[摘"要]目的"探討剖宮產(chǎn)后陰道試產(chǎn)(TOLAC)在無陰道分娩史的婦女早產(chǎn)中的應(yīng)用。方法"回顧性納入2018年1月至2022年6月在本院接受TOLAC的無陰道分娩史且因早產(chǎn)住院的116名孕婦。根據(jù)TOLAC是否成功將研究對(duì)象分為TOLAC成功組(n=89)和TOLAC失敗組(n=27)。采用最小絕對(duì)收縮和選擇算子(LASSO)回歸篩選TOLAC成功率相關(guān)變量,并構(gòu)建TOLAC成功率預(yù)測(cè)模型,采用一致性指數(shù)(C-index)對(duì)預(yù)測(cè)模型進(jìn)行內(nèi)部驗(yàn)證。結(jié)果"TOLAC成功組及TOLAC失敗組的入院時(shí)宮頸擴(kuò)張、入院時(shí)宮頸消失、破膜時(shí)間比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=3.382、3.377、2.027,P<0.05),兩組間的入院時(shí)硬膜外鎮(zhèn)痛、Bishop評(píng)分<4、引產(chǎn)、胎膜早破、催產(chǎn)素給藥比例比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2值分別為3.517、8.024、14.111、6.570、4.038,P<0.05)。共納入9個(gè)變量(入院時(shí)宮頸擴(kuò)張、入院時(shí)宮頸消失、硬膜外鎮(zhèn)痛、Bishop評(píng)分<4、引產(chǎn)、胎膜早破、破膜時(shí)間、催產(chǎn)素給藥、分娩時(shí)宮頸擴(kuò)張)用于LASSO回歸篩選TOLAC成功率預(yù)測(cè)變量。應(yīng)用列線圖顯示TOLAC成功率模型的預(yù)測(cè)因子:入院時(shí)宮頸擴(kuò)張(OR=1.11,95%CI:1.04~1.19,P=0.003),引產(chǎn)(OR=0.89,95%CI:0.79~1.00,P=0.049),催產(chǎn)素給藥(OR=0.71,95%CI:0.58~0.88,P=0.002),胎膜早破(OR=3.27,95%CI:2.49~4.45,P<0.001),Bishop評(píng)分<4(OR=0.33,95%CI:0.17~0.62,P=0.001)和硬膜外麻醉(OR=2.92,95%CI:1.42~6.48,P=0.005)。內(nèi)部驗(yàn)證的結(jié)果顯示以C指數(shù)衡量的TOLAC成功率的預(yù)測(cè)準(zhǔn)確性為0.89。結(jié)論"該模型對(duì)無陰道分娩史的早產(chǎn)婦女是否可行剖宮產(chǎn)后陰道試產(chǎn)的評(píng)估,有一定指導(dǎo)意義。
[關(guān)鍵詞]剖宮產(chǎn)后陰道試產(chǎn);陰道分娩;早產(chǎn);預(yù)測(cè)因子
Doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-5293.2024.10.03
[中圖分類號(hào)]R173""""[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼]A
[文章編號(hào)]1673-5293(2024)10-0014-07
Application of trial of labor after cesarean in preterm women without a history of vaginal delivery
BAI Lingli,REN Yongbian,WANG Juan
(1.The Third Obstetrics Ward of the Affiliated Hospital of Yan′an University,ShaanXi Yan′an 716000 China;
2.The Second Obstetrics Ward of the Affiliated Hospital of Yan′an University,ShaanXi Yan′an 716000 China)
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the application of trial of labor after cesarean (TOLAC) in preterm women without a history of vaginal delivery history. Methods A total of 116 pregnant women without a history of vaginal delivery who were hospitalized due to preterm labor and underwent TOLAC at our hospital between January 2018 and June 2022 were retrospectively included.Based on whether TOLAC was successful,the subjects were divided into TOLAC success group (n=89) and TOLAC failure group (n=27).The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression was used to screen variables related to TOLAC success rate,and a prediction model for TOLAC success rate was constructed.The concordance index (C-index) was used for internal validation of the prediction model. Results There were statistically significant differences between the TOLAC success group and the TOLAC failure group in terms of cervical dilation at admission,cervical effacement at admission and membrane rupture time (t=3.382,3.377 and 2.027,respectively,P<0.05).There were statistically significant differences between the two groups in the rates of epidural analgesia at admission,Bishop score<4,induction of labor,premature rupture of membranes and oxytocin administration (χ2=3.517,8.024,14.111,6.570 and 4.038,respectively,P<0.05).A total of 9 variables (cervical dilatation at admission,cervical effacement at admission,epidural analgesia,Bishop score<4,induction of labor,premature rupture of membranes,membrane rupture time,oxytocin administration,and cervical dilation at delivery) were included for LASSO regression to screen predictive variables for the TOLAC success rate.A nomogram was used to display the predictive factors in the TOLAC success rate model,including cervical dilation at admission (OR=1.11,95%CI:1.04-1.19,P=0.003),induction of labor (OR=0.89,95%CI:0.79-1.00,P=0.049),oxytocin administration (OR=0.71,95%CI:0.58-0.88,P=0.002),premature rupture of membranes (OR=3.27,95%CI:2.49-4.45,P=0.001),Bishop score<4 (OR=0.33,95%CI:0.17-0.62,P=0.001) and epidural anesthesia (OR=2.92,95%CI:1.42-6.48,P=0.005).The results of internal validation showed that the predictive accuracy of TOLAC success,as measured by the C-index,was 0.89. Conclusion This model has certain guiding value for evaluating the feasibility of trial of labor after cesarean preterm women without a history of vaginal delivery.
[Key words] trial of labor after cesarean;vaginal delivery;preterm birth;predictor
剖宮產(chǎn)后陰道試產(chǎn)(trial of labor after cesarean,TOLAC)可以降低重復(fù)擇期剖宮產(chǎn)(cesarean deliv-eries,CD)的發(fā)生率[1]。此前有研究表明,CD可能與此后妊娠的早產(chǎn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加有關(guān)[2],而早產(chǎn)是常見的妊娠并發(fā)癥,超12%的母兒結(jié)局受早產(chǎn)影響[3]。有研究表明,在一般情況下,TOLAC被認(rèn)為是安全的,且在大多數(shù)臨床情況下均可使用,但TOLAC失敗可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致不良的母兒結(jié)局[4]。因此,提前評(píng)估早產(chǎn)孕婦是否可行TOLAC是至關(guān)重要的。此前已有研究探討TOLAC成功的決定因素[5]然而,大部分研究主要關(guān)注足月產(chǎn)結(jié)果,關(guān)于早產(chǎn)孕婦TOLAC成功的相關(guān)因素研究較少。因此,本研究旨在確定在無陰道分娩史的早產(chǎn)婦女中TOLAC成功的預(yù)測(cè)因子。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料
回顧性收集2018年1月至2022年6月在本院接受TOLAC的無陰道分娩史且因早產(chǎn)住院的孕婦共138名。研究期間的所有分娩數(shù)據(jù)均在電子健康記錄中進(jìn)行核查。
本研究的納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為:①在240/7和366/7孕周之間接受TOLAC和單胎妊娠;②既往有低橫向CD史且無陰道分娩史;③上次剖宮產(chǎn)指征在本次臨產(chǎn)前未再次出現(xiàn),如胎位異常、前置胎盤、羊水過少、重度先兆子癇、胎盤早剝、雙胎妊娠等。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為:①TOLAC入院前宮內(nèi)胎兒死亡和多胎妊娠;②有兩次或兩次以上剖宮產(chǎn)史;③有經(jīng)典剖宮產(chǎn)疤痕或先前出現(xiàn)子宮破裂;④有其他絕對(duì)禁忌癥。最終符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的研究對(duì)象共116名,將研究對(duì)象分為兩組:TOLAC成功組和TOLAC失敗組。本研究已通過倫理委員會(huì)審核批準(zhǔn)(倫理號(hào):S-S20240076號(hào))。
1.2數(shù)據(jù)收集
收集孕婦基本信息及相關(guān)臨床信息,包括年齡、分娩前體重指數(shù)(body mass index,BMI)、妊娠期高血壓及妊娠期糖尿病患病情況等;此前CD相關(guān)變量,包括分娩時(shí)胎齡、CD時(shí)宮頸擴(kuò)張情況等;本次分娩相關(guān)變量,包括早產(chǎn)胎膜早破、分娩胎齡、分娩方式、催產(chǎn)素和硬膜外給藥等;孕產(chǎn)婦結(jié)局相關(guān)變量,包括子宮破裂和產(chǎn)后出血;新生兒特征和結(jié)局變量,包括出生體重和Apgar評(píng)分。根據(jù)美國(guó)婦產(chǎn)科學(xué)院(American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists,ACOG)診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),將妊娠期高血壓和先兆子癇合并為妊娠期高血壓疾病[6]。根據(jù)美國(guó)糖尿病協(xié)會(huì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[7]定義妊娠期糖尿病。產(chǎn)后出血定義為經(jīng)陰道分娩估計(jì)失血>500mL,經(jīng)CD估計(jì)失血>1 000mL,或在分娩期間或分娩后輸血[8]。
1.3研究結(jié)局
主要結(jié)局為TOLAC的成功率。次要結(jié)局為孕產(chǎn)婦及新生兒結(jié)局。孕產(chǎn)婦結(jié)局包括子宮破裂和產(chǎn)后出血,新生兒結(jié)局特征包括出生體重、新生兒窒息(定義為5分鐘Apgar評(píng)分≤7)。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)分析
采用SPSS 25.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件及R軟件(V3.6.2)進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。計(jì)數(shù)資料采用例數(shù)(n)和百分比(%)表示,采用卡方檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行組間比較;符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x-±s)表示,組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn),P<0.05表示差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。采用最小絕對(duì)收縮和選擇算子(least absolute shrinkage and selection operator,LASSO)回歸算法篩選TOLAC成功率相關(guān)預(yù)測(cè)變量,采用列線圖展示TOLAC成功率預(yù)測(cè)模型,采用一致性指數(shù)(concordance index,C-index)對(duì)預(yù)測(cè)模型進(jìn)行內(nèi)部驗(yàn)證。
2結(jié)果
2.1研究對(duì)象的一般特征比較
本研究共納入116名孕婦,根據(jù)TOLAC是否成功將孕婦分為兩組,包括TOLAC成功組(n=89)及TOLAC失敗組(n=27)。不同組入院時(shí)宮頸擴(kuò)張、入院時(shí)宮頸消失、破膜時(shí)間比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=3.382、3.377、2.027,P<0.05),不同組入院時(shí)硬膜外鎮(zhèn)痛、Bishop評(píng)分<4、引產(chǎn)、胎膜早破、催產(chǎn)素給藥比例比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2值分別為3.517、8.024、14.111、6.570、4.038,P<0.05),見表1。
2.2 TOLAC成功的預(yù)測(cè)因素
對(duì)影響TOLAC成功率的9個(gè)變量應(yīng)用LASSO回歸進(jìn)行變量篩選,9個(gè)變量分別是入院時(shí)宮頸擴(kuò)張、入院時(shí)宮頸消失、硬膜外鎮(zhèn)痛、Bishop評(píng)分<4、引產(chǎn)、胎膜早破、破膜時(shí)間、催產(chǎn)素給藥、分娩時(shí)宮頸擴(kuò)張,見圖1。
分別使用Lasso(RL)、信息增益(IG)、ReliefF(RF)和Kruskal-Wallis秩和檢驗(yàn)(KW)方法測(cè)試以上變量,隨著選擇變量的數(shù)量增加,預(yù)測(cè)TOLAC成功率的準(zhǔn)確度將增大,見圖2。
經(jīng)LASSO回歸模型所篩選的變量應(yīng)用于列線圖中,包括:入院時(shí)宮頸擴(kuò)張(OR=1.11,95%CI:1.04~1.19,P=0.003),引產(chǎn)(OR=0.89,95%CI:0.79~1.00,P=0.049),催產(chǎn)素給藥(OR=0.71,95%CI:0.58~0.88,P=0.002),胎膜早破(OR=3.27,95%CI:2.49~4.45,P<0.001),Bishop評(píng)分<4(OR=0.33,95%CI:0.17~0.62,P=0.001)和硬膜外麻醉(OR=2.92,95%CI:1.42~6.48,P=0.005),見表2及圖3。
2.3列線圖驗(yàn)證
內(nèi)部驗(yàn)證的結(jié)果顯示,以C指數(shù)衡量的TOLAC成功率的預(yù)測(cè)準(zhǔn)確性為0.89。TOLAC成功率的校準(zhǔn)圖顯示實(shí)際結(jié)果與列線圖預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)果之間相關(guān)性較強(qiáng),見圖4。
2.4新生兒和孕產(chǎn)婦結(jié)局
在新生兒結(jié)局的比較中,TOLAC成功組與TOLAC失敗組的新生兒出生體重比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),兩組的TOLAC出生體重高于前次分娩出生體重、1分鐘Apgar<5和5分鐘Apgar<7比例比較差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。在孕產(chǎn)婦結(jié)局的比較中,無子宮破裂病例且僅1例產(chǎn)后出血,組間差異無法比較,見表3。
3討論
3.1早產(chǎn)與TOLAC成功率
本研究共納入無陰道分娩史的早產(chǎn)孕婦116例,共27例孕婦TOLAC失敗并接受剖宮產(chǎn),TOLAC失敗率為23.3%,高于He等[9]報(bào)告的15.8%。此前有研究比較早產(chǎn)和足月分娩的TOLAC情況,得出早產(chǎn)孕婦中TOLAC成功率高于足月分娩的TOLAC成功率[10]。該研究結(jié)果與本研究不一致,可能的原因是該研究的參與者中有一半孕婦有陰道分娩史,且未考慮早產(chǎn)相關(guān)因素如胎膜早破等[10]。也有研究顯示在早產(chǎn)和足月妊娠婦女之間TOLAC成功率無差異[11]。本研究中TOLAC失敗率較高可能與本研究排除了有陰道分娩史且發(fā)生早產(chǎn)的女性有關(guān),且產(chǎn)科醫(yī)生更傾向于在TOLAC期間采用更保守的方法如重復(fù)剖宮產(chǎn)以降低子宮破裂或新生兒窒息的不良結(jié)局的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
3.2 Bishop評(píng)分與TOLAC成功率
本研究結(jié)果顯示Bishop評(píng)分<4與TOLAC成功相關(guān)。Sulaiman等[12]的研究結(jié)果顯示入院時(shí)低Bishop評(píng)分與剖宮產(chǎn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加有關(guān)。此外也有研究顯示分娩時(shí)Bishop評(píng)分會(huì)影響TOLAC的成功率[13],良好的宮頸狀況與剖宮產(chǎn)后陰道分娩(vaginal birth after cesarean,VBAC)成功有關(guān)[14]。本研究與此前研究結(jié)果一致,提示Bishop評(píng)分是TOLAC成功相關(guān)的重要因素。
3.3胎膜早破與TOLAC成功率
本研究結(jié)果顯示胎膜早破與TOLAC成功呈負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系。近期有研究表明胎膜早破是與TOLAC成功相關(guān)的唯一重要因素[15-16],其研究對(duì)象均為足月妊娠婦女,且僅納入了引產(chǎn)等部分妊娠相關(guān)因素,與本研究的研究方法存在差異。胎膜早破與TOLAC成功存在負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系,可能的解釋是胎膜早破導(dǎo)致羊水過少,分娩時(shí)出現(xiàn)異常胎兒心率模式的可能性較高,增加了剖宮產(chǎn)的可能性,且在胎膜早破妊娠中,醫(yī)生對(duì)TOLAC的選擇性可能較低[17]。
3.4硬膜外麻醉、引產(chǎn)和催產(chǎn)素的使用與TOLAC成功率
本研究結(jié)果顯示硬膜外鎮(zhèn)痛、引產(chǎn)、催產(chǎn)素給藥與TOLAC成功相關(guān)。此前也有研究結(jié)果提示硬膜外給藥與TOLAC的成功相關(guān)[18]。但硬膜外麻醉是否是TOLAC成功的可變預(yù)測(cè)因子尚未達(dá)成共識(shí)[19]。此外,在本研究中無子宮破裂的病例,可能與相關(guān)指南提示的胎兒較低出生體重與TOLAC成功呈正相關(guān)的觀點(diǎn)有關(guān)[19-20]。
綜上所述,本研究基于列線圖確定了TOLAC成功率的預(yù)測(cè)因子,并通過內(nèi)部驗(yàn)證確定模型的準(zhǔn)確性,該模型對(duì)無陰道分娩史的早產(chǎn)婦女是否可行TOLAC的評(píng)估有一定指導(dǎo)意義。在未來,應(yīng)進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大樣本量探索TOLAC的臨床應(yīng)用。
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[專業(yè)責(zé)任編輯:李"力]
[中文編輯:馮佳圓;英文編輯:劉昕田]