摘要:目的 "探究甲狀腺乳頭狀癌頸部轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)大小與穿刺洗脫液甲狀腺球蛋白(FNA-Tg)測值的關(guān)系。方法 "連續(xù)收集2018年4月~2019年1月上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬瑞金醫(yī)院的96例疑似甲狀腺乳頭狀癌頸部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移或復(fù)發(fā)患者的臨床資料,共納入疾病相關(guān)的頸部淋巴結(jié)136枚,以穿刺細(xì)胞學(xué)結(jié)果或石蠟病理為金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),將頸部淋巴結(jié)分為良性和惡性。對患者的頸部可疑淋巴結(jié)進(jìn)行超聲評估,測量淋巴結(jié)在最大切面上的長軸和短軸,對淋巴結(jié)進(jìn)行穿刺細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查和FNA-Tg測定,F(xiàn)NA-Tg樣本使用ECL分析儀(Cobase 602,瑞士羅氏)和ELEXSYS TG II試劑盒測定Tg數(shù)值。所有患者穿刺前2周內(nèi)均完成甲狀腺功能的血清學(xué)檢測,分析甲狀腺乳頭狀癌轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)大小與FNA-Tg測值之間的關(guān)系。結(jié)果 "136枚可疑淋巴結(jié)中,89枚(65.44%)和47枚(34.56%)分別診斷為轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)和良性淋巴結(jié)。轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)FNA-Tg的測值水平高于非轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)(中位數(shù)631.550 ng/mL vs 0.056 ng/mL,Plt;0.001),F(xiàn)NA-Tg診斷轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)的截值為2.71 ng/mL,F(xiàn)NA-Tg/sTg診斷轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)的截值為6.50 ng/mL,淋巴結(jié)大小與FNA-Tg的測值及診斷結(jié)果無相關(guān)性(Pgt;0.05)。結(jié)論 "甲狀腺乳頭狀癌轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)的FNA-Tg測值結(jié)果顯著高于非轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié),淋巴結(jié)的大小本身不影響FNA-Tg的測值及診斷結(jié)果。
關(guān)鍵詞:甲狀腺球蛋白;甲狀腺癌;淋巴結(jié);超聲
Relationship between and FNA-Tg and the size of metastatic lymph nodes from papillary thyroid carcinoma
CHEN Yilai1, CHEN Yudong1, ZHAN Weiwei1, ZHOU Wei1, 2
1Department of Ultrasound, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, China; 2Department of Ultrasound, Ruijin Hospital/Lu Wan Branch, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, China
Abstract: Objective To analyze the relationship between and the value of FNA-Tg and the size of metastatic lymph nodes from papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Methods The clinical data of 96 patients with suspected cervical lymph node metastasis or recurrence of thyroid papillary carcinoma in Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Medical College of Shanghai Jiaotong University from April 2018 to January 2019 were collected. A total of 136 suspicious cervical lymph nodes from 96 PTC patients were prospectively included, and the lymph nodes were divided into benign and malignant according to the results of aspiration cytology or paraffin pathology. The long and short axes of each lymph node on the largest section were measured by ultrasound, each suspected lymph node was aspirated with a 22-gauge needle, then FNA-Tg was measured. ECL analyzer (Cobas E602, Roche, Switzerland) and ELEXSYS TG II kit were used to determine the Tg value of FNA-Tg samples. Serological examination of thyroid function was performed in all patients within 2 weeks before FNA. The relationship between metastatic lymph node size and FNA-Tg in PTC patients was analyzed. Results Among the 136 lymph nodes, 89 (65.44%) were diagnosed as metastatic lymph nodes and 47 (34.56%) were benign. The level of FNA-Tg in metastatic lymph nodes was significantly higher than that in non-metastatic lymph nodes (median 631.550 ng/mL vs 0.056 ng/mL). The cut-off value of FNA-Tg and FNA-Tg/sTg in the diagnosis of metastatic lymph nodes was 2.71 ng/mL and 6.50 ng/mL separately. There was no significant correlation between the size of lymph nodes and FNA-Tg (Pgt;0.05). Conclusion The FNA-Tg level of metastatic lymph nodes in PTC patients is significantly higher than that of non-metastatic lymph nodes. The size of lymph nodes alone can not predict the level of FNA-Tg.
Keywords: thyroglobulin; thyroid carcinoma; lymph node; ultrasonography
甲狀腺癌是最常見的內(nèi)分泌惡性腫瘤,其發(fā)病率呈逐年上升趨勢[1],其中最為常見的類型即甲狀腺乳頭狀癌(PTC),目前PTC的頸部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率高達(dá)20%~50%[2]。PTC的頸部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的診斷對臨床手術(shù)決策起到至關(guān)重要的作用[3-6],而在臨床實(shí)踐中,對于部分存在囊性變或體積較小的淋巴結(jié)確診較為困難,細(xì)胞樣本不足和假陰性率分別為5%~20%和6%~8%[7],且對細(xì)胞病理學(xué)專家的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和技術(shù)有一定的依賴性。近年有研究提出應(yīng)用FNA洗脫液中甲狀腺球蛋白(FNA-Tg)來診斷PTC轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié),文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道FNA-Tg診斷轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)的敏感度為81%~100%,特異度為95%~100%[8-11]。FNA-Tg的檢測可能受到各種因素的影響,如血清甲狀腺球蛋白(sTg)、血清抗甲狀腺球蛋白(TgAb)、血清促甲狀腺素(TSH)、Tg檢測試劑盒性能以及穿刺技術(shù)等因素相關(guān)。這些影響因素的存在最終可能影響FNA-Tg的測值乃至診斷結(jié)果,從而給研究間的對比增加了難度[12-13]。盡管既往研究分析了上述各種因素對FNA-Tg結(jié)果可能造成的影響,然而淋巴結(jié)大小對FNA-Tg的測值的影響尚待探索。本文旨在分析甲狀腺乳頭狀癌頸部轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)大小與穿刺洗脫液甲狀腺球蛋白(FNA-Tg)測值的關(guān)系,為FNA-Tg在小體積淋巴結(jié)診斷中的應(yīng)用提供理論依據(jù)。
1 "資料與方法
1.1 "一般資料
本研究連續(xù)性收集了2018年4月~2019年1月上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬瑞金醫(yī)院的96例疑似甲狀腺乳頭狀癌頸部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移或復(fù)發(fā)的患者,本研究通過醫(yī)院倫理學(xué)審批(2023臨倫審第386號),所有納入患者均已簽署知情同意書。其中男性患者41例,女性患者55例,年齡16~82(39±12.4)歲,納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):已行甲狀腺功能血清學(xué)檢查及頸部超聲檢查,頸部淋巴結(jié)出現(xiàn)至少1個(gè)可疑特征;細(xì)胞學(xué)或病理學(xué)結(jié)果診斷為良性或惡性;甲狀腺切除術(shù)后(甲狀腺部分切除或甲狀腺全切術(shù)后)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):無法耐受或拒絕穿刺者;未取得甲狀腺功能血清學(xué)檢查者。最終納入淋巴結(jié)136枚,對可疑的頸部淋巴結(jié)均行超聲引導(dǎo)下細(xì)針穿刺活檢(US-FNA)和FNA-Tg測定。對淋巴結(jié)FNA結(jié)果提示轉(zhuǎn)移的患者行手術(shù)治療,并根據(jù)術(shù)前定位取得相應(yīng)淋巴結(jié)的石蠟病理結(jié)果;對于部分術(shù)前US-FNA結(jié)果陰性而無需手術(shù)的患者,以術(shù)前FNA結(jié)果為金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
1.2 "方法
1.2.1 "儀器 " 采用Esaote MyLab 90型彩色多普勒超聲診斷儀和高頻線陣探頭。準(zhǔn)備22 G針頭,5 mL針筒,2 mL離心管及0.9%生理鹽水等;采用Beckmam-Coulter Microfuge 18離心機(jī),設(shè)置為3000 r/5 min處理穿刺洗脫液樣本。FNA-Tg標(biāo)本及sTg測定采用電化學(xué)免疫發(fā)光法,檢測范圍0.04~500 ng/mL。檢測時(shí)采用用歐洲共同體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)局的有證參考物質(zhì)457標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品校正以降低檢測間偏倚[14]。
1.2.2 "超聲診斷頸部可疑PTC轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)的聲像圖標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (1)出現(xiàn)鈣化;(2)出現(xiàn)囊性區(qū);(3)出現(xiàn)團(tuán)狀高回聲區(qū);(4)邊緣型或混合型血供;(5)淋巴結(jié)形態(tài)趨圓(縱橫比≤2);(6)淋巴門結(jié)構(gòu)消失。出現(xiàn)(1)~(4)項(xiàng)任意1個(gè)聲像圖特征或同時(shí)具備(5)、(6)2項(xiàng)聲像圖特征時(shí)診斷為可疑淋巴結(jié)[8]。所有超聲圖像均由1位有20年以上超聲診斷經(jīng)驗(yàn)的超聲專家采集,根據(jù)每名患者情況調(diào)節(jié)儀器獲得最佳圖像,并在二維圖像上測量淋巴結(jié)大小。最后由2位醫(yī)生在未知病理診斷結(jié)果的情況下對圖像資料進(jìn)行回顧性分析,并對每個(gè)指標(biāo)評圖,若結(jié)果不一致則協(xié)商一致后納入。
1.2.3 "穿刺方法 " 超聲引導(dǎo)下穿刺細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查由1位具有7年穿刺操作經(jīng)驗(yàn)的超聲科醫(yī)師完成,穿刺采取細(xì)針負(fù)壓抽吸技術(shù),每枚淋巴結(jié)穿刺2~3次,超聲科護(hù)士隨即將針芯內(nèi)的組織推注至載玻片上完成涂片和固定,最后將所取得的穿刺細(xì)胞學(xué)涂片和穿刺洗脫液標(biāo)本分別標(biāo)記并送細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查和FNA-Tg測定。
1.3 "統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
所有數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS19.0軟件處理。正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,非正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以中位數(shù)表示。計(jì)量資料組間比較采取秩和(Mann Whitney U)檢驗(yàn),采用Spearman秩相關(guān)分析相關(guān)性(居于-1~1之間);二分類變量采用配對卡方檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行兩兩比較。計(jì)算FNA-Tg診斷頸部轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)的敏感度、特異度和約登指數(shù)等。繪制ROC曲線,計(jì)算曲線下面積(AUC),根據(jù)約登指數(shù)最高的臨界點(diǎn)確定FNA-Tg及FNB-Tg/sTg的最佳診斷截值。以Plt;0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 "結(jié)果
2.1 "臨床特征及細(xì)胞病理結(jié)果
96例患者的136枚頸部可疑淋巴結(jié)中,92枚經(jīng)手術(shù)病理證實(shí),以細(xì)胞或病理學(xué)結(jié)果為金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),最終89枚被診斷為淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移陽性,47枚被診斷為淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移陰性。在47枚陰性淋巴結(jié)中包括44例反應(yīng)性淋巴結(jié),2例結(jié)核淋巴結(jié),1例異位甲狀腺組織。
淋巴結(jié)良惡性與患者年齡和sTg水平有關(guān)(Plt;0.05),PTC患者頸部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的患者較非淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的患者更年輕(Plt;0.01);淋巴結(jié)良惡性與患者性別、血清FT3、FT4、TSH、sTgAb無關(guān)(Pgt;0.05);轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)FNA-Tg測值水平高于非轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)(Plt;0.001),剔除3例假陽性病例后,非轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)FNA-Tg的中位數(shù)為0.04 ng/mL,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Plt;0.001,表1)。
2.2 "FNA-Tg診斷轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)的截值
ROC曲線顯示,F(xiàn)NA-Tg診斷轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)的截值為2.71 ng/mL,敏感度為88.5%,特異度為83.0%,約登指數(shù)為71.8%,AUC為0.897(95%CI: 0.836~0.966,Plt;0.001,圖1);FNA-Tg/sTg診斷轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)的截值為6.50 ng/mL,敏感度為74.7%,特異度為88.4%,約登指數(shù)為63.1%,AUC為0.866(95% CI: 0.794~0.938,Plt;0.001,圖2)。
2.3 "淋巴結(jié)大小與淋巴結(jié)良惡性的關(guān)系
136枚可疑的PTC轉(zhuǎn)移性頸部淋巴結(jié)中,130枚位于頸側(cè)區(qū),另有6枚來自甲狀腺切除術(shù)后患者的頸部VI區(qū)淋巴結(jié),其中非轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)大小為5.58±2.63 mm,轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)大小為5.60±2.71 mm。淋巴結(jié)大小與淋巴結(jié)良惡性之間的關(guān)系結(jié)果顯示,淋巴結(jié)大小不能預(yù)測淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移(Z=-0.213,P=0.831)。
2.4 "淋巴結(jié)大小與FNA-Tg測值及診斷結(jié)果的關(guān)系
FNA-Tg測值與淋巴結(jié)大小無相關(guān)性(rs=0.022,P=0.804)。
3 "討論
目前PTC的頸部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率達(dá)20%~50%[15],準(zhǔn)確判斷淋巴結(jié)的轉(zhuǎn)移情況對確定TNM分期、手術(shù)方案制定及預(yù)后判斷等具有重要意義[2]。近年來,諸多研究證實(shí)FNA-Tg作為一種特異性的生物學(xué)標(biāo)記物在提高診斷準(zhǔn)確性方面的重要作用,因其標(biāo)本獲取便捷,F(xiàn)NA-Tg亦被各指南建議作為細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查的補(bǔ)充,尤其是在FNA陰性、無法診斷或不確定時(shí)應(yīng)用,從而提高檢查準(zhǔn)確性[2, 8, 16]。一項(xiàng)納入22項(xiàng)研究共2670個(gè)淋巴結(jié)的薈萃分析顯示,F(xiàn)NA-Tg診斷轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)的敏感度為91%,特異度為94%[10]。目前FNA-Tg對PTC轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)的最佳診斷臨界值尚無統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。一項(xiàng)大樣本的回顧性研究表明,當(dāng)臨界值為1.0 ng/mL時(shí),F(xiàn)NA-Tg鑒別淋巴結(jié)是否轉(zhuǎn)移敏感度最高,當(dāng)臨界值為30 ng/mL時(shí),特異度最高[10]。
血清Tg水平被認(rèn)為對FNA-Tg的測定結(jié)果有重要影響[17],另外,血清TgAb[18-19]及血清TSH水平[13, 20]對FNA-Tg的影響亦存在爭議。sTg及sTgAb等血清學(xué)因素影響FNA-Tg結(jié)果的主要原因是對于有甲狀腺組織存在的患者,若淋巴結(jié)穿刺過程中抽吸了過多血液污染了穿刺針,則淋巴結(jié)穿刺洗脫液可能受sTg的污染,導(dǎo)致FNA-Tg假陽性[9],Jeon等[17]的研究認(rèn)為甲狀腺術(shù)前患者的FNA-Tg診斷應(yīng)根據(jù)sTg水平使用不同診斷截值,在sTg水平較低的患者中,F(xiàn)NA-Tg的最佳臨界值為1.0 ng/mL,而在sTg水平較高的患者中,無論sTgAb狀態(tài)如何,選用FNA-Tg/sTggt;0.5診斷轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)。sTgAb的存在則可能降低FNA-Tg測值,故有研究認(rèn)為應(yīng)降低診斷截值,從而提高sTgAb陽性患者FNA-Tg的診斷準(zhǔn)確性[21]。此外,有學(xué)者推測血清TSH水平對FNA-Tg存在影響,且獨(dú)立于sTg水平,即甲狀腺切除術(shù)后血清TSH抑制可能導(dǎo)致sTg和FNA-Tg的降低[20]。 故本研究對納入患者的血清甲狀腺功能等指標(biāo)進(jìn)行測定,結(jié)果提示淋巴結(jié)良惡性與血清FT3、FT4、TSH、sTgAb無關(guān)(Pgt;0.05)。排除干擾因素后,本研究分別采用ROC曲線閾值[22]和洗脫液中的Tg濃度與血清的比率(FNA-Tg/sTg)[23]兩種常用方法分析FNA-Tg診斷轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)的臨界值,提高了診斷臨界值的可信度。
對于可疑淋巴結(jié)穿刺時(shí)是否應(yīng)受大小限制仍存在爭議,既往有學(xué)者認(rèn)為小體積淋巴結(jié)的臨床復(fù)發(fā)率低[24],另有研究提出僅大于30 mm的淋巴結(jié)才提高疾病復(fù)發(fā)率[25];也有學(xué)者認(rèn)為當(dāng)淋巴結(jié)最短徑線小于5 mm時(shí)可能導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞樣本量不足而無法診斷[26]。基于這些研究,2015年美國甲狀腺學(xué)會(huì)指南建議僅對最短徑線大于10 mm的頸側(cè)區(qū)淋巴結(jié)進(jìn)行穿刺[2],然而在實(shí)際臨床工作中,這是術(shù)前患者難以接受的建議。相反,2017AACE/ACE指南建議,不論大小如何,均應(yīng)對可疑淋巴結(jié)進(jìn)行穿刺細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查[16]。研究顯示[27],47%的小淋巴結(jié)(≤10 mm)存在淋巴結(jié)外侵犯,反映了其侵襲性生物學(xué)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),對于出現(xiàn)可疑超聲征象的淋巴結(jié),即使其體積小也可能已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)移。盡管小體積轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)的的臨床意義尚待進(jìn)一步研究,然而不可否認(rèn)早期發(fā)現(xiàn)小體積轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)能夠?yàn)榕R床醫(yī)生提供更多有價(jià)值的信息,避免重復(fù)手術(shù)[28],并為患者早期制定治療策略或選擇其他治療方案提供了機(jī)會(huì),如經(jīng)皮激光消融[29]或術(shù)后I131治療。基于此,本研究納入可疑淋巴結(jié)時(shí)未對大小做限制,一旦出現(xiàn)可疑的淋巴結(jié)超聲征象,結(jié)合臨床要求及患者意愿進(jìn)行FNA檢查,本研究結(jié)果顯示轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)與非轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)大小的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,這可能與近年來超聲設(shè)備的更新、高頻超聲的泛普及相關(guān),轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)可以在更早期被發(fā)現(xiàn)[2]?;诩韧芯空J(rèn)為淋巴結(jié)體積過小可能導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞學(xué)診斷效能減低,因此,F(xiàn)NA-Tg在小淋巴結(jié)中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值更加值得探討。本研究顯示,淋巴結(jié)大小不影響FNA-Tg測值結(jié)果,即FNA-Tg對小體積淋巴結(jié)的診斷效果依然很好。
但本研究仍存在局限性:本研究為單中心研究,樣本量較小,且只對出現(xiàn)可疑超聲特征的淋巴結(jié)進(jìn)行了穿刺檢查,可能存在選擇偏倚;盡管大多數(shù)淋巴結(jié)均獲得了手術(shù)病理結(jié)果,但只能核對病理報(bào)告的位置和大小來確定超聲檢查時(shí)診斷的淋巴結(jié),可能存在潛在偏差,且穿刺細(xì)胞學(xué)陰性的頸側(cè)區(qū)淋巴結(jié)因無需手術(shù)故難以避免的缺乏病理結(jié)果;本研究為獲取FNA-Tg的具體測值,對高出檢測范圍的樣本進(jìn)行了不同程度的稀釋(10~80倍),可能導(dǎo)致稀釋后部分樣本測值偏低。但這些樣本的FNA-Tg測值均顯著高于診斷截值,故不影響診斷結(jié)果。
綜上,本研究首次分析了淋巴結(jié)大小和FNA-Tg測值及診斷效能之間的關(guān)系,初步證實(shí)了FNA-Tg對小體積淋巴結(jié)的診斷效能可靠性,后續(xù)擬行更大樣本研究以進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。
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(編輯:林 "萍)