weighing 34.7kg .Thevessel featuresan openmouth adorned with a double ring pattern，as well as two upright ears and three legs，giving it an ancient and dignifiedappearance.Theinnerwallsofthevessel are inscribed with a 32-line text， totaling nearly 500 characters， the longest known inscription on a bronze vessel. This inscription is a crucial historical document for studying the political history of the late Western Zhou period.

銘文記述了毛公鼎的由來(lái)：周宣王即位之初，迫切想要振興朝政，于是請(qǐng)叔父毛公為其處理國(guó)家內(nèi)外的大小政務(wù)。因毛公大公無(wú)私，周王頒贈(zèng)命服厚賜。為了感謝周王的重托和賞賜，毛公鑄此鼎以傳示子孫。

The inscription recounts the origin of the tripod： When King Xuan of Zhou ascended the throne， he sought to revitalize the state and entrusted hisuncle， Duke Mao， with managing both internal and external affairs.Due to Duke Mao's integrity and selflessness， theking rewarded him with royal robes and generous gifts.In gratitude for the king's trust and rewards， Duke Mao had the tripod cast to pass down the king's grace to future generations.

毛公鼎及其銘文 DukeMao Tripod and itsinscription

一卷“封神榜”，千古釣魚(yú)臺(tái)

A Scroll of\"List ofEnshrined Gods， an Eternal Legacy at Fishing Terrace

市陳倉(cāng)區(qū)天王鎮(zhèn)的釣魚(yú)臺(tái)景區(qū)，南依秦嶺，北望渭水，總面積約200平方公里，距市區(qū)30公里。名貫古今的歷史典故“姜太公釣魚(yú)，周文王訪(fǎng)賢”就發(fā)生在這里。

The Fishing Terrace Scenic Area is located in Tianwang Town，ChencangDistrict，Baoji City，with theQinlingMountainsto thesouthand theWeiRiver to the north.Coveringa total area of approximately 200 square kilometers，it lies30 kilometers from downtownBaoji.Thisareais famous foritshistorical anecdotes，including the legendary stories of“Jiang Taigongangledhishook，KingWenof Zhou sought thewise\"

姜尚，字子牙，又稱(chēng)“姜太公”，是中國(guó)歷史上極具神秘色彩的人物。身為杰出的政治家、軍事家，他被尊為兵家鼻祖。他在中國(guó)歷史和文化中具有極高的地位，不僅在歷史書(shū)籍中備受推崇，在民間傳說(shuō)和文學(xué)作品中也廣為傳頌，明代許仲琳的《封神演義》更使姜子牙扶周滅商的故事家喻戶(hù)曉。

Jiang Shang，also known as Jiang Ziya or Jiang Taigong，isa mysterious figure in Chinese history. He was a renowned politician and military strategist， regarded as the founding figure of the Military Strategy. He holds a prominent position in Chinese history and culture，highly esteemed not onlyin historical texts but also in folkloreand literary works.The MingDynasty's Investiture of the Godsby Xu Zhonglin brought to widespread fame the story of Jiang Taigong assisting the Zhou in overthrowing the Shang.

相傳，姜子牙72歲時(shí)在渭水之濱磻（pan）溪用直鉤釣魚(yú)。周文王得知后，派兒子姬發(fā) （即后來(lái)的周武王）前去請(qǐng)其出山輔政。姬發(fā)來(lái)到釣魚(yú)臺(tái)，姜子牙卻只顧垂釣，不予理會(huì)。他將竿子一挑，釣上一條小魚(yú)，口中念道：“釣釣釣，大魚(yú)不到小魚(yú)到。”周文王得知后，便親自去請(qǐng)姜子牙，并納入麾下。此后，姜子牙先后輔佐文王、武王，屢獻(xiàn)奇計(jì)，最終幫助他們推翻商朝統(tǒng)治，建立周朝，成為開(kāi)國(guó)元?jiǎng)?。因此功?jī)，他被冊(cè)封為齊國(guó)君主，封地在營(yíng)丘 （今山東臨淄）。

太公釣渭圖 TaigongFishingbytheWei

Legend has it that when Jiangwas 72 years old， he was fishingwitha straight hook by Panxi Creek on the banks of the Wei River.Upon learning of this， KingWenof Zhou sent his sonJi Fa （laterknown asKing Wu of Zhou） to invite Jiang to assist in governance.JiFaarrived at the fishing terrace，but Jiangignored him，focused solelyon his fishing.He flicked his rod，catchinga small fish，and muttered， “Fishing，fishing，the big fish does not come，but the small fish does.\"Learning this，King Wen personally went to invite Jiang，bringing him into his camp. Later，Jiangassisted King Wen and King Wu，offering brilliant strategies that ultimately helped them overthrowthe ShangDynastyand establish the Zhou Dynasty，becominga founding hero of the Zhou.As areward for his contributions， Jiang was appointed as the ruler of the Qi State，with his fief in Yingqiu （present-dayLinzi， Shandong）.

周公廟

Temple of Duke Zhou

周公是西周初期杰出的政治家、軍事家、思想家和教育家，被尊為“元圣”。他兩次輔佐周武王東伐殷商、制作禮樂(lè)。因其封地在周，爵為上公，故稱(chēng)“周公”。他是周文王的第四個(gè)兒子，周武王姬發(fā)的同母弟弟。

Duke Zhou，an outstanding politician，military strategist，thinker，andeducatorintheearlyWestern Zhouperiod，is revered as the“First Sage.”He assisted King Wu of Zhou twice in leading military campaigns eastward against the Shang Dynasty and was instrumental in establishing the rituals and music of Zhou. As he was granted the fief of Zhou and held the title of Shang Gong （Supreme Duke），he became known as“Duke Zhou.\"He was the fourth son of King Wen and the younger brother of King Wu， Ji Fa， sharing the same mother.

周武王建立周王朝后不久便因病去世，留下年幼的太子姬誦繼位，即周成王。周成王即位時(shí)年僅13歲。周王朝初建，政權(quán)還不穩(wěn)固，因此由周公輔佐成王掌管?chē)?guó)家大事。攝政期間，周公制定并完善了宗法制、分封制、嫡長(zhǎng)子繼承制和井田制等典章制度。這些制度以宗法血緣為紐帶，將家族和國(guó)家、政治和倫理融合在一起，對(duì)中國(guó)封建社會(huì)影響深遠(yuǎn)，為周朝近八百年的統(tǒng)治奠定了堅(jiān)實(shí)基礎(chǔ)。

Shortly after King Wu established the Zhou Dynasty， he died of illness， leaving his young son， Ji Song， to succeed him as King Cheng of Zhou. At the time of his succession， King Cheng was only thirteen years old，and the Zhou Dynasty was still in its earlystages，withpolitical stabilityfarfromassured. Consequently， Duke Zhou served as regent， assisting King Cheng in managing state affairs. During his regency，Duke Zhou implemented and refined several keysystems，including the patriarchal clan system， enfeoffment system，primogeniture，and well-field system.Anchored in kinship ties，these systems integrated familyand state，politicsand ethics.Their establishment had a profound impact on China's feudal society and laid the foundation for nearly eight centuries of Zhou’s reign.

周成王成年后，周公便功成身退，回到家鄉(xiāng)的鳳凰山下頤養(yǎng)天年，逝世后葬于鳳凰山南麓的家族墓地，后世尊其為“圣人”。后人為紀(jì)念他建祠立廟，也就是今天我們看到的周公廟古建筑群。

After King Cheng came of age， Duke Zhou retired，returning to his hometown at the foot of Mount Phoenix to enjoy his later years. After his death，he was buried in the family cemetery at thesouthern footofthe mountain.He hasbeen venerated as a “sage” by subsequent generations. A temple wasbuilt in his honor，which is the ancient architectural complexof the TempleofDuke Zhou that we see today.

2003年以來(lái)，考古工作者在周公廟所在的鳳凰山遺址發(fā)掘出大量西周甲骨及高等級(jí)貴族墓葬等遺跡。經(jīng)研究，學(xué)者們推測(cè)鳳凰山遺址及其周邊地區(qū)為周初重臣周公的封地。

Since2oo3，archaeologistshavediscovereda large number of Western Zhou oracle bones and key sites，including the burial sites of high-ranking nobles，at the Mount Phoenix site in the temple area. Basedon theirresearch，scholarsbelieve thatthe Mount Phoenix site and its surrounding areas were likely the fiefdom of Duke Zhou.

隨著周文化考古的深入，那些沉睡于古老建筑之下、被歲月塵封的歷史細(xì)節(jié)逐漸顯露。這些文物和歷史遺跡豐富了我們對(duì)周文化的認(rèn)知，讓我們得以一窺中華文化的博大精深，同時(shí)警示我們，要守護(hù)好這份珍貴的文化遺產(chǎn)，使它能在歲月長(zhǎng)河中得以延續(xù)。

As archaeological research on Zhou culture inBaoji deepens，historical details thathadbeen buried beneath ancient buildings and sealed by the passage of time are gradually being uncovered. These cultural relics and historical sites have enriched our understanding of Zhou culture，offeringus a glimpse into the vast and profound nature of Chinese civilization. At the same time， they remind us of the importance of preserving this precious cultural heritage， ensuring its continuity through the ages. ￡

供圖／劉歡歡 周公像 Statue of Duke Zhou