摘要 目的:探討低頻電療法聯(lián)合盆底肌鍛煉對機器人輔助腹腔鏡下根治性前列腺切除術(shù)患者尿失禁的預(yù)防效果。方法:選擇2020年1月—2022年1月南京大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬鼓樓醫(yī)院收治的106例機器人輔助腹腔鏡下根治性前列腺切除術(shù)患者,隨機分為對照組(n=53)和研究組(n=53)。對照組行盆底肌鍛煉,研究組在此基礎(chǔ)上聯(lián)合低頻電療法。比較兩組患者拔除導(dǎo)尿管后的尿失禁發(fā)生率、尿墊使用情況、恢復(fù)期控尿率及生活質(zhì)量變化。結(jié)果:研究組患者拔除導(dǎo)尿管即刻和拔管后1個月的尿失禁發(fā)生率及尿墊使用量均低于對照組(Plt;0.05);研究組患者術(shù)后1個月完全控尿率及拔管后3個月生活質(zhì)量各維度評分均高于對照組(Plt;0.05)。結(jié)論:低頻電療法聯(lián)合盆底肌鍛煉可有效預(yù)防機器人輔助腹腔鏡下根治性前列腺切除術(shù)患者尿失禁,減少尿墊使用量,提升術(shù)后控尿率,從而改善患者生活質(zhì)量。
關(guān)鍵詞 低頻電療法;盆底肌鍛煉;機器人輔助腹腔鏡下根治性前列腺切除術(shù);尿失禁
中圖分類號 R737.25 文獻標識碼 A 文章編號 2096-7721(2025)03-0450-05
Effect of low-frequency electrotherapy combined with pelvic floor muscle exercise on the prevention of urinary incontinence in patients undergoing robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy
Abstract Objective: To explore the effect of low-frequency electrotherapy combined with pelvic floor muscle exercise on the prevention of urinary incontinence in patients undergoing robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RLRP). Methods: 106 patients who underwent RLRP in Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital from January 2020 to January 2022 were selected and randomly divided into the control group (pelvic floor muscle exercise, n=53) and the study group (pelvic floor muscle exercise combined with low-frequency electrotherapy, n=53). The incidence of urinary incontinence, use of urinary pads, rate of urinary control during the recovery period, and the quality of life were compared between the two groups of patients after catheter removal. Results: The incidence of urinary incontinence and the use of urinary pads in the study group were lower than those in the control group at the immediate moment of catheter removal and 1 month later (Plt;0.05). The rate of complete urinary control at 1 month after surgery and the quality of life scores of each dimension at 3 months after catheter removal in the study group were higher than those in the control group (Plt;0.05). Conclusion: Low-frequency electrotherapy combined with pelvic floor muscle exercise can effectively prevent urinary incontinence in patients undergoing RLRP, reduce the use of urinary pads, and enhance the rate of postoperative urinary control, thus improving patients’ quality of life.
Key words Low-frequency Electrotherapy; Pelvic Floor Muscle Exercise; Robot-assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy; Urinary Incontinence
前列腺癌是男性高發(fā)的惡性腫瘤,死亡率較高。近年來隨著人們生活習(xí)慣及行為方式的改變,前列腺癌的發(fā)病率明顯升高,目前已成為我國泌尿系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤發(fā)病率最高的疾病[1-2]。對早期局限性前列腺癌患者首選根治性手術(shù)治療,但患者術(shù)后易出現(xiàn)多種并發(fā)癥,其中尿失禁占首位[3-4]。據(jù)相關(guān)研究表明,根治性前列腺切除術(shù)后患者尿失禁的發(fā)生率在95%以上[5-6],因此如何預(yù)防根治性前列腺切除術(shù)后尿失禁是當前的研究重點[7-8]。本研究對南京大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬鼓樓醫(yī)院收治的機器人輔助腹腔鏡下根治性前列腺切除術(shù)患者行低頻電療法聯(lián)合盆底肌鍛煉,現(xiàn)報道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1一般資料 選擇2020年1月—2022年1月南京大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬鼓樓醫(yī)院收治的機器人輔助腹腔鏡下根治性前列腺切除術(shù)患者106例,隨機分為對照組和研究組,每組各53例。納入標準:①年齡≥50歲;②經(jīng)影像學(xué)結(jié)合病理組織檢驗確診為前列腺癌[9];③無病灶遠處轉(zhuǎn)移;④行經(jīng)膀胱后入路機器人輔助腹腔鏡下根治性前列腺切除術(shù)。排除標準:①生殖器官畸形;②既往精神病史;③存在手術(shù)禁忌癥;④合并其他惡性腫瘤;⑤存在溝通障礙;⑥術(shù)前存在尿失禁。兩組患者的一般資料比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(Pgt;0.05),見表1。
1.2方法 首先給予兩組患者常規(guī)干預(yù)。術(shù)前3 d流質(zhì)飲食,術(shù)前1 d無渣飲食,術(shù)前6 h禁水。術(shù)后進流食,逐漸過渡至正常食物。醫(yī)務(wù)人員告知患者及其家屬手術(shù)及術(shù)后尿失禁相關(guān)知識,緩解其緊張焦慮等不良情緒。術(shù)前間斷排尿,囑患者在有尿意后進行排尿,排尿過程中主動中斷,再繼續(xù)排尿;術(shù)后拔除尿管前2 d行夾管訓(xùn)練,每隔2 h放尿1次。每日液體攝入量為2000~3000 mL,同時記錄每日飲水量及排尿間隔時間。此外,患者在排尿時需確保站立,主動收縮盆底肌肉至緊迫感減弱后再放松以增加排尿時間間隔,目標為每2~3 h排尿1次。
對照組實施盆底肌鍛煉。由專業(yè)人員指導(dǎo)患者有意識地規(guī)律收縮腹部、會陰部及肛門,盡可能屏氣保持上述部位同時收縮,30次/組,每次持續(xù)時間gt;5 s,每日早、中、晚各鍛煉3組,干預(yù)人員用手指插入患者肛門內(nèi),感覺到有收縮力為患者掌握訓(xùn)練方法的依據(jù)。研究組在對照組基礎(chǔ)上給予低頻電療法。設(shè)置低頻電子脈沖膀胱治療儀的電子脈沖強度為20 U,密度為16 U,再根據(jù)患者的感受提高強度和密度,以達到最大耐受為度并以最大值實施治療。2~3次/天,30~40分鐘/次,共14 d(如圖1)。
1.3觀察指標 ①尿失禁:拔出導(dǎo)尿管即刻、拔管后1個月、3個月和6個月的尿失禁發(fā)生率(每天需要使用尿墊則為尿失禁);②尿墊使用情況:拔出導(dǎo)尿管即刻、拔管后1個月、3個月和6個月的尿墊使用量;③恢復(fù)期控尿率:術(shù)后1個月、3個月及6個月的完全控尿率;④生活質(zhì)量:采用健康簡明量表(the MOS Item Short Form Helth Survey,SF-36)評價患者術(shù)前及術(shù)后6個月的生活質(zhì)量,共8個評價維度,每個維度0~100分,評分越高則生活質(zhì)量越高[10]。
1.4統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法 所有數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS 22.0軟件進行分析。計量資料以均數(shù)±標準差(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗進行比較,計數(shù)資料以例數(shù)(百分比)[n(%)]表示,采用 χ2檢驗進行比較,Plt;0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
研究組拔出導(dǎo)尿管即刻、拔管后1個月的尿失禁發(fā)生率顯著低于對照組(Plt;0.05),見表2;研究組拔出導(dǎo)尿管即刻、拔管后1個月的尿墊使用量顯著少于對照組(Plt;0.05),見表3;研究組術(shù)后1個月的控尿率顯著高于對照組(Plt;0.05),見表4;研究組術(shù)后6個月的生活質(zhì)量評分顯著高于對照組(Plt;0.05),見表5。
3 討論
尿失禁指患者尿液不自主性流出,在根治性前列腺切除術(shù)后高發(fā)。其產(chǎn)生原因為手術(shù)僅保留尿道外括約肌而移除了內(nèi)括約肌[11-12]、術(shù)中尿道外括約肌受損及術(shù)中設(shè)計膀胱頸重建等步驟使尿道變短而減小了尿液通過的阻力等[13-14]。研究顯示,尿失禁會增加泌尿系統(tǒng)感染的風(fēng)險,對患者的生活質(zhì)量和心理情緒造成嚴重影響[15-16]。因此,預(yù)防尿失禁對改善患者預(yù)后有積極意義。低頻電療法是一種物理治療手段,通過對組織施加電流調(diào)整神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo)、改善血液循環(huán)等,對泌尿系統(tǒng)的神經(jīng)、肌肉組織進行調(diào)節(jié)[17];盆底肌鍛煉可加強肌肉力量和改善肌肉協(xié)調(diào)性。本研究對機器人輔助腹腔鏡下根治性前列腺切除術(shù)患者實施低頻電療法聯(lián)合盆底肌鍛煉取得了較好效果。
盆底肌鍛煉的操作簡單且安全,是目前前列腺癌根治術(shù)后尿失禁康復(fù)的首選措施。黃濟云等人[18]的研究顯示盆底肌鍛煉后前列腺癌根治術(shù)后尿失禁患者在拔除導(dǎo)尿管后1個月、3個月的尿失禁發(fā)生率分別為10.7%和5.4%,而本研究中分別為9.43%和1.89%,均低于其研究,這可能與本研究聯(lián)合應(yīng)用了低頻電療法相關(guān)。因傳統(tǒng)盆底肌鍛煉僅針對患者的肛周直腸括約肌,未考慮手術(shù)造成的尿道括約肌、球海綿體肌損傷[19-20],而低頻電療法是使用低頻電子脈沖膀胱治療儀生成模擬生物波經(jīng)電極片從四個方位經(jīng)皮導(dǎo)入患者體內(nèi),以低頻電流的方式使患者肌肉發(fā)生收縮運動,聯(lián)合盆底肌鍛煉可起到協(xié)同作用,這充分表明低頻電療法聯(lián)合盆底肌鍛煉可有效降低患者尿失禁發(fā)生率[21-22]。鮑慧等人[23]的研究對前列腺癌根治術(shù)患者實施低頻電療法聯(lián)合盆底肌鍛,使患者術(shù)后1個月、3個月和6個月的恢復(fù)期控尿率得到明顯改善,與本研究結(jié)果相似。原因可能是低頻電子脈沖膀胱治療儀能夠根據(jù)患者具體感受及尿失禁程度設(shè)置個性化強度及密度,從而達到針對性治療的目的[24-25]。低頻電療法對骶尾叢神經(jīng)可起到正向刺激作用,利于膀胱周圍神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù),提高排尿反射靈敏度并最終促進排尿節(jié)律恢復(fù)及控尿功能改善[26-27],表明低頻電療法聯(lián)合盆底肌鍛煉可有效恢復(fù)控尿功能。儀器接觸患者機體的電極片為一次性物品,因此不存在交叉感染的風(fēng)險[28-29]。本研究顯示研究組拔管后3個月生活質(zhì)量各維度評分均高于對照組(Plt;0.05)。分析原因可能是聯(lián)合干預(yù)可充分增強患者盆底肌的收縮強度及持久力,充分促進尿道括約肌功能改善,緩解尿失禁癥狀,消除由于尿失禁帶來的焦慮、悲觀等不良情緒,使患者的生理、心理各方面狀態(tài)提升,充分表明低頻電療法聯(lián)合盆底肌鍛煉可有效提升患者生活質(zhì)量[30-31]。
綜上所述,低頻電療法聯(lián)合盆底肌鍛煉可有效預(yù)防機器人輔助腹腔鏡下根治性前列腺切除術(shù)患者尿失禁、減少尿墊使用、提升術(shù)后控尿率,從而改善患者生活質(zhì)量。
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