英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)并列詞組大都按照固定順序排列,其組成詞的前后位置一般是不能顛倒的。例如:big and small(大?。?、long and short(長(zhǎng)短)、left and right(左右)、man and woman(男女)等。
在英語(yǔ)中,并列的兩個(gè)詞中間一定要有連詞and,不可省略;而在漢語(yǔ)里,并列兩個(gè)詞中間的連詞可有可無(wú),能夠省略。
一般來(lái)說(shuō),英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)并列詞組都是按照一定邏輯規(guī)律排列的,拿來(lái)就可以相互直譯。但是,漢語(yǔ)在漫長(zhǎng)的使用過(guò)程中形成了一些特殊的、約定俗成的并列詞組,在翻譯成英語(yǔ)時(shí)需要格外注意。
第一,有些英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)并列詞組遵從“主從模式”(master-slave mode),按照地位或重要程度的高低順序排列。但是,漢語(yǔ)的“身心”是逆向排列的。譯成英語(yǔ)需根據(jù)“心”支配“身”的順序說(shuō)mind and body。例如:
1. 腦研究表明,身心之間有復(fù)雜的相互作用。Brain research shows that there is a complex interplay between mind and body.
2. 戶外運(yùn)動(dòng)使我們身心強(qiáng)健。Outdoor exercise makes us strong in mind and body.
3. 你需要充足的睡眠以使你疲憊的身心再度充電。You need sufficient sleep to recharge your tired mind and body.
第二,有些英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)并列詞組遵從“線性模式”(linear mode),按照產(chǎn)生或發(fā)生的先后順序排列。但是,漢語(yǔ)的“鋼鐵”是逆向排列的。譯成英語(yǔ)需根據(jù)先產(chǎn)出“鐵”,后產(chǎn)出“鋼”的順序說(shuō)iron and steel。例如:
4. 一座新的鋼鐵廠將在這個(gè)煤田附近修建。A new iron and steel works/ factory will be built near the coal fields.
5. 中國(guó)鋼鐵工業(yè)仍在不斷取得新的發(fā)展。In China, new developments in the iron and steel industry are still coming forward.
漢語(yǔ)的“遲早”雖與“早晚”同義,卻是逆向排列的。譯成英語(yǔ)需根據(jù)先“早”后“遲”的順序說(shuō)sooner and later。例如:
6. 這位駕車者知道:如果他粗心駕車,遲早/早晚會(huì)發(fā)生事故。The driver knows that if he drives carelessly, an accident will happen sooner or later.
7. 古話說(shuō),壞人遲早/早晚要遭報(bào)應(yīng)。As an old saying goes, the evildoers are bound to be punished sooner or later.
8. 這個(gè)盜車賊遲早/早晚會(huì)被警方逮捕去坐班房。Sooner or later, the car thief will be caught by the police and put in prison.
漢語(yǔ)的“死活”雖與“生死”同義,卻是逆向排列的。由于“活”和“死”只能二選一,譯成英語(yǔ)時(shí)需在中間加連詞or,根據(jù)先“活”后“死”的順序排列,即live or die、life or death或alive or dead。例如:
9. 這個(gè)邪惡的老板從來(lái)不顧他工人的死活。The vicious boss never cared whether his workers should live or die.
10. 這個(gè)貪官挪用修河壩的基金,全然不顧百姓的死活。The corrupt official embezzled the funds for building a dam across the river, totally disregarding the life or death of the common people.
11. 當(dāng)這個(gè)煤礦發(fā)生瓦斯爆炸時(shí),煤礦主一點(diǎn)兒也不在乎礦工們的死活。When there occurred a gas explosion in the coal mine, its owner didn’t care whether the coal miners were alive or dead.
第三,有些英語(yǔ)并列詞組遵從“語(yǔ)音模式”(phonetic mode),按照單詞音節(jié)從少到多,或單詞從短到長(zhǎng)的順序排列,避免讀起來(lái)讓人有頭重腳輕的感覺(jué)。漢語(yǔ)說(shuō)“文學(xué)藝術(shù)”或“文藝”,英語(yǔ)卻說(shuō)art and literature。例如:
12. 文學(xué)和藝術(shù)相互交集、相互影響的歷史十分悠久。Art and literature have a long history of intersecting and influencing one another.
13. 文藝作品所描述的生活可能比現(xiàn)實(shí)生活更具有代表性。Life as depicted in works of art and literature may be more representative than real life.
14. 這位評(píng)論家不贊成低估文藝的重要性。The critic doesn’t favour underestimating the importance of art and literature.
第四,有些英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)并列詞組遵從“正面-負(fù)面模式”(positive-negative mode),按照單詞意義由正面到負(fù)面,或由褒義到貶義的順序排列。但是,漢語(yǔ)的“異同”是逆向排列的。譯成英語(yǔ)需按照從正面意義到負(fù)面意義的順序說(shuō)similarity and dissimilarity。例如:
15. 這位哲學(xué)教授給學(xué)生們?cè)敿?xì)地分析了中西美學(xué)的異同。The professor of philosophy gave his students a detailed analysis of the similarities and dissimilarities between Chinese aesthetics and Western aesthetics.
16. 國(guó)際直接投資與國(guó)際風(fēng)險(xiǎn)投資的異同是什么?What are the similarities and dissimilarities between international direct investment and international risk investment?
漢語(yǔ)的“輸贏”雖與“勝負(fù)”同義,卻是逆向排列的。由于“輸”和“贏”只能二選一,譯成英語(yǔ)時(shí)需按照由褒義到貶義的順序排列,并在中間加連詞or,即win or lose或winning or losing。例如:
17. 這位高爾夫球員對(duì)他的對(duì)手說(shuō):“輸贏/勝負(fù)無(wú)關(guān)緊要。最重要的是我們的友誼。”The golf player said to his opponent, “To win or lose doesn’t matter. What is the most important is our friendship.”
18. 賭博是一種以偶然的決定來(lái)定輸贏的活動(dòng)。Gambling is an activity of winning or losing by an occasional decision.
第五,英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)表示方向的并列詞組遵從各自的“定向模式”(directional mode)。漢語(yǔ)的“東西南北”或“東南西北”,英語(yǔ)譯為north、south、east、west。例如:
19. 羅盤的基點(diǎn)是東、西、南、北。The cardinal points of the compass are north, south, east and west.
漢語(yǔ)的“南北”有兩個(gè)意思,其一是“南和北”,譯成英語(yǔ)要說(shuō)north and south。例如:
20. 這個(gè)城市位居南北之間的交通樞紐,為各種重要物資的集散地。This city, situated at the transportation hub between north and south, is a distribution centre for all kinds of important goods and materials.
漢語(yǔ)“南北”的第二個(gè)意思是“從南到北”,譯成英語(yǔ)要說(shuō)from north to south。例如:
21. 從最遠(yuǎn)點(diǎn)算起,我國(guó)領(lǐng)土南北為5500公里,東西為5000公里。At the furthest points, our territory measures 5,500 kilometers from north to south and 5,000 kilometers from east to west.
22. 橫斷山脈為南北走向。The Hengduan Mountains run from north to south.
23. 這個(gè)公園東西3公里,南北5公里。This park is three kilometers across from east to west, and five kilometers from north to south.