摘要:目的 分析高甘油三酯血癥性急性胰腺炎(HTG-AP)患者并發(fā)急性呼吸衰竭(ARF)的危險(xiǎn)因素,并構(gòu)建風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)測模型。方法 222例HTG-AP患者根據(jù)ARF診斷指南分為非ARF組176例和ARF組46例,比較2組臨床資料并篩選預(yù)測因子,將篩選的因子納入多因素Logistic回歸分析并建立回歸模型,繪制受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線、校準(zhǔn)圖及決策曲線分析(DCA)分別評(píng)估模型的預(yù)測能力、準(zhǔn)確性及臨床實(shí)用性。結(jié)果 與非ARF組相比,ARF組高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C)、白蛋白(ALB)水平降低(P<0.05),而肌酐(Cr)、尿素氮(BUN)、天冬氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(AST)、C-反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)水平及胸水、腹水發(fā)生率升高(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果顯示,較高水平的Cr、AST,較低水平的ALB、HDL-C及有腹水為HTG-AP并發(fā)ARF的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(P<0.05)?;谠摻Y(jié)果建立HTG-AP并發(fā)ARF的列線圖預(yù)測模型ROC曲線下面積為0.952(95%CI:0.923~0.981),約登指數(shù)0.808,敏感度、特異度分別為93.33%、87.43%。校準(zhǔn)曲線顯示,模型預(yù)測HTG-AP并發(fā)ARF概率與實(shí)際發(fā)生概率具有較好一致性。DCA曲線顯示,模型具有一定的臨床實(shí)用價(jià)值。結(jié)論 構(gòu)建的列線圖預(yù)測模型可為臨床預(yù)防HTG-AP并發(fā)ARF提供方案。
關(guān)鍵詞:胰腺炎,急性壞死性;高脂血癥;呼吸功能不全;Logistic模型;列線圖
中圖分類號(hào):R576.1,R589.21,R563.8 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A DOI:10.11958/20240541
Risk factors and prediction model of acute respiratory failure in patients with hypertriglyceridemic acute pancreatitis
LIANG Yaobing, FU Zhenhua, ZHAO Ziyue, LUO Jianming, CHENG Dongyu, JIANG Haixing, QIN Shanyu△
Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
△Corresponding Author E-mail: qsy0511@163.com
Abstract: Objective To analyze risk factors of acute respiratory failure (ARF) in patients with hypertriglyceridemia acute pancreatitis (HTG-AP) and construct a risk prediction model. Methods A total of 222 HTG-AP patients were included in this study and divided into the non-ARF group (176 cases) and the ARF group (46 cases) according to diagnostic guidelines for ARF. Clinical data of the two groups were compared and the predictive factors were screened. These selected factors were then utilized in a multivariate Logistic regression analysis to construct a Logistic regression model. Subsequent evaluation of the model's predictive ability, accuracy and clinical utility was conducted through ROC, curve analysis, calibration plot examination and decision curve analysis (DCA), respectively. Results Compared with the non-ARF group, the levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL)-C and albumin (ALB) were decreased in the ARF group (P<0.05), while the levels of creatinine (Cr), urea nitrogen (BUN), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were increased, and the incidence of pleural fluid and ascites was also increased (P<0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that higher levels of Cr and AST, lower levels of ALB, HDL-C and ascites were independent risk factors for HTG-AP complicated ARF (P<0.05). Based on these results, a column-line prediction model for HTG-AP complicated ARF was established. After internal verification, the area under curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of the nomogram model was 0.952 (95%CI: 0.923-0.981), the Youden index was 0.808 and the sensitivity and specificity were 93.33% and 87.43%, respectively. The calibration curve showed that the probability of HTG-AP concurrent ARF predicted by the model was in good agreement with the actual probability. The DCA curve showed that the model had certain clinical value. Conclusion The nomogram prediction model combined could provide a scheme for the clinical prevention of HTG-AP complicated with ARF.
Key words: pancreatitis, acute necrotizing; hyperlipidemias; respiratory insufficiency; Logistic models; nomograms
急性胰腺炎(actue pancreatitis,AP)是病死率極高的消化系統(tǒng)急癥之一,可累及全身器官和系統(tǒng),具有發(fā)病急,進(jìn)展快等特點(diǎn)[1]。膽結(jié)石、酗酒和高甘油三酯(HTG)血癥是AP常見的病因。近年研究認(rèn)為,HTG血癥已超過酗酒成為國內(nèi)AP的第二大病因[2]。與其他病因引起的AP相比,HTG血癥性急性胰腺炎(HTG-AP)引起器官衰竭的發(fā)生率更高[3]。既往研究顯示,HTG會(huì)導(dǎo)致肺氣體交換及順應(yīng)性降低,甘油三酯(TG)被脂肪酶分解為游離脂肪酸并大量釋放,進(jìn)一步造成肺損傷,因此HTG-AP患者更容易發(fā)生急性呼吸衰竭(cute respiratory failure cute respiratory failure,ARF)[4]。HTG-AP患者并發(fā)ARF的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)極高,然而目前鮮見有關(guān)HTG-AP并發(fā)ARF風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的相關(guān)預(yù)測模型的研究報(bào)道。本研究旨在通過構(gòu)建HTG-AP并發(fā)ARF風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的列線圖預(yù)測模型輔助臨床早期識(shí)別發(fā)生ARF風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高的HTG-AP患者,以期為臨床提供參考。
1 對(duì)象與方法
1.1 研究對(duì)象 選取2012年8月23日—2023年2月9日于廣西醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院確診的HTG-AP患者222例,HTG診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參照文獻(xiàn)[5],AP診斷符合《2012年美國亞特蘭大急性胰腺炎新分級(jí)、分類系統(tǒng)》。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):年齡≥18歲;TG≥11.3 mmol/L或TG為5.65~11.3 mmol/L,但血清呈乳糜狀。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):HTG-AP發(fā)病前已存在呼吸衰竭;有精神疾??;合并自身免疫性疾病或惡性腫瘤;妊娠期女性。參照文獻(xiàn)[6],將222例HTG-AP患者分為非ARF組176例和ARF組46例。2組年齡、性別、高血壓、糖尿病及脂肪肝比例差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見表1。
1.2 研究方法
1.2.1 血常規(guī)和血脂指標(biāo) 收集2組患者入院24 h內(nèi)血常規(guī)指標(biāo),包括白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)(WBC)、血小板計(jì)數(shù)(PLT)、單核細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)(MON)。24 h內(nèi)的血脂指標(biāo)的檢測數(shù)據(jù),包括總膽固醇(TC)、TG、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C)。
1.2.2 肝腎功能指標(biāo) 收集2組患者入院24 h內(nèi)肝腎功能指標(biāo),包括丙氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(AST)、肌酐(Cr)、尿素氮(BUN)、白蛋白(ALB)。
1.2.3 其他臨床指標(biāo) 收集2組患者入院24 h內(nèi)空腹血糖(FPG)、C-反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)、淀粉酶(AMY)、脂肪酶(LPS)及入院72 h內(nèi)計(jì)算機(jī)斷層掃描(CT)顯示胸水及腹水的檢查結(jié)果。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用SPSS 23.0軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。偏態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以M(P25,P75)表示,組間比較采用Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn)。計(jì)數(shù)資料以例或例(%)表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。影響因素分析用Logistic回歸,R軟件構(gòu)建預(yù)測模型及列線圖。采用受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線、校準(zhǔn)曲線及決策曲線分析(DCA)評(píng)估HTG-AP并發(fā)ARF的列線圖模型的預(yù)測性能。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 ARF組與非ARF組臨床資料分析
2.1.1 2組血常規(guī)和血脂指標(biāo)比較 2組WBC、MON、PLT、TC及TG差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,與非ARF組比較,ARF組HDL-C、LDL-C水平降低(P<0.05),見表2、3。
2.1.2 2組肝腎功能指標(biāo)比較 ARF組AST、BUN、Cr均高于非ARF組,而ALB低于非ARF組(P<0.05)。2組ALT差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見表4。
2.1.3 2組其他臨床指標(biāo)比較 見表5。2組FPG、AMY、LPS差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,ARF組CRP及胸水、腹水發(fā)生率高于非ARF組(P<0.05)。
2.2 HTG-AP并發(fā)ARF的影響因素分析 以是否發(fā)生ARF(否=0,是=1)為因變量,以Cr、BUN、CRP、AST、HDL-C、LDL-C、ALB、胸水(無=0,有=1)、腹水(無=0,有=1)為自變量進(jìn)行Logistic回歸分析。結(jié)果顯示,較高水平的Cr、AST,較低水平的ALB、HDL-C及有腹水為HTG-AP并發(fā)ARF的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,見表6。
2.3 ROC曲線和列線圖模型 ROC曲線顯示,該預(yù)測模型的曲線下面積(AUC)為0.952(95%CI:0.923~0.981),約登指數(shù)0.808,敏感度、特異度分別為93.33%、87.43%,見圖1。列線圖見圖2。校準(zhǔn)曲線顯示,模型預(yù)測結(jié)果與實(shí)際臨床觀察結(jié)果一致性高(圖3),決策曲線均高于2條極端曲線(圖4),該模型可使患者在臨床中獲益。
3 討論
HTG-AP發(fā)病時(shí)AMY升高不明顯是HTG-AP容易并發(fā)ARF的原因之一[7]。ALB是一種急性期炎癥反應(yīng)標(biāo)志物,其表達(dá)水平與炎癥的嚴(yán)重程度、疾病預(yù)后和患者病死率有關(guān)[8]。Lin等[3]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),低ALB是重度HTG-AP的危險(xiǎn)因素。另有研究顯示,血清ALB水平較高的AP患者往往預(yù)后較好[9]。HTG-AP比單純AP的炎癥反應(yīng)更重,ALB損耗更多,而ALB有維持機(jī)體滲透壓、抗炎及降低肺泡-毛細(xì)血管通透性的作用[10]。本研究結(jié)果亦顯示,ARF組ALB水平低于非ARF組,較低水平的ALB是HTG-AP并發(fā)ARF的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,表明當(dāng)HTG-AP患者出現(xiàn)ALB水平降低時(shí),及時(shí)輸注ALB可能是減少ARF發(fā)生的重要預(yù)防措施。
炎性滲出、胰腺導(dǎo)管破裂、血管通透性增加等均可導(dǎo)致腹水,而HTG-AP還可因HTG升高導(dǎo)致淋巴液流動(dòng)受阻,進(jìn)而造成淋巴管擴(kuò)張滲漏并形成腹水[11]。Shuanglian等[12]研究顯示,腹水是HTG-AP發(fā)展為重癥急性胰腺炎的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。Zeng等[13]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),AP患者存在腹水時(shí)出現(xiàn)呼吸衰竭的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高(OR=6.242,P=0.029)。本研究結(jié)果亦證實(shí),ARF組腹水發(fā)生率高于非ARF組,腹水是HTG-AP并發(fā)ARF的危險(xiǎn)因素,考慮原因可能為HTG-AP患者出現(xiàn)大量腹水會(huì)導(dǎo)致膈肌上抬壓迫肺組織,造成呼吸時(shí)肺擴(kuò)張不全而發(fā)生ARF。然而,F(xiàn)ujita等[14]通過對(duì)輕度胰腺炎的大鼠注射急性胰腺炎相關(guān)腹水(PAAF)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PAAF呈劑量依賴性地降低大鼠存活率且大鼠有明顯的肺損傷,而給予NF-κB通路抑制劑后可提高存活率,改善肺損傷癥狀,認(rèn)為NF-κB通路的激活可能在AP存在腹水時(shí)誘發(fā)ARF中發(fā)揮重要作用。
Ding等[15]認(rèn)為,血清Cr水平與ARF關(guān)系密切。魯曉霞等[16]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),百草枯中毒患者早期血清Cr水平上升速率越快,出現(xiàn)呼吸衰竭的可能性越大,預(yù)后越差。另有研究認(rèn)為AP患者血清Cr>178.8 μmol/L且X線片顯示患者有胸腔積液或肺實(shí)質(zhì)致密化,患者入院24 h內(nèi)死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)非常高[17]。急性腎損傷(AKI)可通過釋放循環(huán)骨橋蛋白引發(fā)肺血管滲漏,誘發(fā)炎癥反應(yīng)和ARF[18]。本研究顯示,ARF組Cr水平較非ARF組升高,表明患者出現(xiàn)了AKI,回歸分析則證實(shí)了較高水平的Cr為HTG-AP并發(fā)ARF的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。
AST主要分布于心肌細(xì)胞中,可在反映患者心肌細(xì)胞受損程度。有研究表明,AST水平可反映ARF的嚴(yán)重程度,且AST越高,ARF患者病情越重[19]。HDL-C被稱為天然的毒素清除劑,AP患者體內(nèi)產(chǎn)生大量毒素時(shí),HDL-C可與毒素結(jié)合并運(yùn)輸?shù)礁闻K進(jìn)行解毒,當(dāng)HDL-C水平明顯降低、毒素累積于機(jī)體時(shí)便可能引起多器官功能衰竭[20]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,與非ARF組比較,ARF組HDL-C、LDL-C水平降低、AST升高。HDL-C水平降低是HTG-AP并發(fā)ARF的危險(xiǎn)因素,證實(shí)了HTG-AP患者可能存在心肌損傷和較嚴(yán)重的多器官功能衰竭。ROC曲線則顯示,利用上述變量構(gòu)建的列線圖預(yù)測模型的AUC、約登指數(shù)均較高;校準(zhǔn)曲線顯示模型預(yù)測結(jié)果與實(shí)際臨床觀察結(jié)果一致性較高;決策曲線均高于2條極端曲線,證實(shí)該模型可使患者在臨床中獲益。
綜上所述,較高水平的Cr、AST,較低水平的ALB、HDL-C及有腹水為HTG-AP并發(fā)ARF的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,利用上述變量構(gòu)建的列線圖預(yù)測模型對(duì)HTG-AP并發(fā)ARF有良好的預(yù)測效能,但本研究為單中心回顧性研究,后續(xù)需要進(jìn)行多中心數(shù)據(jù)驗(yàn)證。
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(2024-05-07收稿 2024-07-02修回)
(本文編輯 陸榮展)