炎炎夏日,最令人期待的旅行莫過(guò)于避開都市的熱鬧喧囂,去廣袤的草原、清澈的河流、豐富的濕地和茂密的森林,尋找一份自由舒適的清涼。當(dāng)大多數(shù)人涌向氣候宜人的避暑勝地時(shí),有一個(gè)地方卻以“中國(guó)熱極”的獨(dú)有姿態(tài),成為另一種極致體驗(yàn)的代名詞,它就是火焰山。
火焰山,這個(gè)名字里便帶著火熱與激情的地方,正是《西游記》中孫悟空三借芭蕉扇的經(jīng)典場(chǎng)景所在地。這座充滿神秘色彩的山脈,不僅憑借《西游記》而家喻戶曉,更以其獨(dú)特的地質(zhì)特征、極端的氣候條件和豐富的歷史文化,吸引著無(wú)數(shù)游客前來(lái)一探究竟。
火焰山,橫亙于新疆吐魯番盆地的北緣,呈東西走向,全長(zhǎng)約100公里,最寬處達(dá)10公里,主峰青龍嘴海拔高達(dá)831.7米。山體由侏羅系、白堊系、古近系和新近系三套紅色地層組成,顏色以橘紅、棕紅色砂巖和泥巖為主。當(dāng)陽(yáng)光照射到山體上時(shí),紅色的巖石反射出強(qiáng)烈的光芒,宛如火焰般熊熊燃燒,因此得名。
這種自然現(xiàn)象在炎熱的夏季尤為壯觀。1975年7月13日,人們?cè)诨鹧嫔綔y(cè)得了49.6℃的氣溫,這是中國(guó)有氣象記錄以來(lái)的最高溫度。火焰山的地表溫度更高,2017年7月11日,火焰山風(fēng)景區(qū)巨型金箍棒溫度計(jì)測(cè)得地表溫度為89℃,火焰山也因此被稱為“中國(guó)熱極”。當(dāng)?shù)孛耖g流傳著“沙窩里蒸熟雞蛋、石頭上烤熟面餅”的說(shuō)法,這樣的溫度,烤熟雞蛋是一件輕而易舉的事情。
那么,火焰山為什么這么熱呢?
這與火焰山所處的地理位置有著很大的關(guān)系?;鹧嫔剿幍耐卖敺璧?,地勢(shì)低洼,周圍被高山環(huán)繞,這種地形導(dǎo)致熱空氣不易散失,形成了封閉的空間,使得此地干燥炎熱。此外,由于山地裸露,草木無(wú)覆,戈壁沙漠面積大,日照時(shí)間長(zhǎng),造成這里白天增溫迅速,形成了北緯42°線上唯一的熱火爐。再加上地下蘊(yùn)藏著豐富的石油、煤炭和天然氣資源,這些資源的自燃,也是導(dǎo)致火焰山高溫的原因之一。
值得一提的是,火焰山的北面,有鄯善、連木沁、蘇巴什等綠洲,那里綠樹成蔭、芳草萋萋,一派生機(jī)勃勃的景象。
火焰山不僅地質(zhì)特征獨(dú)特,還蘊(yùn)含著豐厚的歷史文化底蘊(yùn)。自古以來(lái),這里就是絲綢之路的重要通道,見(jiàn)證了無(wú)數(shù)商旅的足跡和文化的交流。在《山海經(jīng)》中,火焰山被稱為“炎火之山”,而在維吾爾語(yǔ)中,它被稱為“克孜爾塔克”,意為紅山。隋唐時(shí)期,這里曾被稱為“赤石山”,足見(jiàn)其歷史悠久?;鹧嫔降貐^(qū)還保留著許多歷史遺跡,如鳴沙山、大橋溝、千佛洞等,每一處都承載著厚重的歷史。走近它們,人們仿佛能感受到那份來(lái)自遠(yuǎn)古的熾熱與激情。
近年來(lái),吐魯番市大力實(shí)施“文旅興市”戰(zhàn)略,推動(dòng)旅游業(yè)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展?;鹧嫔斤L(fēng)景區(qū)作為其中的佼佼者,迎來(lái)了前所未有的發(fā)展機(jī)遇。景區(qū)不僅保留了自然景觀的原始風(fēng)貌,還開發(fā)了眾多人文景觀,如西游文化長(zhǎng)廊、火焰山地理文化廳、高昌歷史名人廳等,讓游客在欣賞美景的同時(shí),也能深入了解這里的歷史文化。此外,景區(qū)還推出了VR“飛躍火焰山”體驗(yàn)館、休閑購(gòu)物中心等現(xiàn)代化旅游設(shè)施,為游客提供了更加豐富多彩的旅游體驗(yàn)。
編輯/魏偉
Flaming Mountain, a Legend in Turpan
The Flaming Mountain, lying on the northern edge of the Turpan Basin, Xinjiang, running east-west, has an overall length of about 100 kilometers, and a maximum width of 10 kilometers. Its main peak Qinglongzui has an elevation of 831.7 meters. When sunlight hits the massif, the red rocks reflect a strong light, looking like burning flames. So, it got the name Flaming Mountain.
On July 13, 1975, the measured temperature of the Flaming Mountain reached 49.6°C, which was the highest temperature recorded in the history of China’s meteorological observations. Its surface temperature is even higher. On July 11, 2017, like a giant golden cudgel, the thermometer in the Flaming Mountain scenic area recorded a surface temperature of 89°C. Thus, the mountain is also known as China’s Heat Pole.
The Flaming Mountain is located in the Turpan Basin, which is low-lying and surrounded by high mountains. The landform makes it difficult for hot air to dissipate, and forms an enclosed space, and leads it to it being dry and hot. Moreover, as a result of bare mountains, no vegetation, a vast expanse of Gobi Desert, and long sunshine duration, the temperature here increases rapidly in the daytime, causing the formation of the only hot stove at the latitude of 42 degrees north. In addition, there are abundant oil, coal and natural gas resourc- es underground. The spontaneous combustion of these resources brings about the high temperature of the Flaming Mountain.
It has been an important channel on the Silk Road since ancient times, witnessing the footsteps of countless traders and their cultural exchanges. In The Classic of Mountains and Seas , the Flaming Mountain is dubbed “Mountain of Flame”. In the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it was known as “Red Stone Mountain”, which suggested its long history. The Flaming Mountain area still retains many historical sites, e.g. the Mingsha Mountain, Daqiaoguo, and the Thousand Buddha Caves. Every site carries a profound history.