摘" " 要:燦玉是紅茄梨自然雜交選育的優(yōu)質(zhì)鮮食中熟紅皮梨新品種。平均單果質(zhì)量325.1 g,粗頸葫蘆形,果皮底色黃綠色,蓋色橘紅,果心小,無(wú)籽,可食率高,果肉乳白色,軟溶,肉質(zhì)細(xì)膩多汁,風(fēng)味酸甜、香,可溶性固形物含量(w)為14.5%,鮮食品質(zhì)上等。樹(shù)勢(shì)強(qiáng),成枝力、萌芽力強(qiáng),樹(shù)姿開(kāi)張,1年生枝向陽(yáng)面主要顏色為赤黃色。葉緣銳鋸齒,葉尖長(zhǎng)漸尖?;ㄑ枯^易形成,早果豐產(chǎn)性好,適宜紡錘形栽培。在河北昌黎地區(qū)3月中旬花芽開(kāi)始萌動(dòng),8月中旬果實(shí)成熟,果實(shí)發(fā)育期約120 d。適宜在河北昌黎、曹妃甸、泊頭及相似生態(tài)區(qū)種植。
關(guān)鍵詞:梨;新品種;燦玉;中熟;紅皮
中圖分類號(hào):S661.2 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1009-9980(2025)03-0668-04
Breeding report of a new mid-ripening red pear cultivar Canyu
LI Longfei, GAO Lijuan, XU Jintao, JI Minghui, LIU Huan, ZENG Qingming, HAO Baofeng*
(Changli Institute of Pomology, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Changli 066600, Hebei, China)
Abstract: Canyu is a new mid-ripening pear cultivar (Pyrus communis) with red skin selected from the seedlings of Red Clapp’s Favorite by Changli Institute of Pomology, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences. It was initially selected in 2008 and named 6-29. Through regional adaptability testing at three sites including Changli county, Caofeidian district and Botou city in Hebei province from 2015 to 2023, the main economic characters of 6-29 showed stable." The variety patent of Canyu was obtained in July 2020, and it was approved by the Hebei Provincial Forest Variety Approval Committee in 2024. In Changli area of Hebei province, the flowers bloomed in mid-April, and the flowering period lasted 7-10 days. The fruit development period was around 120 days and could be harvested in mid-August. The tree was vigorous and posture was open. The annual branches were reddish-yellow on the exposed side and straight in shape with short internodes. The leaf buds were adnate. The color of the tender leaves was green. The mature leaves were elliptic in shape with serrate, long gradually acuate and round base. The number of flowers in each inflorescence was from five to seven. The flowers were pink, ovate, and the relative position of the petals was overlap, the position of stamen was lower than that of the stigma. The color of the anther was fuchsia. The fruit shape was wide-necked, has green yellow ground color and nacarat over color. The average fruit mass was 325.1 g. The fruit peel was smooth with few russeting, the fruit dots were dense and medium in size. The color of fthe lesh was creamy white, melting and rich juicy, tasteed sour-sweet. The texture was fine with aroma. The fruit had no seeds. The soluble solids content was 14.5% with little stone cell and residue. The hardness of the flesh was 1.62 kg·cm-2. The quality was excellent. Canyu had a high bud burst capability and branch development capability. The fruit mainly beared fruits on the short branches, the fruit setting rate was high. The continuous fruiting capacity of the branches was strong. After 3 years of planting, it begined bearing. The yield was 3256 kg per 666.7 m2 in the seventh year at a density of 2.0 m×4.5 m. The variety had strong disease resistance and extensive ecological adaptability. The density of planting would be (1-3) m × (3.5-4.0) m. Xuehua, Yali, Huangguan pears were the most suitable pollination trees for it, and the configuration of the pollinizer was (4-5)∶1. The suitable tree shape for Canyu was spindle. Attention should be paid to the management of fertilizer, water and pests in cultivation. It would be suitable for cultivation in Changli county, Caofeidian district and Botou city and other pear producing areas with similar ecological conditions in China.
Key words: Pear; New cultivar; Canyu; Mid-ripening; Red peel
梨的果肉脆嫩多汁,酸甜適口,營(yíng)養(yǎng)豐富,生熟食用均可,具有清熱止咳、潤(rùn)腸通便的功效,深受消費(fèi)者青睞[1-2]。中國(guó)主栽梨品種有碭山酥梨、鴨梨、雪花等傳統(tǒng)品種,黃冠、翠冠、玉露香、紅香酥等自主選育品種,以及秋月、黃金等引進(jìn)品種[3-6],而紅茄梨、巴梨、盤克漢姆等西洋梨品種因后熟后肉質(zhì)細(xì)膩多汁、風(fēng)味香甜、可食率高、熱量低等特點(diǎn)得到了市場(chǎng)的認(rèn)可,在山東、遼寧、河南等地有一定的栽培面積[7-10]。但是西洋梨品種普遍存在適應(yīng)性差、易得干腐病,結(jié)果晚、不易豐產(chǎn)、栽培管理難度大,且果實(shí)不耐貯運(yùn)、貨架期短等問(wèn)題[11-12]。因此適應(yīng)中國(guó)立地條件且擁有西洋梨優(yōu)良性狀的品種,擁有極大的發(fā)展空間。
河北省農(nóng)林科學(xué)院昌黎果樹(shù)研究所自2003年起,選擇紅茄梨進(jìn)行自然雜交,歷經(jīng)20 a(年)的選育研究,育成了優(yōu)質(zhì)、豐產(chǎn)、適應(yīng)性強(qiáng)的紅皮梨新品種燦玉(圖1)。
1 選育經(jīng)過(guò)
2003年春季,于河北省農(nóng)林科學(xué)院昌黎果樹(shù)研究所中五區(qū)基地選擇紅茄梨為母本進(jìn)行自然雜交,生長(zhǎng)季正常栽培管理,當(dāng)年8月采集成熟果實(shí)并收集種子,于11月進(jìn)行層積處理。翌年3月將處理后的種子播于溫室營(yíng)養(yǎng)缽內(nèi),培育實(shí)生苗,5月初將實(shí)生苗定植于中五區(qū)基地雜種實(shí)生苗初選圃內(nèi),定植株行距0.6 m×2.0 m。2008年實(shí)生苗開(kāi)始結(jié)果,編號(hào)6-29因果個(gè)大、外形美觀、酸甜適度、香味濃郁、無(wú)籽等特點(diǎn)被選為初選優(yōu)系。2009年將6-29高接擴(kuò)繁,并以母本紅茄梨為對(duì)照進(jìn)行復(fù)選,復(fù)選期間6-29性狀穩(wěn)定、整齊度高,定為復(fù)選優(yōu)系。2015年在河北昌黎、曹妃甸、泊頭等地對(duì)6-29進(jìn)行區(qū)域適應(yīng)性試驗(yàn)。經(jīng)多年觀察鑒定,6-29表現(xiàn)早果性和豐產(chǎn)性好、適應(yīng)性和抗病性較強(qiáng)、果實(shí)品質(zhì)優(yōu)良等特點(diǎn),具備性狀特異性、一致性、穩(wěn)定性。2019年8月通過(guò)了農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部的DUS測(cè)試現(xiàn)場(chǎng)考察,2020年7月獲得植物新品種保護(hù)權(quán)(CNA20181222.6),定名為燦玉。2024年通過(guò)河北省林木品種審定委員會(huì)審定,證書編號(hào):冀R-SV-PC-013-2024。
2 主要性狀
2.1 物候期
在河北昌黎地區(qū),3月中旬花芽開(kāi)始萌動(dòng),始花期4月中旬,花期持續(xù)7~10 d,8月中旬果實(shí)成熟,果實(shí)發(fā)育期約120 d,為中熟品種。
2.2 植物學(xué)特征
樹(shù)姿開(kāi)張,1年生枝直立,向陽(yáng)面主要顏色為赤黃色,枝條節(jié)間短,平均長(zhǎng)度3.66 cm。休眠葉芽頂端鈍尖、貼生。葉片橢圓形,尖端長(zhǎng)漸尖,葉緣銳鋸齒,葉基圓形,無(wú)托葉,長(zhǎng)9.13 cm,寬5.14 cm,葉柄長(zhǎng)3.32 cm,無(wú)托葉?;ㄑ宽斏L(zhǎng)度短。每個(gè)花序的花朵數(shù)為5~7朵,花瓣粉紅色,重疊,卵圓形,雌蕊柱頭高于花藥,花粉較多,花藥紫紅色(表1)。
2.3 果實(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀
果實(shí)粗頸葫蘆形,果皮底色綠黃色,蓋色橘紅,部分著色,平均單果質(zhì)量325.1 g。果梗長(zhǎng)2.46 cm,粗0.34 cm,萼片殘存,萼洼淺,果頂有果棱,梗洼淺。果面光滑,果銹少,果點(diǎn)小而密。果肉乳白色,肉質(zhì)細(xì),經(jīng)后熟變軟,汁液多,石細(xì)胞少,風(fēng)味酸甜、香,可溶性固形物含量(w)為14.5%,果心小且無(wú)籽(圖2),可食率高,鮮食品質(zhì)上等(表2)。
2.4 生長(zhǎng)結(jié)果習(xí)性
樹(shù)勢(shì)強(qiáng),成枝力強(qiáng)。以短果枝結(jié)果為主,容易成花,自交不親和,異花授粉坐果率高,持續(xù)結(jié)果能力強(qiáng)。幼苗定植后第3年有經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)量,第5年開(kāi)始豐產(chǎn),第6年達(dá)到豐產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)。在2.0 m×4.5 m的栽植密度下,單株產(chǎn)量控制在44 kg左右,6年生平均產(chǎn)量約3256 kg·666.7m-2。
2.5 適應(yīng)性與抗逆性
2015年以來(lái),在河北昌黎、曹妃甸、泊頭等梨產(chǎn)區(qū)栽培均表現(xiàn)早果豐產(chǎn)、品質(zhì)優(yōu)良等特點(diǎn),高抗梨黑星病,抗梨干腐病,無(wú)明顯病害危害,耐鹽堿,適應(yīng)性強(qiáng)。
3 栽培技術(shù)要點(diǎn)
3.1 建園及配置授粉樹(shù)
選擇土壤肥沃的平坦開(kāi)闊地建園,園地需有給排水條件,適宜的株行距為(1~3)m×(3.5~4.5)m。定植時(shí)需配置授粉樹(shù),燦玉與授粉樹(shù)比例(4~5)∶1,授粉樹(shù)可選擇雪花、鴨梨、黃冠等品種。
3.2 整形修剪
適宜樹(shù)形為紡錘形,樹(shù)高控制在4 m左右,在中心領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干上輪生10~15個(gè)大型結(jié)果枝組。幼樹(shù)期由于樹(shù)勢(shì)較旺,宜采用輕剪技術(shù),多緩放,并配合支、拉等方法開(kāi)張角度,不宜短截。在生長(zhǎng)期進(jìn)行多次摘心,緩和樹(shù)勢(shì)。
3.3 花果管理
燦玉容易成花,花粉量大,異花授粉后坐果率高。盛果期需要疏花疏果,合理負(fù)載,以實(shí)現(xiàn)連年豐產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)。生產(chǎn)上宜采用無(wú)袋栽培或套膜袋,增加果實(shí)著色。
3.4 肥水管理
每年10月中旬施基肥1次,肥料可選擇腐熟的牛、羊糞肥,施肥方法視栽培條件而定,清耕條件下撒施,然后拖拉機(jī)深翻將肥料翻進(jìn)土壤,在果園生草條件下,則在樹(shù)下開(kāi)放射溝施入。在生長(zhǎng)季追肥3次,花前追肥以氮肥為主,花芽分化期適量施入三元復(fù)合肥,果實(shí)膨大期以磷鉀肥為主,可結(jié)合噴藥噴施。灌溉視天氣及土壤墑情而定,可配合施肥進(jìn)行,雨季注意排水,以免產(chǎn)生澇害,落葉后土壤封凍前灌1次封凍水。
3.5 病蟲害防治
燦玉抗病性較強(qiáng),需注意防治黃粉蚜等蟲害??捎诿妊壳凹?xì)致噴布3~5 °Bé石硫合劑進(jìn)行清園,消滅越冬蟲卵,減少越冬病原菌;套袋前可噴吡蟲啉、甲維鹽、戊唑醇等殺蟲殺菌劑??刹捎梦锢矸乐危S板、誘蟲燈)和生物防治(迷向絲、赤眼蜂)與化學(xué)防治相結(jié)合的方式,減少農(nóng)藥使用。
4 綜合評(píng)價(jià)
燦玉可在河北省梨產(chǎn)區(qū)及相似生態(tài)區(qū)種植推廣。該品種早果性和豐產(chǎn)性好,適應(yīng)性與抗逆性強(qiáng),果個(gè)大,肉細(xì)汁多,酸甜適度,香氣濃郁,鮮食加工均可,發(fā)展前景廣闊。
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