漢陽陵：漢景帝的地下王國

中外游客只要游西安，必去看兵馬俑。但你可能不知道的是，就在，安靜坐落著另一處文物價值堪比兵馬俑的歷史古跡。它就是漢陽陵，西漢王朝第四位皇帝漢景帝劉啟（公元前188年一公元前141年）與皇后王姥的合葬陵園一—目前已發(fā)現(xiàn)的保存最為完整的漢代皇帝陵園。

Forboth Chineseand international visitors，a trip to Xi'an is incompletewithoutvisitingtheTerracottaArmy.However，what many people don't knowis that less than 50 kilometers away， near theborder between Xi'anand Xianyang，liesanother historical siteof equal archaeological significance： the Han Yangling Mausoleum. It serves as the joint burial site of Emperor Jing（Liu Qi，188-141 BC）， thefourth emperor of the Western Han Dynasty，and hisconsort， EmpressWangZhi.Today，itstandsasthebest-preservedimperial mausoleum fromtheHan Dynasty everdiscovered.

漢景帝劉啟，于公元前157年至公元前141年在位。身為西漢開國皇帝劉邦之孫、著名的漢武帝劉徹之父，他與父親漢文帝劉恒共同開創(chuàng)了中國歷史上第個太平盛世“文景之治”。漢景帝繼承了其父的執(zhí)政理念，在位時大興“休養(yǎng)生息”之道，使得國家內(nèi)外安定、社會繁榮祥和，為漢朝的強(qiáng)盛奠定了堅實的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)，也為隨后的“漢武盛世”拉開了序幕。

Emperor Jingreigned from 157 BC to 141 BC. As the grandson of LiuBang，the foundingemperoroftheWesternHanDynasty，and the father of the famousEmperor Wu （Liu Che），heushered in oneof themost peaceful and prosperous erasin Chinese history， known as the“Ruleof Wen and Jing\"alongside his father， Emperor Wen （Liu Heng）. Emperor Jingcontinued his father's governance philosophy， emphasizing “restand recuperation” during his reign.His policies ensured political stability and economic prosperity， laying a solid foundation for the golden age of EmperorWuthatfollowed.

于帝陵、后陵以北，眾多的陪葬墓分布在距離帝陵東約1100米的司馬道兩側(cè)。目前已經(jīng)發(fā)掘的遺址主要是帝陵南門遺址、宗廟建筑遺址和部分陽陵邑遺址。

漢景帝劉啟畫像Portrait of Emperor Jing

通常，中國的皇帝在即位后不久便會開始選址建造自己的陵墓，漢景帝亦是如此。公元前153年，景帝下令在當(dāng)時的弋陽縣修建自己的陵墓，起名“陽陵”。公元前141年正月，景帝逝于長安未央宮，入葬陽陵。王皇后在景帝去世15年（公元前126年）后逝世，與景帝合葬于陽陵。

In ancient China， it was customary for

emperorsto begin planningtheirownmausoleums shortly after ascending the throne.Emperor Jing was no exception.In 153 BC，he ordered the construction of his mausoleum in Yiyang County，naming it “Yangling.”When he passed awayatWeiyangPalace in Chang'an （modern-day Xi'an） in the first moon of 141 BC，he was entombed in Yangling.Fifteen years later，in 126BC，Empress Wang died and was also buried there.

1990年5月，中國政府組織專家正式啟動漢陽陵的考古發(fā)掘工作。經(jīng)過多年的考古勘探，現(xiàn)已探明，漢陽陵占地約20平方公里，主要包括帝后陵園、南北區(qū)外藏坑、宗廟和寢殿建筑遺址、陪葬墓園和陽陵邑遺址等。帝陵與后陵兩座巨大的陵墓比肩而立，帝陵在西，后陵在東部偏北，二者相距約450米。個別重要的陪葬墓位

In May 1990，the Chinese government officially began systematic excavations of the Han Yangling Mausoleum.Over the years，researchershave uncovered an extensive 20-square-kilometer burial complex，consistingof the tombs ofEmperor Jing and Empress Wang，southern and northern outer burial pits，the site of sacrifice and palace halls，a necropolis filled with satellite tombs and the ruins of Yangling ΔYi¹ .The two main burial mounds- Emperor Jing's to the west and Empress Wang's slightly to the northeast- stand just 450 meters apart.Several important satellite tombs are located to the north， while numerous other burial sites are lined along the SimaPath，about1，loometerseastoftheemperor's tomb.Among the excavated remains，key findings include the south gate tower， the site of sacrifice，and sections of Yangling Yi.

正如工作人員所料，漢陽陵考古發(fā)掘結(jié)果顯示，這座顯赫的陵園早已被盜墓賊“光臨”。發(fā)掘時發(fā)現(xiàn)的多處大大小小的盜洞讓大家十分痛心。吸引盜墓賊鏈而走險的當(dāng)然是陵墓中豐厚的陪葬品。中國古人有“事死如事生”的理念，即對待死去的人如同對待其生前那樣。其生前的衣食住行、權(quán)力和待遇等均會通過陵墓形制和陪葬品得到完整呈現(xiàn)。因此，歷代帝王陵墓不僅陪葬品豐厚，其墓葬結(jié)構(gòu)及出土文物更反映出當(dāng)時的社會狀況、生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展水平等。本文這就帶你穿越到西漢，去2000多年前漢景帝為自己打造的“地下王國”看一看。

Asexpected， theHan YanglingMausoleum fell victimto tombraiders over thecenturies.Excavations revealed numerous looting tunnels，a stark reminder of therich treasures that once laywithin.In ancient China，peoplebelieved in treatingthedeadasif they were still alive. This concept dictated that everything a person enjoyed in life- clothing，cuisine，housing， transportation，power，and luxuries- should be replicatedinthetombandburialitems.Asaresult， imperial mausoleums were filled with priceless artifacts that offer insights into the political structure andeconomicconditionsof thatera.Now，let'stravel back more than 2，0oo years into Emperor Jing's underground kingdom in the Western Han Dynasty.

漢陽陵著衣式缺臂陶俑考古發(fā)掘出土現(xiàn)場Excavationsite of dressed pottery figurineswithmissingarmsattheHanYanglingMausoleum

人類文明的進(jìn)步：“偶人隨葬

From Human Sacrifice to Funerary Figurines

隨著人類文明的發(fā)展，慘無人道的活人殉葬逐漸減少，取而代之的則是“偶人”（也就是“俑”［yong]）隨葬。這些俑多用木頭或陶土制成，分別稱為“木俑”和“陶俑”。秦漢時期又以陶俑隨葬最為盛行。墓主生前的地位和職務(wù)決定了隨葬陶俑的種類和規(guī)格，各類陶俑（如軍士俑、侍從俑、樂伎確等）均為生前服務(wù)、受命于墓主的人。

Ashuman civilization progressed， the inhumane practiceofburyingthelivingwith thedeceased gradually faded，givingway to the use of burial figurines，known as yong.These figurines typically made of wood or pottery were called mu yong and tao yong respectively. The use of pottery figurines became especially widespread during the Qin and Han dynasties.The rank and occupation of thedeceased determined the type and scale of the figurines buried within.Different types of figurines- such as soldiers，attendants，and musicians-represented thosewho had once served them.

大規(guī)模地隨葬陶俑始于秦始皇陵，以軍士俑為主，配以戰(zhàn)馬俑、戰(zhàn)車等，就是如今舉世聞名的“兵馬俑”。西漢建立后，仍延續(xù)了陶俑隨葬的方式。漢陽陵也出土了大量陶俑，其中包括數(shù)量眾多的裸體陶俑。這些陶俑有男有女，身份主要為軍士、嬪妃、宮女和宦官，出土?xí)r均為缺臂裸體狀，被稱為“陽陵裸俑”。經(jīng)研究，這類陶俑是專為皇室隨葬的級別較高的陪葬品。隨葬時，它們陶土做的身體上其實安裝著木質(zhì)手臂，而且每個陶俑還根據(jù)其性別、官職、身份的不同，穿著不同的漢服或鎧甲等，因此稱其為“著衣式陶俑”更為合理。此外，這些陶俑還隨身攜帶與其身份相關(guān)的兵器、印章、錢袋、水壺、腰帶等物品。然而，歷經(jīng)2000多年的歲月，這些陶俑的木質(zhì)手臂、衣服及隨身物品全都消亡了。

The large-scale practice of burying pottery figurines began with the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor，best known for its vast Terracotta Army， composed of life-sized military figurines，horses， and chariots.When the Western Han Dynasty was established， the tradition of using burial figurines continued.AtHan YanglingMausoleum，notably， many nude pottery figurines wereunearthed. These figurines，both male and female，represent soldiers，concubines，maids，and eunuchs.They were found without arms，which is why they are officiallycalled“YanglingNudeFigurines.Research suggests they were designed as high-status funerary items exclusively for the imperial family. Originally， they had wooden arms attached to their pottery bodies and were dressed in Hanfu clothing or armor，depending on their gender，social status， and occupation.For thisreason，they are more accuratelydescribedas“dressed pottery figurines.\" Additionally， they once carried personal accessories such as weapons，seals，money pouches，water flasks， andbelts.However，aftermorethan2，ooo years，the woodenarms，clothing，and accompanyingartifacts haveall disintegrated.

與秦代的兵馬俑相比，西漢的陽陵俑有著很大的不同。這與西漢社會的發(fā)展、人們對于生死認(rèn)知的理解有關(guān)，主要表現(xiàn)在以下三個方面。

Unlike the Qin Dynasty's Terracotta Army，Han Yangling figurines reflect significant differences， influenced by the evolving social attitudes towards lifeand death in the Western Han Dynasty.These differences can be categorized into three key aspects.

一是陶俑的體量變小。秦始皇陵的兵馬俑是強(qiáng)大秦帝國軍隊的象征，另有百戲俑、文官俑等，均等同于真人大小。這與秦始皇本人好大喜功有關(guān)，也與古代的“人殉”習(xí)俗不無關(guān)系。陽陵俑則比兵馬俑小了很多，男確高約 56～62 厘米，女確約53厘米，僅為真人的三分之一大小。這一變化是當(dāng)時的歷史條件所致：西漢建國初期，由于連年的戰(zhàn)爭，國力空虛，所以當(dāng)時的統(tǒng)治思想崇尚節(jié)儉、休養(yǎng)生息。在這樣的大環(huán)境下，帝陵的建南區(qū)外藏坑鎧甲武士俑考古發(fā)掘出土現(xiàn)場Excavationsiteofarmoredwarriorfigurinesfromthesouthernouterburial pit

塑衣式侍從俑Molded-clothingattendant figurine設(shè)也遵循了這一思想。

Thefirstdistinction is the smaller scale of Han Yangling figurines.The Terracotta Army symbolizes the immense power of the Qin military.Even acrobatsand civil oficial figurines buried thereare all life-sized，reflecting the First Qin Emperor's ambition foreternal dominance，which was rooted in ancient traditions of live human sacrifice.In contrast，Han Yangling figurines are much smaller，measuring only 56.62cm formalesandaround 53cm for femalesroughly one-third the size of a real person.This shift can be attributed to the economic conditions of the time.After yearsof warfare，the Western Han Dynastyinitially faced economichardship.Therulers embraced frugalityand promotedarecoverypolicy fornational restoration.Consequently， even imperial tombsreflected this pragmatic approach.

二是陶俑的身份趨于完整。陽陵俑幾乎包括了皇帝所有的服務(wù)者：守衛(wèi)安全的軍士，朝廷官吏，侍奉皇帝的宦官、宮女，管理膳食的太官，供皇帝娛樂的樂伎等，一應(yīng)俱全。

The second difference lies in the comprehensive representationof the imperial court.The HanYangling figurines depict a wide range of palace servants，including soldiers and guards for security， courtofficials，eunuchsand maids fordaily service， imperial chefs for food preparation，andmusicians forentertainment.

按照身份劃分，這些陶俑主要有軍士俑和侍從確兩大類。因陶俑的衣物腐朽、隨身攜帶的印章等物件散落，其準(zhǔn)確的身份無法判定，只能根據(jù)出土位置和裝備大致認(rèn)定。

Based on their function， these figurines can be broadlyclassified intomilitary figurinesand attendant figurines.Since their clothing and accessories have decayed over time，the exact identitiesof many figurines remain uncertain.Archaeologists can only makeclassifications based on their placement in the tombcomplexand the artifacts found nearby.

軍士俑包括步兵、車兵和騎兵，均配有同比例縮小的兵器，長兵器有戟、矛等，短兵器則多為鐵劍。車和馬也相應(yīng)縮小，主體是木材，部分構(gòu)件以鐵、銅制成，起到加固和裝飾的作用。步兵是西漢軍隊的主力，步兵俑的隨葬數(shù)量也較大。它們在坑中左右成排，前后成列，裝備齊全且精良，或直立，或行進(jìn)，儼然一支帝國武裝部隊。

The military figurines，comprisinginfantry， chariot warriors，andcavalrymen，were buried alongside scaled-down versions of weapons，including polearms such as halberds and spears，as well as short swordsmainly made of iron.The chariotsand horses，likewise miniaturized，were primarily crafted fromwoodwith ironandbronzereinforcements for durabilityand decoration.Infantry， the backbone of the Western Han military，was the most commonly represented among these burial figurines.The excavated pits showthem arranged inrowsand columns，standing fullyarmed，eitherat attention or marching forward， formingan impressive imperial army.

西漢社會的進(jìn)步及北部匈奴的南侵讓西漢騎兵部隊得到了長足的發(fā)展，隨葬的騎兵俑就是一個有力的證據(jù)。陽陵騎兵俑均為“木馬騎兵俑”，由著衣式陶俑和木馬兩部分組成。陶俑原著戰(zhàn)袍，裝有木質(zhì)雙臂，身姿挺拔，雙腿呈倒U形跨坐在棗紅色漆木馬上。英姿颯爽，威風(fēng)凜凜。然而，無情的歲月一點點剝蝕掉昔日的輝煌，曾經(jīng)昂首嘶鳴的木馬如今已朽爛混入泥土之中。

著衣式男武俑 Dressedmalewarriorfigurines

Thedevelopment of Western Han societyand the threat of Xiongnu invasions from the north led to significant advancements in cavalry. The cavalry figurinesat theHan YanglingMausoleum serveas compelling evidence of this evolution.These figurines， knownas“Wooden Horse Cavalry Figurines”consist of dressed pottery figurines mounted on wooden horses.Originally， these figurines wore battle robes， had wooden arms attached，and were posed in an uprightstance.Their legsweresculpted inan inverted ^∞U^∞ shape to straddle lacquered wooden horses painted in chestnut red.The figurines exuded an aura ofstrength anddignity.Yet， the relentless passage of time has eroded their former glory，and the wooden horses，which once held their heads high，have long since decayed in the soil.

侍從俑主要有宦官、宮女和嬪妃等。例如，有一種全身施以白彩的女俑，其身份較為特殊。根據(jù)一同出土的印章及封泥，可知其身份是宮女或失勢的嬪妃。

Theattendant figurines found at the Han YanglingMausoleum included eunuchs，palace maids，and imperial concubines.One particularly distinct type is thewhite-painted female pottery figurinewith its entire body covered in white pigment.Based on seals and pottery impressions found alongside these figurines，researchers have identified themas palace maids or concubines who had fallen from favor.

三是陶俑的制作更加寫實。陽陵俑色如真人，顏面和身體為橙紅色，頭發(fā)、須眉、瞳仁則為黑色。其身體各部分基本合乎比例，細(xì)部的塑繪極為精細(xì)，甚至男女生殖器、肚臍、鼻孔等全都齊備。以侍從俑中的宦者俑為例?；鹿偈侵袊糯鷮９┗实奂盎适页蓡T役使的官員，一般由閹（yan）割之后的男性充任。這類陶俑在身材上與其他男俑基本相同，但在生殖器塑造上存在明顯區(qū)別，一同出土的印章表明了其身份。工匠對其寫實的刻畫，使世人第一次目睹漢代宦者的真容。

The third striking aspect of these pottery figurinesis theirremarkablerealism.The skin tone closelyresembles thatof real people，with facesand bodies painted in an orange-red hue，while hair， beards，eyebrows，and pupilsaredepicted in black. Their proportions are anatomically accurate，and theintricatedetailsincludenavels，nostrils，and evenmale and female genitalia.Eunuch figurines providea particularlyrevealing example.In ancient China，eunuchswere castrated men who served the emperor and the imperial household. These figurines are physically similar to other male figurines，but their sculpted anatomy clearly differentiates them.The discovery of official seals alongside these figurines helped confirm their identity.Theastonishingrealism ofthese figurines offers a rare glimpse into the appearance of Han Dynasty eunuchs.

西漢的衣食住行

Life in the Western Han Imperial Court

在“事死如事生”的理念下，漢景帝的“地下王國”不僅配備了生前服務(wù)于他的各類人員的陶俑，還隨葬了豐富的物品，以還原其生前的生活。這也讓我們得以一窺（kui）西漢的衣食住行。

Following thebelief in treating the deadas if they werealive，EmperorJing'sundergroundkingdom was outfitted not only with lifelike figurines that had once servedhim，butalso containedanabundance of burial goods，recreating the comforts of his earthly life.They provide a vivid look into the clothing， food， housing，and transportation customs of the Western Han Dynasty.

衣：“漢服”當(dāng)?shù)繡lothing： The Dominance ofHanfu

漢陽陵著衣式陶確的衣服已不復(fù)存在，其款式、形態(tài)亦無從知曉，但我們?nèi)钥梢酝ㄟ^同時期出土的著衣木俑、塑衣式陶俑及壁畫、畫像石來研究西漢的服裝。漢人多穿著“右衽（ren）深衣”：“深衣”是一種比較正規(guī)的服裝，男女都可以穿；而“右衽”則指衣服的前襟向右掩，是漢服的重要特點之一。

\"長毋相忘”草葉紋銅鏡

Bronzemirrorwith foliate patterns inscribed with

changwuxiangwang

塑衣式男侍從俑的正面

Frontofamolded-clothingmaleattendant

figurine

The original clothing worn by the dressed figurinesat Han Yangling Mausoleum has long since disappeared，leaving few tracesof their exact style orshape.However，researchers can still reconstruct Western Han fashion by studying dressed wooden figurines，molded-clothing pottery figurines，murals， and pictorial stone carvings from the same period. One of the most common garments worn by Han peoplewasyourenshenyi.Shenyiisa formal robe worn by both men and women，while youren，a defining feature ofHanfu，refers to the practice of wrapping the right sideof the robe over theleft.

近年來，陽陵博物院聯(lián)合有關(guān)科研機(jī)構(gòu)對這些著衣式陶俑的服飾進(jìn)行了研究。通過技術(shù)手段，科研人員發(fā)現(xiàn)在所采集的陶俑的相應(yīng)部位有絲、麻、木和牛皮等有機(jī)物質(zhì)的殘留，從而佐證了考古和歷史學(xué)家對漢陽陵著衣式陶俑制作時安裝木臂、身著絲或麻質(zhì)漢服配飾，以及武士俑身披皮質(zhì)鎧甲等的觀點。

Inrecentyears，theHan YanglingMuseum，in collaborationwith otherresearch institutions，has conducted studies on theclothingof these dressed figurines.Usingadvanced techniques，researchers have detected traces of organic materials such as silk， hemp，wood，and cowhide on the figurines' surfaces. These findings support archaeological and historical theories that the dressed pottery figurines originally had wooden arms and were clothed in silk or hemp Hanfu garments，while the warrior figurines wore leatherarmor.

既有漢服，用來“正衣冠”的鏡子也不可少。漢陽陵出土了大量青銅器。與商周青銅器不同的是，漢代青銅器已完全喪失禮器的功能，成了純粹生活化的實用器物，銅鏡便是其中之一。兩漢時期是銅鏡發(fā)展的鼎盛時期，其應(yīng)用非常廣泛，制作工藝十分成熟。當(dāng)時，制作銅鏡的作坊有官營和民營兩種。銅鏡背面的裝飾多為花卉、草葉紋，精美華麗。有的還刻有銘文，如“長毋（wu）相忘”，是在表達(dá)一種相思與祝愿，意思是：我們永遠(yuǎn)不要忘記對方。

Hanfu was often accompanied by mirrors used for dressing and grooming. Excavations at the Han YanglingMausoleum have uncovered many bronze artifacts. Unlike the ritual bronze vessels of the Shang andZhou dynasties，which were primarilyused in ceremonies，bronzeobjectsin theHanDynasty had become everyday items.Bronze mirrors，in particular， reached theirpeakdevelopment during the Western andEasternHanperiodsin termsof practicalityand metalworking techniques.During this period，both imperial workshopsand private craftsmen produced mirrors.The backs of these mirrors were often adorned with floral and foliate patterns，creating exquisite designs.Some mirrorseven featured inscriptions， such as chang wu xiang wang，meaning “Maywe never forget each other\"-a sentiment of longing and goodwill.

食：地上跑的、水里游的、土里長的、樹上結(jié)的全 都有 Cuisine：IngredientsfromLand，Water，oil and Trees

在漢陽陵的發(fā)掘過程中，工作人員發(fā)現(xiàn)了肉食品、糧食、海產(chǎn)品和茶葉等遺存，可以說是地上跑的、水里游的、土里長的、樹上結(jié)的都有，可見西漢的飲食已較為豐富。

Excavations at the Han Yangling Mausoleum have uncovered remnants like meat， grains，seafood， and tealeaves.Thisdiscoveryconfirms that Western Han cuisine wasalready highlydiverse，featuring ingredients fromland，water，soil，and trees.

肉食品體現(xiàn)在陶塑動物俑上，主要有馬、牛、羊、狗、豬、雞等。這些動物俑栩栩如生，種類齊全，制作工藝講究，極富生活情趣。它們是皇帝在地下享用的肉食品的代表，一方面反映了“事死如事生”的觀念，另一方面表達(dá)了對西漢社會百業(yè)隆盛、六畜興旺、民富國強(qiáng)、江山永固的祝愿。此外，漢陽陵還出土了牛、豬、狗、雞等家禽類骨骼，以及野生獸骨、鹿角，還發(fā)現(xiàn)了蚌殼、海螺殼等海產(chǎn)品。

The presence of meat in the burial pits is represented through realistically sculpted pottery animal figurines，including horses，cattle，sheep，dogs， pigs，and chickens.These exquisitely crafted figurines， with their lifelike details，symbolized the emperor's underground food supply.Theynot onlyreflected thebelief in“treating thedeadas if theywerealive” butalso embodied wishes for prosperity，abundant livestock，national strength，and an enduring empire in Western Han society.In addition to these figurines， excavationshaveyieldedskeletalremainsofdomestic animals such as cattle，pigs，dogs，and chickens，as wellaswildanimalbones，deerantlers，and even shellfish and sea snails.

陶塑動物俑—牛 Potterycattlefigurine

漢陽陵出土的糧食中，科研人員已確定了部分種類，包括粟、黍、水稻和藜屬植物。在帝陵東區(qū)15號坑的陶俑旁還發(fā)現(xiàn)了三枚銅印，印文顯示這些正屬于國家糧食管理機(jī)構(gòu)。

Scientific analysis of the grains unearthed here has identified staple crops such as foxtail millet（Setaria italica），proso millet（Panicum miliaceum），rice（Oryza sativa），and chenopodium （Chenopodium giganteum）.An intriguing find was a set of three bronze seals discovered near figurines in Pit15 on the eastern side of the emperor's tomb. Theirinscriptionsindicate thattheybelongedto the imperial grainadministration.

此外，隨葬品中還發(fā)現(xiàn)有茶葉，證實早在距今2100年前的漢朝，人們已開始飲茶。

Anothersignificantdiscoverywastea leaves， proving that people in the Han Dynasty were drinking teaasearlyas2，loo yearsago.

住：文字瓦當(dāng)獨樹一幟 Housing：DistinctiveInscribedEave Tiles

漢陽陵出土的文物里還包含磚瓦、瓦當(dāng)、四神空心磚等建筑材料，其中文字瓦當(dāng)和四神空心磚尤其富有特色。

Excavations at the Han Yangling Mausoleum havealsouncoveredarchitectural materials such as bricks，eave tiles，and hollow bricks.Among these， theinscribedeavetilesand theFourHeavenlyBeasts hollow bricksare especially remarkable.

瓦當(dāng)是中國傳統(tǒng)建筑中一種獨特的瓦片，以圓形或半圓形居多，用于房檐處，起到保護(hù)檐頭和裝飾的雙重作用。漢代瓦當(dāng)在中國瓦當(dāng)發(fā)展史上獨樹一幟，文字瓦當(dāng)更是漢代瓦當(dāng)?shù)囊淮筇厣?。漢陽陵出土的文字瓦當(dāng)數(shù)量眾多，文字多為篆書，布局巧妙，與紋飾和諧統(tǒng)一。文字內(nèi)容多為吉祥語，如“千秋萬歲”“長樂未央”等，表達(dá)了西漢人對美好生活的期盼。其文字還具有極高的書法藝術(shù)價值，備受世人推崇。此外，漢陽陵還出土了云紋瓦當(dāng)，以四組云朵裝飾，紋飾精美、造型舒展、工藝高超，反映了西漢時期神仙思想的興盛和人們對長壽、成仙的渴望。

Eavetilesarean essential elementoftraditional Chinese architecture，typically round or semicircular in shape. Theywere placed at the edge of roof eaves， serving both protective and decorative functions. The Han Dynasty played a significant role in the evolution of Chinese eave tiles，particularly through its inscribed eave tiles，which became a defining feature of the period.A large number of inscribed eave tiles have been unearthed at Han Yangling Mausoleum.Their inscriptions，usually written in seal script，display intricate compositions and artistic harmony with the surrounding patterns. Theinscriptions frequently include auspicious 四神空心磚之青龍紋空心磚 Hollow brick painted with the Azure Dragon phrases such as qianqiu-wansui （May you live for a thousand autumns and ten thousand years） and changle-weiyang（Endless joy and eternal prosperity），reflecting the aspirations of the Western Han people for a prosperous life. The calligraphy on these tiles is of extraordinary artistic value，making them highly regardedby scholars and collectors alike.Additionally，excavationshave yielded cloudpatterned eave tiles，adorned with four clusters of swirling clouds and featuring elegant designs and exceptional craftsmanship.Theyembody the Han Dynasty's fascinationwithdivine realmsand the people'sdesire foreternal lifeand transcendence.

四神空心磚常見于高等級的建筑遺址，漢陽陵宗廟建筑遺址亦有出土。在中國古代傳說中，青龍、白虎、朱雀、玄武四種神獸是天上的神靈，分別位列天的東、西、南、北四個方向，古人以它們來標(biāo)識四方的正位。四神中，青龍作為多種動物的集合體，具有通天入海的神通。白虎是驅(qū)邪食鬼的猛神，在漢代被列為十二主神之一。朱雀又稱“朱鳥”“鸞鳥”，是吉祥太平的象征。玄武的形狀多為龜蛇纏繞，由于其位置在北而稱“玄”，身上有鱗甲而稱“武”。龜、蛇均為長壽的靈物，因此“玄武”有祈求福壽的吉祥意義。四神作為祥瑞的象征，既表明方位，又有避邪驅(qū)惡的功能，在漢代藝術(shù)\"長樂未央”瓦當(dāng)Eave tile inscribed withchangle-weiyang

行：各種“豪車”應(yīng)有盡有 Transportation：ALuxuriousFleetofChariots

西漢時期，人們在陸地上的出行主要靠馬車。車是木質(zhì)的，由馬拉著行進(jìn)。在漢代，馬車已經(jīng)不常用于征戰(zhàn)，而多用于載人裝貨，成了重要的交通工具。漢代馬車類型多樣，各種“豪車”應(yīng)有盡有，但國家在使用馬車方面制定了一套嚴(yán)格的等級制度，不同身份的人可乘坐的馬車是不同的?；实鄢俗氖亲铐敿壍摹昂儡嚒保嚨鸟R匹數(shù)量是最多的。下面的王侯大臣們，則根據(jù)官職等級，逐級減少馬匹數(shù)。根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)記載，漢朝皇帝乘坐的是“金根車”，而一般官員則使用招（yao）車、輜（zi）車等。目前，漢陽陵尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)金根車，已出土的馬車以招車為主。招車是一種“篷車”，車廂較小，車速較快，所以又叫“輕車”。輜車則相反，有帷蓋，車廂相對更大，用于裝載重物。

作品中常同時出現(xiàn)，在建筑材料中則主要用于瓦當(dāng)和空心磚。

The Four Heavenly Beasts hollow bricksare primarily foundin high-statusarchitectural sites， including the site of sacrifice at the Han Yangling Mausoleum.In ancient Chinese mythology， the FourHeavenly Beasts- AzureDragon，White Tiger，VermilionBird，andBlack Tortoise-were celestial guardians，each presiding over one of the four cardinal directions to guide the way. The Azure Dragon is a composite mythical creature with celestial and aquatic powers.The White Tiger， a fierce deity known for repelling evil spirits，was one of the twelve principal gods of the Han Dynasty. Alsocalled Zhuniao or Luanniao in Chinese，the Vermilion Bird symbolizes peace and auspiciousness. TheBlack Tortoiseisdepictedasa turtle entwined witha serpent.Itis positioned in the north （xuan， reprenting“mystery\"）andischaracterizedbya scaled body（wu，meaning“martial prowess\"）.Since both the serpent and the turtle embody longevity， the Black Tortoise is associated with blessings of health andextendedlife.As symbolsof good fortune，the FourHeavenlyBeastsnot onlyrepresented the four directionsbutwerealsobelievedtowardoffevil. They frequently appeared together in Han Dynasty artworksandwereoftenfeaturedoneavetilesand hollow bricks.

During the Western Han Dynasty， the primary modeof transportation onland was thehorse-drawn carriage.Thesewoodenvehicles，pulledby horses， becamelesscommoninwarfareandwereinstead widelyused forpassengertravel and cargo transport making them an essential means of transportation. TheHan Dynasty sawa diverse range of carriages， particularlyextravagantchariots.However，strict regulations governed theiruse-different ranks in societywerepermitteddifferent typesofcarriages. Atthe highest rank，the emperor rode in the most opulentchariot，pulled bythelargest teamof horses. Below him，nobles and officials used carriages accordingto theirrank，with the numberofhorses decreasingaccordingly.Historical records indicate that Han emperors traveled ina gold-trimmed chariot，while lower-ranking officials used carriages such as the yao chariotand the zichariot.Although no gold-trimmed chariots have been discovered at the Han YanglingMausoleum，archaeologists haveunearthed numerous yao chariots，which， like convertibles，are small， lightweight carriages designed for speed，earning them the nickname “l(fā)ightchariots.\"The zichariot，on theotherhand，has a covered compartment for better protection.It is largerand more suitable for carryingheavy loads.

漢代車馬陪葬的設(shè)計和制作也十分精巧，通常配備有不同功能的部件，如漢陽陵出土的“馬銜”和“馬鑣（biao）”。馬銜是橫著放在馬嘴里的，因為馬嘴非常敏感，稍有動作就能感覺到。馬鑣則是插在馬銜兩端的環(huán)中，位于馬嘴兩邊，與韁繩連在一起。這樣人們通過拉動韁繩就可以操控馬的行進(jìn)方向，類似于汽車的方向盤。成語“分道揚(yáng)鑣”里的“鑣”就指這個部件。

Han Dynasty chariots from meticulously designed and crafted wi components.Two significant piece at the Han Yangling Mausoleum mouthpiece of a horse bit and sha （horsebit）isametalbarplacer horizontally inside the horse's mouth.Sincea horse's mouth is highly sensitive，evena small movementof thebarcouldbe felt immediately.Mabiao（shanks）， inserted into the rings of the bit，are positioned on both sides of the horse's mouth andconnected to the reins. Much like a modern steering wheel，the shanksallow theriderto directthe horse'smovements.The Chinese idiom fendaoyangbiao （to go separate ways）originates from this component.

西漢的娛樂生活

Entertainmentin theWestern Han Dynasty

漢陽陵的隨葬物品不僅涵蓋了人們的衣食住行，還包括娛樂用品，如出土的圍棋盤、六博盤等，從中可以一窺當(dāng)時西漢人的娛樂生活。

Apart fromdailynecessities，theburial items discovered at the Han Yangling Mausoleum also include entertainment artifacts.Among these are Go boards and Liubo boards，shedding light on the pastimes enjoyed by the Western Han people.

圍棋發(fā)源于中國，一直深受人們的喜愛。春秋戰(zhàn)國時期，圍棋就已廣泛流行，《左傳》等當(dāng)時古籍中記載了大量士大夫下圍棋的故事。到了西漢，圍棋更是風(fēng)靡于貴族和平民階層。中國目前發(fā)現(xiàn)最早的一件圍棋盤實物就出土于漢陽陵帝陵的南闕門遺址。與規(guī)矩方正的棋盤相比，這件由當(dāng)時的一塊鋪地方磚加工制成的棋盤，做工比較粗糙，棋道刻得也不標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。據(jù)此，專家推斷，這應(yīng)該是一些守陵人閑暇時自己刻出來用于娛樂的簡易棋盤。雖然如此，這件圍棋盤仍體現(xiàn)了西漢人民對圍棋的熱愛，也彰顯出西漢社會欣欣向榮、蓬勃向上的精神風(fēng)貌，不失為一件具有歷史價值的珍貴文物。

Gooriginated in China and wascherished for centuries.During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period，it was already widelyplayed，with classical texts suchas Zuo Zhuan（The Commentary of Zuo） documenting numerous stories of scholars and nobles engaging in Go matches.By the Western Han Dynasty， Go had become immensely popular among the aristocracyand commonersalike.The earliest known physical Go board in China was unearthed at the south gate tower of the emperor's tomb. Unlike standard square Go boards，this one was crudelycarved fromafloorbrick，withuneven lines.Experts speculate that this improvised board waslikelycarvedbytomb guardsduring theirfree time，servingasa simple pastime.Despite its rough craftsmanship，this artifact highlights the deep love for Go among the Western Han people and reflects the vibrant spirit ofHan society，making it ahistorically significant relic.

六博，又作陸博，是中國古代的一種博戲類游戲?！安敝赣螒蛩玫墓ぞ卟?（zhu），共有六根，所以叫“六博”。行棋前要先投箸，根據(jù)投箸結(jié)果行棋，以“吃”掉對方的棋子為勝。由于六博中的古玩法“大博”與象棋一樣以殺掉對方特定棋子為勝，所以六博又被認(rèn)為是象棋類游戲的前身。漢陽陵出土了多件六博棋具，其中最出名的一件出土于皇后陵，棋盤邊長34.5厘米，中間為正方形，每邊為一個T形，外圈四角和四邊刻畫著L和V形。據(jù)文獻(xiàn)記載，漢景帝當(dāng)太子時就因玩六博與吳王太子發(fā)生爭執(zhí)，失手用棋盤打死了他，為后來的“七國之亂”2埋下了禍根。

Liubo，alsoknownasLubo，wasaboard game in ancient China.The term bo refers to the game'splaying sticks bozhu，givingriseto thename Liubo （literally“six sticks\"）.Players threw the sticks to determine moves.The goal was to capture the opponent's pieces，with victory achieved by removinga key piece - similar to modern chess-style games.Some historians believe thatLiubo may have beenaprecursor to Chinese chess due to its similar winning conditions.At the Han Yangling Mausoleum， multipleLiubo boards have been excavated.One ofthemostnotableLiuboboardwasunearthed from the empress's tomb.It measures 34.5cm on each side.The center features a square grid， withT-shaped markings on each side.The outer borderisengravedwithL-andV-shaped symbols. Accordingto historical records，when Emperor Jing was still the crown prince，he hada heated argument overa gameofLiubo with the Prince ofWu.Ina fitof rage，he struck and killed the Prince of Wu with the game board.This incident ultimately contributed to the outbreak of the \"Rebellion of the Seven States.\"

漢陽陵遺址的保護(hù)與展示

Preservation andExhibition of Han Yangling

自1998年征地建館以來，政府為漢陽陵文物遺址的保護(hù)和展示做了大量工作，保存了陵區(qū)的重要文物，籌建了漢陽陵博物院。

Since land acquisition and the construction of the museum began in 1998，the Chinese government hasundertaken extensive efforts to preserve and showcase the Han Yangling site.These initiatives have protected key relics within the mausoleum and resulted in the establishment of the Han Yangling Museum.

目前，漢陽陵博物院可供公眾參觀的主要是考古陳列館、帝陵東區(qū)外藏坑、宗廟建筑遺址和帝陵南門遺址。其中，考古陳列館以文景之治為背景，以考古工作為主線，全面展現(xiàn)了漢陽陵的考古成果。帝陵東區(qū)外藏坑發(fā)掘后，修建的保護(hù)展示廳為全地下形式，采用特殊玻璃封閉遺址，將參觀者和遺址隔離開，最大限度地保護(hù)了文物。同時，這種展示廳讓觀眾看到了遺址全貌，形式獨特、保護(hù)展示理念先進(jìn)，帶給觀眾一種“地上一無所有，地下氣象萬千”的震撼。

Currently， the museum offers public access to thearchaeological exhibition hall， the outer burial pitseastof the emperor's tomb，the siteof sacrifice， and the south gate tower.Usingthe“Rule ofWen andJing”asahistorical backdrop，thearchaeological exhibition hall highlights the excavation process and presents a comprehensive display of the findings. The eastern outer burial pits are preserved within anunderground protection hall， featuring specially designed glass panels.This setup physically separates visitors from the excavation site，ensuringmaximum preservation of the artifacts while still providing an immersive view of the burial pits in their entirety. This innovative approach creates a striking contrast： \"Nothing appears above ground，yet an entire kingdomlies beneath.\"

宗廟建筑遺址則采用大面積回填并平行上移進(jìn)行復(fù)原展示的方式，個別區(qū)域保留原遺址，在遺址上修建玻璃防護(hù)設(shè)施，并少量修建了地面以上的建筑部分，通過多種形式的結(jié)合對該遺址做了較為全面的詮釋。帝陵南門遺址的保護(hù)展示，采用的是在遺址上建設(shè)保護(hù)性建筑的形式，該建筑現(xiàn)已成為漢陽陵博物院的地標(biāo)性建筑。

Similarly， the site of sacrifice has been largely restored through backfillingand elevation techniques， preserving select areas while incorporating protective glass structures and limited above-ground reconstructions.This multi-faceted approach offers a comprehensive interpretation of the site's historical significance.To protect the south gate tower，a protective building was constructed directly over the site，making itaprominent landmarkof the Han YanglingMuseum.

漢陽陵博物院自成立以來，還開展了陵區(qū)的環(huán)境整治和標(biāo)識展示工程。根據(jù)考古勘探和研究，陵區(qū)存在歷史道路16條，涉及神道、司馬門道、徼道、衣冠道等。它們連接帝陵、后陵、陵廟、寢殿，并通往陪葬墓區(qū)和陵邑。除此之外，博物院還采用脫色瀝青重建了陵園“道路”，恢復(fù)了陵園的歷史格局，展現(xiàn)了最高等級的帝陵制度和博大精深的帝陵文化，也為觀眾提供了一條較為完備的參觀環(huán)線。

In addition to preservingrelics，the museum has alsoundertakenenvironmentalrestorationandroad reconstruction.Archaeological surveyshaverevealed 16ancient paths，includingthe SacredPath，Sima Path，Watchman's Path，and the path to the emperor's cenotaph.These roads connected the emperor's tomb，the empress's tomb，the site of sacrifice， palace halls，satellite burial pits，and Yangling Yi To restore the original layout， the museum has reconstructed sections of these pathsusing fadedcolor asphalt，allowing visitors to experience the imperial tomb complexas it originally appeared. This project highlights the strict hierarchical structure and customs ofHan Dynasty imperial burials，and provides visitorswith a structured tourroute.

漢陽陵是西漢景帝劉啟的埋葬之所，是一代帝王生活的縮影和再現(xiàn)。這里發(fā)現(xiàn)的西漢文物的種類、數(shù)量、規(guī)格及規(guī)模都令人驚嘆。漢陽陵的考古成果，不僅是人們了解、研究漢代帝王陵寢制度及漢代歷史文化的重要實物資料，還具有極高的藝術(shù)價值。目前，考古發(fā)掘出的只是“冰山一角”，還有很多彰顯漢文化精髓，反映漢人生產(chǎn)、生活的珍貴史料待考古工作者進(jìn)一步發(fā)掘和探究。

As the resting place of Emperor Jing，the HanYanglingMausoleumservesasaremarkable window into the lifeof an emperor.The sheer variety，quantity， scopeand scaleof theunearthed artifacts are truly astounding.These discoveries offer invaluable physical evidence forunderstanding the burial practices and the cultural landscape of theHan Dynasty.Additionally，manyof these relics holdexceptional artistic value.Yet，whathas been excavated so farisonlythe tipof theiceberg.Many hidden treasures-artifacts thatembodythe essence ofHan culture and providea deeper look into Haneradailylifeand economicactivities-awaitfurther archaeological exploration and research.

如果你想?yún)⑴c對這個“地下王國”的考古研究和發(fā)掘工作，或是想深入了解漢代的生活，歡迎你到漢陽陵來！

If you are eager to explore the research and discoveries of this underground kingdom，or if you simply wish to immerse yourself in the life of the Han Dynasty，we warmly invite you to the Han Yangling Mausoleumin person！