摘 要:準確描述巖石蠕變行為的各階段特征對巖石力學與巖體工程的研究具有重要的意義。由于經(jīng)典元件組合模型不能較好地描述巖石蠕變過程中的非線性特征,基于損傷力學理論及Kachanov蠕變損傷演化規(guī)律,通過改進傳統(tǒng)的Kelvin模型和村山體模型,建立起能夠描述巖石衰減蠕變階段和加速蠕變階段的非線性函數(shù)。將彈性體、線性Kelvin體、非線性Kelvin體、損傷黏彈塑性體進行串聯(lián),建立能夠同時描述巖石瞬時彈性應變、非線性黏彈性應變、
非線性黏塑性應變和黏性應變的非線性黏彈塑性損傷蠕變模型,采用Origin軟件的Levenberg-Marquardt算法對模型參數(shù)進行了辨識,最后通過用不同應力水平下的砂巖單以及三軸壓縮蠕變試驗,驗證該模型的合理性。結果表明:試驗曲線和理論曲線的吻合度較高,所建模型不僅能夠準確地描述巖石的瞬時彈性應變階段、等速蠕變階段的蠕變曲線特征,而且能夠較好地描述衰減蠕變階段和加速蠕變階段蠕變曲線的非線性特征,驗證了該模型的合理性與準確性。
關鍵詞:巖石力學;損傷;非線性;加速蠕變;黏彈塑性蠕變模型
中圖分類號:TD313" 文獻標志碼:A
文章編號:1000-4939(2025)01-0133-
08
Study on nonlinear viscoelastic-plastic damage creep model of rock
CHEN Youliang1,2,XIAO Peng1,DU Xi1,3,WANG Suran4,RAFIG A2
(1.Department of Civil Engineering,School of Environment and Architecture,University of Shanghai for Science
and Technology,200093 Shanghai,China;2.Department of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology,RWTH Aachen University,52064 Aachen,Germany;
3.School of Civil and Environmental Engineering,University of New South Wales,2052 Sydney,Australia;
4.Department of Underground Architecture and Engineering,Tongji University,200093 Shanghai,China)
Abstract:It is of great significance to accurately describe the characteristics of each stage of rock creep behavior for the study of rock mechanics and rock mass engineering.Because the classical element combination model cannot describe the nonlinear characteristics of rock creep process,based on the damage mechanics theory and Kachanov creep damage evolution law,the nonlinear function which can describe the attenuation creep stage and accelerated creep stage of rock was established by improving the traditional Kelvin model and the village mountain body.The elastic body,nonlinear Kelvin body,linear Kelvin body and damaged viscoelastic plastic body were connected in series to establish a nonlinear viscoelastic plastic damage creep model which can simultaneously describe instantaneous elastic strain,nonlinear viscoelastic strain,viscous strain and nonlinear viscoplastic strain of rock.Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm of Origin software was used to identify the parameters of the model.Finally,the rationality of the model was verified by the uniaxial and triaxial compression creep tests of sandstone under different stress levels.The results show that the test curve and the theoretical curve are in good agreement,and the model built can not only accurately describe the characteristics of the creep curve in the instantaneous elastic strain stage and the constant velocity creep stage,but also better describe the attenuation creep stage.And the nonlinear characteristics of the creep curve in the accelerated creep stage verify the rationality and accuracy of the model.
Key words:rock mechanics;damage;nonlinearity;accelerated creep;viscoelastic plastic creep model
巖石在外界載荷、溫度、化學作用等條件下呈現(xiàn)出與時間有關的變形、流動和破壞等力學行為稱之為巖石的流變,主要包括蠕變、松弛及彈性后效等,其中巖石蠕變特性是結構長期穩(wěn)定性和安全性的重要影響因素,是巖石的固有屬性之一。因此建立起能夠描述巖石蠕變過程中非線性特征的蠕變模型一直是巖石力學理論研究中的熱點和難點[1],而現(xiàn)在已有的蠕變模型大多數(shù)都是把經(jīng)典元件模型經(jīng)過各種組合得到的,但經(jīng)典元件蠕變模型參數(shù)都是常數(shù),不管元件怎么組合,模型所反映的都只能是線彈性的特征,不能準確描述巖石蠕變階段的非線性特征。對此,近年來國內(nèi)外許多學者通過采用非線性蠕變元件和引入蠕變損傷理論來改進經(jīng)典元件蠕變模型,從而建立起非線性蠕變模型。夏才初等[2]基于基本流變力學模型進行串聯(lián)組合,構建15個流變力學模型,并提出辨識模型參數(shù)的方法;楊圣奇等[3]開展龍灘水電站泥板巖剪切流變試驗研究,并串聯(lián)了西原模型與非線性流變元件,建立了能夠描述巖石加速蠕變階段特性的非線性蠕變模型;張治亮等[4]改進了NRC模型,與傳統(tǒng)Kelvin模型組合成四元件非線性黏彈塑性流變模型;朱昌星等[5]基于非線性黏彈塑性流變模型,根據(jù)
時效損傷和損傷加速門檻值的特點,建立了非線性蠕變損傷模型;齊亞靜等[6]通過在西原模型上串聯(lián)一個帶應變觸發(fā)的非線性黏壺改進了西原模型,建立了三維蠕變本構方程,并提出模型參數(shù)辨識的方法;袁海平等[7]基于Mohr-Coulomb準則提出了新的塑性元件,并將該元件與經(jīng)典的Burgers模型串聯(lián)起來,形成了能模擬黏彈塑性偏量特性和彈塑性體積行為的改進型Burgers蠕變模型,推導了相應的黏彈塑性本構關系;張亮亮等[8]建立黏塑性應變與蠕變時間的指數(shù)函數(shù)關系,提出非線性黏塑性體,并將該非線性黏塑性體與傳統(tǒng)Burgers蠕變模型進行串聯(lián),構建了可以描述巖石蠕變?nèi)^程的非線性黏彈塑性蠕變模型;宋勇軍等[9]基于巖石蠕變過程中的蠕變硬化效應和軟化損傷機理,建立了能描述巖石蠕變曲線特性的非線性蠕變模型;WANG[10]通過引入損傷加速限制理論,提出了一種流變損傷模型,該模型可以較好地描述鹽巖加速蠕變階段;ZHAO等[11]基于Kachanov損傷理論,將廣義的Burgers模型和非線性塑性元件進行串聯(lián)組合,得到的BNMC蠕變損傷模型較好地描述了巖石的黏彈塑性和蠕變損傷特性。
綜上所述,經(jīng)過學者們多年來的研究和發(fā)展,巖石蠕變力學取得了巨大的進展,但仍存在著一些不足,例如:①建立的蠕變模型大多數(shù)未能準確地描述巖石衰減蠕變階段和加速蠕變階段蠕變曲線的非線性特征,也未能較好地與經(jīng)典蠕變曲線的各階段相對應;②缺少把巖石蠕變力學和損傷力學兩者進行相關聯(lián)的研究;③蠕變模型參數(shù)辨識方法不合理等。針對這些問題還需要做進一步探索。鑒于此,本研究通過改進傳統(tǒng)的Kelvin模型和村山體模型,基于損傷力學理論建立起Kelvin模型參數(shù)和村山體模型參數(shù)與蠕變時間的關系,進而建立了非線性Kelvin模型和非線性村山體模型,并將彈性體、非線性Kelvin體、線性Kelvin體、損傷黏彈塑性體進行串聯(lián),得到了能夠同時描述巖石瞬時彈性應變、非線性黏彈性應變、黏性應變和非線性黏塑性應變的非線性黏彈塑性損傷蠕變模型[1],并給出了模型參數(shù)的辨識方法,最后通過采用相關文獻的巖石壓縮蠕變試驗數(shù)據(jù)對該模型的適用性及準確性進行了驗證。
1 非線性黏彈塑性損傷蠕變模型的建立
1.1 一維蠕變模型建立
以往大量的巖石蠕變試驗證明,巖石所受的應力水平對巖石的蠕變特性具有重要影響。巖石經(jīng)典蠕變曲線見圖1。
2.2 模型驗證
為驗證本研究建立的非線性黏彈塑性損傷蠕變模型的合理性與準確性,本研究采用
文獻[17]關于砂巖常規(guī)三軸分級加載壓縮蠕變試驗的相關數(shù)據(jù)進行驗證。文獻[17]在試驗中采用的巖石材料試驗機型號為RLW-200,對砂巖分別進行了圍壓為0、5、15MPa的單軸及三軸壓縮蠕變試驗,試驗中采用軸向力來控制蠕變加載過程,加載速率為1kN/s,當軸向力加載到相應的荷載等級時維持不變,待軸向變形穩(wěn)定之后再加載下一級荷載。各試驗條件下分級加載荷載擬定值如表1所示,0、5、15MPa圍壓下壓縮蠕變模型參數(shù)分別如表2~表4所示。
圍壓為0、5、15MPa 時,砂巖分級加載壓縮蠕變試驗曲線與非線性黏彈塑性損傷蠕變模型的理論曲線對比結果,分別如圖3~圖5所示。
從圖3~圖5中可知:本研究建立的黏彈塑性損傷蠕變模型,巖石不管是在一維應力狀態(tài)下還是在三維應力狀態(tài)下,其理論曲線和試驗曲線的吻合程度都非常高;本研究建立的黏彈塑性損傷蠕變模型能夠較好地描述巖石在不同階段的蠕變特性;該模型不但可以準確地描述砂巖在低應力水平下的
等速蠕變階段和衰減蠕變階段蠕變曲線的特征,并且可以較好地描述砂巖在高應力水平下,加速蠕變階段蠕變曲線的非線性特征,驗證了該模型的準確性和適用性。
3 結 論
1)本研究基于損傷力學理論和Kachanov蠕變損傷演化規(guī)律,通過改進傳統(tǒng)的Kelvin模型和村山體模型,構建了非線性Kelvin模型和非線性村山體模型,并將彈性體、非線性Kelvin體、線性Kelvin體、損傷黏彈塑性體進行串聯(lián),得到了非線性黏彈塑性損傷蠕變模型。
2)通過分析巖石蠕變各階段的特征,給出了各階段的蠕變本構方程,再根據(jù)疊加原理得到了蠕變損傷方程,并推導了三維蠕變損傷本構方程,建立了能夠同時描述巖石瞬時彈性應變、非線性黏彈性應變、
非線性黏彈塑性應變和黏性應變的非線性黏彈塑性損傷蠕變模型。
3)通過采用
不同應力水平和不同圍壓下的砂巖常規(guī)三軸壓縮蠕變試驗數(shù)據(jù),對本研究所構建的損傷蠕變模型的準確性進行驗證,結果表明該蠕變模型不僅能夠準確地描述巖石的等
速蠕變階段、瞬時彈性應變階段的蠕變曲線特征,并且能夠較好地描述巖石
加速蠕變階段和衰減蠕變階段
蠕變曲線的非線性特征。
4)通過對比試驗曲線和模型理論曲線,表明該模型不但可以準確地描述砂巖在低應力水平下的
等速蠕變階段和
衰減蠕變階段蠕變曲線的特征,而且還可以較好地描述砂巖在高應力狀態(tài)下的加速蠕變階段蠕變曲線的非線性特征,驗證了該模型的準確性與適用性。
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(編輯 李坤璐)