摘要:目的 探究乳腺癌腋窩淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的預(yù)測因素,為醫(yī)保按病種分值付費(fèi)(DIP)支付模式下的臨床決策提供依據(jù)。方法 715例乳腺癌患者據(jù)術(shù)后淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移情況分為轉(zhuǎn)移組309例和非轉(zhuǎn)移組406例,分析2組年齡>60歲、是否絕經(jīng)、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(BMI)>24 kg/m2、高血糖(GLU>6.1 mmol/L)、高甘油三酯(TG>1.7 mmol/L)、腫瘤最大直徑、腫瘤距乳頭距離、腫瘤所在象限等情況;同時(shí)分析2組間乳腺癌組織學(xué)分級以及免疫組織化學(xué)檢測組織標(biāo)本中雌激素受體(ER)、孕激素受體(PR)、細(xì)胞核增殖抗原(Ki-67)及人表皮生長因子受體-2(Her-2)的表達(dá)情況。以病理診斷為金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),考察胸部CT和乳腺彩超檢查的一致性、敏感度和特異度。結(jié)果 與非轉(zhuǎn)移組比較,轉(zhuǎn)移組中腫瘤最大直徑>2 cm、組織學(xué)分級Ⅲ級、Ki-67高表達(dá)、ER高表達(dá)者比例增加,腫瘤位于外上象限、腫瘤距乳頭距離>3 cm、高TG者比例減少(P<0.05);胸部CT檢查與病理診斷的一致性優(yōu)于乳腺彩超(Kappa值分別為0.493和0.353,P<0.05);Logistic回歸分析顯示,組織學(xué)分級Ⅲ級、ER高表達(dá)、腫瘤最大直徑>2 cm、胸部CT確診是腋窩淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的危險(xiǎn)因素(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 醫(yī)保DIP支付模式下結(jié)合乳腺癌腋窩淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的預(yù)測因素可為臨床決策提供一定參考。
關(guān)鍵詞:乳腺腫瘤;淋巴結(jié);腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移;Logistic模型;胸部CT;按病種分值付費(fèi)
中圖分類號:R655.8 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A DOI:10.11958/20240235
Research of predictive factors of axillary lymph node metastasis in breast cancer under the context of" DIP payment of medical insurance
XIE Haoran1, LI Yihao2, LIU Cheng3, XIA Yuting3, QIU Shenglei3, XIONG Bin1,3, FENG Qizhen1,3△
1 Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China; 2 School of Public Health, 3 School of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University
△Corresponding Author E-mail: 512843985@qq.com
Abstract: Objective To explore the predictive factors of axillary lymph node metastasis in breast cancer, and to provide a basis for clinical decision-making under the DIP payment mode of medical insurance. Methods A total of 715 patients with breast cancer were divided into the metastasis group (n=309) and the non-metastasis group (n=406) according to the postoperative paraffin pathological results. Data of age >60 years old, menopausal status, body mass index (BMI) >24 kg/m2, hyperglycemia (GLU >6.1 mmol/L), high triglycerides (TG >1.7 mmol/L), maximum diameter of the tumor, the distance between the tumor and nipple and the quadrant where the tumor located were compared" between the two groups. The expression levels of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), nuclear proliferation antigen (Ki-67) and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (Her-2) in breast cancer tissue samples were detected by histological grading and immunohistochemistry. The consistency, sensitivity and specificity of chest CT and breast ultrasound were examined, taken the pathological diagnosis as the gold standard. Results Compared with the non-metastatic group, the proportion of maximum diameter of tumor>2 cm," histological grade Ⅲ, high Ki-67 and high ER expression," tumor located in the outer upper quadrant, the distance >3 cm between tumor and nipple were increased in the metastatic group, and" the proportion of" high level of TG was decreased in the metastatic group (P<0.05). The consistency between chest CT and pathological diagnosis was better than that of breast ultrasound (Kappa was 0.493 and 0.353 respectively, P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that histological grade Ⅲ, high expression of ER, maximum diameter of tumor >2 cm, and chest CT diagnosis were risk factors for axillary lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). Conclusion The combined application of the predictive factors of axillary lymph node metastasis of breast cancer could provide certain reference for clinical decision-making under the background of DIP payment mode of medical insurance.
Key words:breast neoplasms; lymph nodes; neoplasm metastasis; Logistic models; chest CT; diagnosis-intervention packet
2020年10月我國開始推廣按病種分值付費(fèi)(diagnosis-intervention packet,DIP)支付模式,旨在推進(jìn)臨床疾病診療的精簡化、規(guī)范化。如何優(yōu)化診療過程、降低診治費(fèi)用成為近年來的研究熱點(diǎn)[1]。乳腺癌是女性常見的惡性腫瘤之一,其發(fā)病率逐年上升并呈年輕化趨勢[2]。手術(shù)是治療乳腺癌的主要手段之一,制定手術(shù)方案需考慮腋窩淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移情況。準(zhǔn)確評估腋窩淋巴結(jié)情況有助于乳腺癌患者的個(gè)體化治療,避免不必要的腋窩淋巴結(jié)清掃,降低術(shù)后并發(fā)癥,提高患者術(shù)后生活質(zhì)量[3]。目前,臨床多采用淋巴結(jié)穿刺病理學(xué)檢查、乳腺磁共振檢查等方法評估乳腺癌腋窩淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移情況,但增加了患者住院時(shí)間及費(fèi)用,也不符合當(dāng)前推廣的DIP支付模式的要求。胸部CT檢查等術(shù)前常規(guī)檢查、檢驗(yàn)項(xiàng)目可評估疾病分期及手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),同時(shí)也具備評估腋窩淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移情況的能力,在節(jié)約住院費(fèi)用、縮短住院時(shí)間的同時(shí)預(yù)測腋窩淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移情況[4]。本研究通過對胸部CT檢查等14項(xiàng)術(shù)前常規(guī)檢查、檢驗(yàn)項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行分析,探究乳腺癌腋窩淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的預(yù)測因素,以期在縮短患者就醫(yī)時(shí)間并降低住院費(fèi)用的同時(shí),為乳腺癌治療決策提供參考。
1 對象與方法
1.1 研究對象 回顧性納入2021年1月—2022年12月于濟(jì)寧醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院乳腺外科行手術(shù)治療的715例女性乳腺癌患者,年齡30~86歲,平均(51.84±9.75)歲。乳腺癌診斷符合《中國抗癌協(xié)會乳腺癌診治指南與規(guī)范(2019年版)》(簡稱指南)。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):首診病理分期為Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期,可行手術(shù)治療;胸部CT檢查、血常規(guī)、血糖、血脂等術(shù)前資料及術(shù)后病理資料完整;術(shù)前未行放化療等抗腫瘤治療。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):合并其他腫瘤;外院已行乳腺腫塊切除活檢或空心針穿刺病理活檢;合并急慢性感染、血液系統(tǒng)疾病等。依術(shù)后病理分為淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移者(轉(zhuǎn)移組)309例和非轉(zhuǎn)移組406例。
1.2 觀察指標(biāo)
1.2.1 一般資料 收集患者一般資料,包括年齡、是否絕經(jīng)、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(BMI)、血糖(GLU)、甘油三酯(TG)、腫瘤最大直徑、腫瘤距乳頭距離、腫瘤所在象限等情況[5-6]。
1.2.2 乳腺癌組織學(xué)分級及免疫組織化學(xué)(IHC)檢測 患者術(shù)后病理組織學(xué)標(biāo)本由2名高年資病理醫(yī)師審核判定,明確組織學(xué)分級并采用IHC染色法檢測組織標(biāo)本中雌激素受體(estrogen receptor,ER)、孕激素受體(progesterone receptor,PR)、細(xì)胞核增殖抗原Ki-67及人表皮生長因子受體?2(Her-2)表達(dá)情況,ER、PR表達(dá)超過10%為高表達(dá)[7];Ki-67≥14%為高表達(dá);Her-2表達(dá)3+為陽性[8]。
1.2.3 診斷性試驗(yàn) 腋窩淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移:胸部CT檢查參照文獻(xiàn)[9],乳腺彩超檢查參照文獻(xiàn)[10]。以病理診斷為金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),考察胸部CT與乳腺彩超檢查的一致性、敏感度和特異度。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用SPSS 27.0進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。計(jì)數(shù)資料以例或例(%)表示,2組間比較用χ2檢驗(yàn)。Logistic回歸分析腋窩淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的預(yù)測因素。采用受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線分析預(yù)測因素對腋窩淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的診斷價(jià)值。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 2組一般資料比較 與非轉(zhuǎn)移組比較,轉(zhuǎn)移組腫瘤最大直徑>2 cm者比例增加、而腫瘤距乳頭距離>3 cm、腫瘤位于乳房外上象限、高TG者比例減少(P<0.05),其他指標(biāo)差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見表1。
2.2 乳腺癌組織學(xué)分級及IHC結(jié)果比較 與非轉(zhuǎn)移組比較,轉(zhuǎn)移組組織學(xué)分級Ⅲ級、Ki-67及ER高表達(dá)比例增加(P<0.05),Her-2陽性及PR高表達(dá)差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見表2。
2.3 胸部CT檢查及乳腺彩超檢查的診斷試驗(yàn)評價(jià) 胸部CT檢查與病理診斷的一致性優(yōu)于乳腺彩超檢查與病理診斷的一致性(Kappa值分別為0.493和0.353,均P<0.05)。胸部CT敏感度82.52%,特異度68.23%;乳腺彩超敏感度71.84%,特異度64.29%,見表3。
2.4 乳腺癌腋窩淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移影響因素分析 以病理檢查確診腋窩淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移(無轉(zhuǎn)移=0,轉(zhuǎn)移=1)為因變量,以是否組織學(xué)分級Ⅲ級、ER高表達(dá)、腫瘤最大直徑>2 cm、胸部CT確診(因考慮乳腺彩超檢查與胸部CT檢查之間存在相互影響,且胸部CT檢查較乳腺彩超檢查預(yù)測能力強(qiáng),故將乳腺彩超檢查指標(biāo)排除)、腫瘤距乳頭距離>3 cm、高TG、Ki-67高表達(dá)及腫瘤位于外上象限(均非=0,是=1)為自變量。Logistic回歸分析顯示,組織學(xué)分級Ⅲ級、ER高表達(dá)、腫瘤最大直徑>2 cm、胸部CT確診是腋窩淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的危險(xiǎn)因素(P<0.05),見表4。
2.5 4項(xiàng)指標(biāo)對腋窩淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的預(yù)測價(jià)值 ROC曲線分析顯示,胸部CT確診轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)、組織學(xué)分級Ⅲ級、ER高表達(dá)、腫瘤最大直徑>2 cm這4項(xiàng)指標(biāo)的聯(lián)合診斷優(yōu)于各指標(biāo)單獨(dú)診斷,見圖1表5。
3 討論
GLOBOCAN 2020數(shù)據(jù)顯示,乳腺癌首次超過肺癌成為女性發(fā)病率最高的癌癥[11],病死率居女性惡性腫瘤之首[12]。目前,手術(shù)仍是乳腺癌的主要治療手段。術(shù)前準(zhǔn)確評估淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移情況不僅有利于乳腺癌的根治清掃,也可避免不必要的腋窩淋巴結(jié)清掃,降低患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率,提高其生存質(zhì)量[13]。臨床中,乳腺癌患者前哨淋巴結(jié)假陰性的情況較為常見[14]。腋窩淋巴結(jié)穿刺病理活檢是評估腋窩淋巴結(jié)是否發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但穿刺病理檢查需要較長時(shí)間,增加了住院時(shí)長,且部分患者腋下淋巴結(jié)小,不易被影像學(xué)檢查發(fā)現(xiàn),也增加了穿刺活檢的難度。研究表明,乳腺增強(qiáng)磁共振檢查對腋窩淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移情況的評估具有較高價(jià)值[15],但其費(fèi)用高且常存在假陽性的問題,靜脈注射對比劑也增加了不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。尤其在DIP支付模式下,如何縮短住院時(shí)長及有效控費(fèi)為乳腺癌研究的熱點(diǎn)之一。預(yù)測效能高的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移預(yù)測因素能夠在滿足DIP控費(fèi)的前提下指導(dǎo)臨床決策。
研究顯示,組織學(xué)分級越高,乳腺腫瘤分化程度越低,則惡性程度越高,患者發(fā)生淋巴轉(zhuǎn)移的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)就越高[16]。ER高表達(dá)者在較高雌激素水平的作用下可引起腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖與分裂,促進(jìn)腫瘤的進(jìn)展與轉(zhuǎn)移,增加乳腺癌患者腋窩淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[17]。腫瘤體積越大(直徑>2 cm),其距離真皮層越近,同時(shí)侵及腺體內(nèi)或脂肪組織內(nèi)淋巴管網(wǎng)的概率越高,通過淋巴管網(wǎng)發(fā)生淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)越高,發(fā)生腋窩淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的可能性就越大,通常腫瘤體積越大說明腫瘤存在的時(shí)間也相對越長,增加了腋窩淋巴結(jié)發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[18]。本研究亦證實(shí),與非轉(zhuǎn)移組比較,轉(zhuǎn)移組的組織學(xué)分級Ⅲ級、Ki-67高表達(dá)、ER高表達(dá)者比例增加,提示組織學(xué)分級Ⅲ級、Ki-67高表達(dá)、ER高表達(dá)可能是腋窩淋巴結(jié)發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移的危險(xiǎn)因素。
另有研究顯示,乳腺腫瘤距乳頭距離與淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移之間存在相關(guān)性,因乳頭乳暈區(qū)淋巴管豐富,腫瘤距乳頭越近,發(fā)生淋巴轉(zhuǎn)移的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)越高,距離乳頭越遠(yuǎn)(>3 cm),則發(fā)生腋窩淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)越低[19]。腫瘤細(xì)胞過度增殖可使機(jī)體脂質(zhì)代謝活動(dòng)異?;钴S,即惡病質(zhì)對機(jī)體能量消耗增加,進(jìn)而降低乳腺癌患者體內(nèi)血脂水平[20],這從另一個(gè)角度解釋了高TG是淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的保護(hù)性因素。Ki-67數(shù)值越高說明腫瘤細(xì)胞處于分裂期的比例越高,即腫瘤惡性程度及侵襲性越高,患者發(fā)生淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也會隨之升高[21]。本研究結(jié)果中,單因素分析與上述結(jié)論相同,但納入多因素分析后上述指標(biāo)與乳腺癌腋窩淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移之間不存在相關(guān)性。也有研究認(rèn)為乳腺腫瘤位于外上象限與位于其他象限相比離腋窩更近,腫瘤細(xì)胞經(jīng)淋巴管轉(zhuǎn)移至腋窩淋巴結(jié)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高[22]??紤]原因可能由于某些混雜因素的存在,如不同患者的腫瘤發(fā)生時(shí)間與發(fā)現(xiàn)時(shí)間的差距長短不一、腫瘤的惡性程度不同、發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移的進(jìn)展速度不同等,均可能導(dǎo)致本研究的結(jié)果與其他學(xué)者的的結(jié)論不同。
乳腺彩超為評估腋窩淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移常用的影像學(xué)檢查方法[23]。目前胸部CT檢查預(yù)測腋窩淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的報(bào)道相對較少。本研究結(jié)果顯示,胸部CT檢查與乳腺彩超檢查對腋窩淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移均具有一定的預(yù)測能力,且胸部CT檢查對診斷乳腺癌腋窩淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移在一致性、敏感度和特異度方面體現(xiàn)出了不同程度的優(yōu)勢?;貧w分析和ROC曲線分析也再次證實(shí)了組織學(xué)分級Ⅲ級、ER高表達(dá)、腫瘤最大直徑>2 cm、胸部CT發(fā)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)是乳腺癌腋窩淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的預(yù)測因素,表明在DIP支付模式下,結(jié)合上述預(yù)測因素能夠在降低就醫(yī)成本的同時(shí)較為準(zhǔn)確地預(yù)測腋窩淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移情況,在縮短住院時(shí)長、降低住院費(fèi)用、避免不必要的腋窩淋巴結(jié)清掃、減少術(shù)后并發(fā)癥及提高患者生活質(zhì)量等方面具有一定的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。
綜上所述,組織學(xué)分級Ⅲ級、ER高表達(dá)、腫瘤最大直徑>2 cm、胸部CT發(fā)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)可作為乳腺癌腋窩淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的預(yù)測因素,可為醫(yī)保DIP支付模式下臨床決策提供一定的參考。
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(2024-03-01收稿 2024-06-18修回)
(本文編輯 陸榮展)