摘要:余甘子是一種藥食同源經(jīng)濟(jì)植物資源,藥理作用顯著,但其藥用開發(fā)還處于初級階段,未充分發(fā)揮其獨(dú)特的藥用特性和保健功效,市場開發(fā)潛力巨大。本文從余甘子的藥用價值、藥用成分、藥用功能等方面進(jìn)行綜述,以期為余甘子的醫(yī)藥保健開發(fā)和利用提供科學(xué)依據(jù),并指出未來研究應(yīng)從余甘子的品質(zhì)和藥用成分鑒定評價出發(fā),建立余甘子種質(zhì)資源的整體質(zhì)量控制體系,對于余甘子的產(chǎn)品開發(fā)、品質(zhì)提升和全產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈升級具有深遠(yuǎn)意義。
關(guān)鍵詞:余甘子;藥用成分;沒食子酸;抗肝損傷
中圖分類號:S667.9" " " " " " " " " " " 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A" " " " " " " " " " " "文章編號:2095-5774(2024)06-0536-11
Research Progress on Medicinal Value of Phyllanthus emblica L.
Wang Jianchao,Zhang Xiaoyan,Xie Lixue,Zhang Lijie,Li Tao*
(Fruit Research Institute,F(xiàn)ujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences,F(xiàn)uzhou,F(xiàn)ujian 350013,China)
Abstract:Phyllanthus emblica(P. emblica)is a medicinal and edible economic plant resource with significant pharmacological effects. However,its medicinal development is still in its early stages,and its unique medicinal properties and health care effects have not yet been exerted,indicating substantial potential for future development. This article reviews the medicinal value,medicinal ingredients,and medicinal function of P. emblica in order to provide scientific basis for the development and utilization of P. emblica in medicine and health care. Furthermore,it also points out that future research should focus on the identification of quality and medicinal ingredients of P. emblica. By evaluating the germplasm resources of P. emblica,establishing a comprehensive quality control system will have significant implications for the product development,enhancement,and advancement of the entire industry chain.
Key words:Phyllanthus emblica;Medicinal ingredients;Gallic acid;Anti-liver injury
余甘子(Phyllanthus emblica L.)屬大戟科(Euphorbiaceae)葉下珠屬(Phyllanthus)多年生灌木或喬木[1]。又名庵摩勒(古代名,藥用名)、油柑(福建、臺灣)、滇橄欖(云南)、“Amla” 和“Indian gooseberry”等[2-4]。余甘子是一種藥食同源經(jīng)濟(jì)植物資源,是世界衛(wèi)生組織在全世界推廣種植的三種保健植物之一[5],食品專家將余甘子、山楂和獼猴桃列為我國高營養(yǎng)的三大果品[6]。我國余甘子栽培歷史悠久,最早的文字記載于東漢時期楊孚所著的《異物志》,距今已近2 000年的歷史?!懂愇镏尽肥俏覈谝徊康貐^(qū)性的物產(chǎn)專著,記載余甘子“鹽蒸尤美,可多食”是我國余甘子應(yīng)用的最早記載。目前,余甘子的相關(guān)應(yīng)用研究主要集中在藥理學(xué)方面,本文就余甘子的藥用價值、主要藥用成分和藥用功能進(jìn)行綜述,為提升余甘子的醫(yī)藥保健開發(fā)和創(chuàng)新利用提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。
1 余甘子的藥用價值
據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),世界上約有17個國家的傳統(tǒng)藥物中應(yīng)用余甘子,在我國民族民間藥[7](藏族、彝族、傣族、苗族、白族、納西族、拉祜族、普米族、佤族、阿昌族、基諾族、布依族、瑤族、壯族,以及蒙古族、維吾爾族等約16個)中多用于治療感冒、咳嗽、喉痛、腹瀉、消化不良、解熱消炎、生津潤肺、皮膚濕疹、水火燙傷等證。自1977年以來余甘子被載入各版的《中華人民共和國藥典》[8]載有:清熱涼血,消食健胃,生津止咳,可用于血熱血瘀,消化不良,腹脹,咳嗽,喉痛,口干等病癥[9],并規(guī)定藥材標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品為沒食子酸,干燥品的沒食子酸含量不得低于1.2%。中醫(yī)學(xué)認(rèn)為,余甘子苦,酸,甘,澀,微寒,歸胃和肺經(jīng);公元659年唐代蘇敬《新修本草》(《唐本草》),是中國第一部由政府頒布的藥典,也是世界上最早的藥典記載:“庵摩勒,味苦、甘,寒,無毒。主風(fēng)虛熱氣”,書中認(rèn)為印度傳入的庵摩勒與我國余甘子為同一物種,表明我國和印度均為余甘子原產(chǎn)國,通過北方絲綢之路和南方海上貿(mào)易相互傳播。李時珍的《本草綱目》(1518-1593年)在歷數(shù)古代本草中對庵摩勒的記載及應(yīng)用后總結(jié):“庵摩勒……主丹石傷肺,上氣咳嗽。久服,輕身延年長生”[10]。
現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)證明余甘子的根、莖、葉、果實(shí)和種子均富含多種生物活性物質(zhì),包括有機(jī)酸、萜類、類黃酮、多糖、鞣質(zhì)、生物堿、植物甾醇、氨基酸和維生素等[11];具有抗氧化[12-13]、抗癌[14-18]、抗衰老[19-20]、降膽固醇、抗糖尿病、免疫調(diào)節(jié)[21]、抗病毒[22-23]、抗血脂異常[24]、抗細(xì)胞凋亡[25]、解熱、鎮(zhèn)痛、抗炎[26]、肝保護(hù)[27-28]、心臟保護(hù)、抗誘變、抗菌特性[29]和抗腹瀉[30-31]等。余甘子果實(shí)富含高穩(wěn)定性的維生素C[32]、對N-亞硝基化合物的高度阻斷性的抗癌效能、超氧化物歧化酶類似物的耐貯藏、耐熱和小分子透皮性所帶來的抗氧化、抗衰老特性在果蔬中實(shí)屬罕見[33];此外,余甘子因其植株根系發(fā)達(dá),萌發(fā)力強(qiáng),耐貧瘠,耐鹽堿,耐干旱,適應(yīng)能力強(qiáng),是荒山綠化,水土保持的先鋒樹種[34-35]。這些獨(dú)特性質(zhì)為它在醫(yī)藥、食品、保健品、化妝品和環(huán)境保護(hù)等領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用展示了廣闊產(chǎn)業(yè)前景。
2余甘子的藥用成分
余甘子植株的多個器官均可入藥,富含多種藥用成分:余甘子種子中含有大量的亞油酸、亞麻酸、硬脂酸、棕櫚酸、肉豆蔻酸、維生素E[36]、油酸、d-肌醇、d-果糖和d-葡萄糖等物質(zhì)[37];果實(shí)、葉片和樹皮均含有豐富的單寧;根中含有豐富的鞣酸和羽扇豆醇[38-39];果實(shí)維生素C含量超過檸檬、柑橘等水果,與毛花獼猴桃的含量相當(dāng),還含有多種維生素,包括煙酸、胡蘿卜素、核黃素和硫胺素等[40];葉中含有鞣花酸、沒食子酸、蘆丁、山奈酚、山奈酚-3-O-葡萄糖苷、黃腐酸、大蒜單寧、磷酸、精油、油酸、硬脂酸、棕櫚酸、維生素E[41]、維生素A和棕櫚酸酯等;余甘子的樹皮中含有原花青素、單寧酸和白扁桃葉霉素;根部含有鞣花酸、豆酚、余甘酸和余甘酮A等[42-43]。余甘子植株不同部位的主要藥用成分不同,當(dāng)前文獻(xiàn)主要關(guān)于其果實(shí)的活性成分研究。
余甘子果實(shí)的有機(jī)提取液可得到?jīng)]食子酸、槲皮素、油柑酸A、油柑酸B[44]、無色飛燕草素、訶子勒酸[45]、老鸛草素[46]、山奈酚-3-O-葡萄糖甙、鞣云實(shí)精、3-乙基-沒食子酸、3,6-二-O-沒食子?;?β-D-葡萄糖、原訶子酸、余甘子酸、余甘子酚、1-O-沒食子酰基-β-D-葡萄糖、訶子酸、訶黎酸、1,6-二-O-沒食子?;?β-D-葡萄糖[47]、槲皮素-3-O-葡萄糖甙、isostrictiniin、谷甾醇[48]、月桂酸、珠子草素、沒食子酸甲酯[49]和葉下珠素[50]等。Habib-Ur-Rehman等[51]從余甘子果實(shí)中分離出 2 種新型黃酮單體,為山奈酚-3-O-α-L-(6''-甲基)-鼠李糖和山奈酚-3-O-α-L-(6''-乙基)-鼠李糖。
3 余甘子的藥用功能
3.1抗氧化功能
余甘子果實(shí)中含有豐富的自由基清除劑,如白藜蘆醇、沒食子酸、鞣酸[52]、木酚素、槲皮素、染料木素、花青素、橙皮素、山奈酚、超氧化物歧化酶、維生素C、多糖[53-54]、單寧和有機(jī)酸等植物化學(xué)成分,具有較強(qiáng)抗氧化能力[55]。余甘子提取液顯著提升中老年紅細(xì)胞的超氧化物歧化酶活性,降低過氧化脂質(zhì)含量[56],可清除新陳代謝產(chǎn)生的羥和超氧自由基含量[57],此外,余甘子多糖也具有清除超氧自由基的作用。余甘子中的多酚類物質(zhì)、單寧和有機(jī)酸可以顯著降低小鼠血液中丙二醛水平。余甘子干果的甲醇提取物所含鞣云實(shí)素和老鸛草素等活性成分可有效清除NO ·自由基[49]。余甘子中富含黃酮類物質(zhì),該類物質(zhì)可增強(qiáng)小鼠血液中內(nèi)源性抗氧化劑過氧化氫酶、超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶和谷胱甘肽還原酶等的活力,同時降低過氧化脂質(zhì)水平[58],保護(hù)細(xì)胞抵御氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)[59]。余甘子可以通過提高血清中誘導(dǎo)性T細(xì)胞、抑制性T細(xì)胞、免疫球蛋白M、免疫球蛋白G等的水平以及血清中白蛋白和球蛋白水平,提高免疫調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)的有效性[60]。此外,余甘子的葉、根和樹皮均被證明有較強(qiáng)的抗氧化能力[61]。余甘子果實(shí)維生素C具有高度穩(wěn)定性[32],超氧化物歧化酶類似物具有耐貯藏、耐熱和小分子透皮性[33],且富含多種自由基清除劑和內(nèi)源性抗氧化劑,可有效增強(qiáng)機(jī)體的抗氧化功能、抑制自由基的產(chǎn)生及清除過量的自由基,可在藥品、食品和化妝品開發(fā)等領(lǐng)域發(fā)揮巨大作用。
3.2抗糖尿病功能
世界衛(wèi)生組織預(yù)測,到2025年糖尿病患者有可能達(dá)到3億或更多,開發(fā)一種效果顯著且無毒副作用[62]的抗糖尿病藥物尤為重要[63],余甘子具有很強(qiáng)的開發(fā)潛力[64-65]。研究表明,余甘子是一種有效降低血糖的藥物[66],余甘子含有大量的單寧類物質(zhì),該類物質(zhì)通過增加對外周組織的胰島素敏感性來防止脂肪形成和增加葡萄糖攝取有效物質(zhì),從而降低血糖[67]。此外,余甘子的降血糖機(jī)制還有抑制消化酶的產(chǎn)生,刺激糖原儲存,激活胰島素信號通路,抑制糖基化終產(chǎn)物[68]等。余甘子提取液可抑制大鼠血液α-糖苷酶活性,效果優(yōu)于降糖藥物阿卡波糖[69]。
3.3 降血脂及抗動脈粥樣硬化作用
高脂血癥和氧化應(yīng)激是動脈粥樣硬化和心腦血管疾病發(fā)展的主要危險因素[70]。在多個國家的藥物體系中,余甘子是有效防止動脈粥樣硬化和降血脂的天然藥物,且無毒副作用[71]。余甘子果實(shí)中的黃酮組分可抑制肝臟β-羥-β-甲基戊二酸單酰輔酶A還原酶的活性,有效降低血脂水平[72]。余甘子粉末提取物中的黃酮類化合物通過抑制3-羥基-3-甲基戊二酸單酰輔酶A還原酶活性,同時提高血漿卵磷脂膽固醇?;D(zhuǎn)移酶(LCAT)活性,發(fā)揮降血脂作用[73]。
3.4 抗肝損傷作用
二十世紀(jì)八十年代,Antarkar等[74]已報道余甘子可用于多種保肝藥物。Ghosal等[75]認(rèn)為余甘子保肝作用是單寧水解物油柑酸A和油柑酸B抗氧化作用的結(jié)果。余甘子的乙醇提取液能降低甲狀腺大鼠肝臟過氧化脂質(zhì)水平,提高超氧化物歧化酶和過氧化氫酶活力,防止肝脂肪過氧化[76]。余甘子果實(shí)的水提取液可有效降低小鼠肝細(xì)胞過氧化脂質(zhì)含量,緩解急性和慢性肝中毒癥狀,降低肝細(xì)胞的過氧化脂質(zhì)、谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶和堿性磷酸脂酶[77]的水平,防止肝脂肪變性和肝纖維化[78]。
3.5 抑制病原微生物及抗炎作用
余甘子水提液具有抑制沙門氏菌的作用[79],可治療腸道疾病,對引起皮炎的真菌也有較強(qiáng)的抑制作用。余甘子可以促進(jìn)支氣管髓鞘的黏液分泌,起到鎮(zhèn)咳效果[80]。侯海燕[81]從余甘子干燥果實(shí)的乙醇提取物中,分離鑒定到多種抗乙肝病毒(HBV)化合物,鑒定為鞣花酸、β-香樹脂酮、β-胡蘿卜苷、沒食子酸、β-谷甾醇、杜英素、雙沒食子酸、粘酸-1-甲酯-6-乙酸、粘酸二甲酯-2-O-沒食子酸等。el-Mekkawy等[82]從余甘子果實(shí)甲醇提取物中分離到抑制滋病毒(HIV-I-RT)的6種化合物(核實(shí)木素A、1,6-二-O-沒食子?;?β-D-葡萄糖、雙沒食子酸、山奈酚-3-O-糖甙、槲皮素-3-O-糖甙和1-O-沒食子酰基-β-D-葡萄糖)。余甘子果實(shí)中活性成分異柯里拉京不僅抑制病毒DNA的復(fù)制,還可滅活病毒[83],多糖成分可抑菌[84]。余甘子含有豐富的總黃酮類化合物,表現(xiàn)出顯著抗甲型流感病毒感染效果[85]。余甘子提取液能抑制引起炎癥的病原微生物的DNA和轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(NF-k B/DNA)交互作用,從而抑制病原微生物基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄[86]。氮氧化物(NO)過量生產(chǎn)可導(dǎo)致病理紊亂或異常,如炎癥、心血管損傷等,余甘子提取物可抑制NO的產(chǎn)生,避免巨噬細(xì)胞和環(huán)氧酶(COX-2)過量產(chǎn)生,表現(xiàn)出較強(qiáng)的抗炎活性[87]。
3.6抗誘變、致畸和抗腫瘤作用
余甘子可“解金石毒[10]”,其提取物對鋁、鉛、砷、鎳引起的細(xì)胞中毒和染色體畸形有顯著抑制效果[88-90];余甘子丙酮提取物對誘變劑的致突性有顯著的抑制作用[91]。Sairam等[92]研究表明余甘子果實(shí)的單寧水解物可有效抗誘變和抗腫瘤;余甘子富含的倍半萜內(nèi)酯類化合物和多酚類化合物有效抑制人宮頸癌細(xì)胞、胃癌細(xì)胞、黑色素瘤細(xì)胞(B16-F10)的增殖[93]。余甘子抑制活性蛋白(AP-1)和宮頸癌致癌基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄,表明其在人類乳頭瘤病毒誘導(dǎo)的宮頸癌細(xì)胞治療中具有潛在的應(yīng)用價值[94-95]。余甘子果汁可明顯的抑制S-180腹水腫瘤[96]。余甘子提取物對強(qiáng)致癌物質(zhì)N-亞硝基化合物的合成阻斷率高達(dá)93%[97],余甘子多糖對肝癌細(xì)胞(HepG-2)增殖具有抑制作用[98]。余甘子的樹皮具有較強(qiáng)抗細(xì)胞增殖作用,與其含有較高的酚酸和類黃酮含量有關(guān)[99]。
綜上所述,余甘子含有豐富的功能性代謝產(chǎn)物,包括黃酮類、單寧酸、多酚類、抗壞血酸、生物堿、植物甾醇、萜類、有機(jī)酸、氨基酸和維生素等,表現(xiàn)出顯著的抗氧化、抗炎、抗菌活性、抗糖尿病、抗癌和心臟保護(hù)等藥理作用,這些獨(dú)特的性質(zhì)為余甘子在食品和醫(yī)藥領(lǐng)域的開發(fā)提供廣闊的應(yīng)用前景,余甘子深度開發(fā)為天然藥物、候選藥物、保健食品和化妝品的相關(guān)研究需更全方位且深入開展,展現(xiàn)其更多的應(yīng)用價值,為余甘子的高效利用提供保障,從而推動余甘子產(chǎn)業(yè)快速且多樣化發(fā)展。
4 余甘子的其他應(yīng)用
余甘子是一個極具開發(fā)潛力的資源,近年來,除藥用外,余甘子的相關(guān)產(chǎn)品也逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)多元化,如保健果酒、果茶、果凍、果脯、果醬、果汁飲料、余甘沖劑、余甘子凍干粉、速溶余甘烏龍茶、保健膠囊、功能口服液、洗發(fā)液和美容化妝品等產(chǎn)品[100]。此外,余甘子保健品的研發(fā)越來越多,據(jù)報道余甘子可以和一些谷物、豆類等混合為原料,加入淀粉酶生產(chǎn)低黏度的速溶食品作為嬰兒的斷奶食品[101];余甘子種子油制品,作為一種孕婦和哺乳期的多不飽和脂肪酸補(bǔ)充強(qiáng)化劑[102];余甘子提取物作為一種天然油脂抗氧化劑添加到烘焙餅干中[103];Chaudhuri[104-105]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)余甘子的富含低分子量的水解單寧,可提取開發(fā)為美白護(hù)膚化妝品,特別是余甘子低分子量可水解單寧對黑色素合成的抑制作用[106],且具有生物安全性,無藥害反應(yīng),具有開發(fā)天然產(chǎn)物美白潤膚市場的潛力。
5 展望
余甘子的全身都是寶,根、葉、果實(shí)、種子均可入藥,具有抗氧化、抗癌、抗衰老、降低膽固醇、抗糖尿病、免疫調(diào)節(jié)、抗病毒、抗血脂異常、抗細(xì)胞凋亡、解熱、鎮(zhèn)痛、抗炎、肝保護(hù)、心臟保護(hù)、抗誘變、抗菌特性和抗腹瀉等多種藥理作用,且毒性小、無不良反應(yīng),有望將其多個有效部位或成分開發(fā)為醫(yī)藥或功能性保健食品,特別是應(yīng)用余甘子的抗氧化能力、抗糖尿病能力、降血脂及抗動脈粥樣硬化、抗肝損傷作用、抑制病原微生物及抗炎作用和抗誘變、抗致畸和抗腫瘤作用開發(fā)高附加值醫(yī)藥保健或食品,有巨大的市場發(fā)展?jié)摿?。目前余甘子相關(guān)的研究多數(shù)是在體外或動物模型中進(jìn)行,需要進(jìn)一步的臨床試驗(yàn)來確定基于余甘子的干預(yù)措施對人體的有效性和安全性。余甘子相關(guān)醫(yī)藥、保健品和食品的開發(fā)還處于初級階段,未發(fā)揮余甘子獨(dú)特的資源特性和藥用保健功效,同時表明余甘子在食品和醫(yī)藥保健領(lǐng)域擁有廣闊的應(yīng)用前景,開發(fā)潛力巨大,隨著現(xiàn)代科技和新技術(shù)的不斷進(jìn)步,開發(fā)高品質(zhì)的余甘子新產(chǎn)品、新技術(shù),提高余甘子種質(zhì)資源的生物利用率和產(chǎn)品附加值,對于天然產(chǎn)物資源的合理利用和地區(qū)特色經(jīng)濟(jì)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展有重要意義。
余甘子種質(zhì)資源分布于東經(jīng)70°~122°,北緯1°~29°的熱帶或亞熱帶地區(qū),分布區(qū)域廣大,種質(zhì)資源豐富,表型性狀復(fù)雜,不同余甘子資源化學(xué)成分差異顯著。開展61份成熟期余甘子果實(shí)非靶代謝組學(xué)和主要化學(xué)品質(zhì)分析結(jié)果表明,總體689個代謝物的平均變異系數(shù)達(dá)63.85%,表現(xiàn)豐富的遺傳多樣性;果實(shí)主要化學(xué)品質(zhì)的平均變異系數(shù)為28.51%,遺傳多樣性指數(shù)D和信息指數(shù)H范圍分別為0.977 8~0.983 6和3.96~4.11,多樣性數(shù)值均較高,多樣性豐富[107]。所以要提高余甘子的創(chuàng)新利用效率,需從余甘子遺傳多樣性評價和品質(zhì)鑒評入手,明確余甘子不同種質(zhì)的主要功能或藥用成分差異,為余甘子的資源挖掘、質(zhì)量控制和開發(fā)高附加值產(chǎn)品提供理論基礎(chǔ)。近年來,國家熱帶植物種質(zhì)資源庫—余甘子種質(zhì)資源分庫廣泛收集保存了我國大部分余甘子地方品種和國內(nèi)外重要遺傳材料,可為余甘子藥用成分的遺傳多樣性研究提供豐富的研究材料。利用圃內(nèi)保存資源開展藥用成分鑒定評價研究,建立余甘子種質(zhì)資源的整體質(zhì)量控制體系,對于余甘子的質(zhì)量控制、品質(zhì)提升和全產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈升級具有深遠(yuǎn)意義。
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(責(zé)任編輯:許" " 玲)
DOI:10.20023/j.cnki.2095-5774.2024.06.012
收稿日期:2024-10-23
基金項(xiàng)目:國家熱帶植物種質(zhì)資源庫-余甘子種質(zhì)資源分庫(NTPGRC2024-011);福建省屬公益類科研院所基本科研專項(xiàng)
(2022R1028-004);福建省人民政府與中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院農(nóng)業(yè)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展超越“5511”協(xié)同創(chuàng)新工程項(xiàng)目
(XTCXGC2021019-GSS01);福建省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院科技創(chuàng)新平臺(CXPT2023004)
作者簡介:*為通訊作者,李韜(1969-),男,副研究員,主要從事果樹種質(zhì)資源與分子生物學(xué)研究,E-mail: leetao06@163.com。
王建超(1988-),男,助理研究員,博士,主要從事特色果樹種質(zhì)資源保護(hù)與生理生化研究,E-mail:447327289@qq.com