[摘要] "目的" 對比藥物涂層球囊(drug-coated balloon,DCB)與藥物洗脫支架(drug-eluting stents,DES)對冠狀動脈(簡稱冠脈)大血管原位長病變的療效,并探討DCB作為其常規(guī)治療方式的可能性。方法" 納入102例接受冠脈介入治療且為非復(fù)雜性大血管原位長病變的冠心病患者,根據(jù)介入策略分為藥物球囊治療組(DCB組)和藥物支架治療組(DES組)。利用定量血流分?jǐn)?shù)(quantitative flow ratio,QFR)技術(shù),分析術(shù)前、術(shù)后即刻及術(shù)后1年隨訪時的病變特點,比較DCB與DES的療效。結(jié)果" ① 兩組臨床資料差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。② 兩組患者手術(shù)血管位置、單支病變及分叉病變占比、抗血小板藥物使用等方面比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義;在預(yù)處理方面,DCB組使用棘突球囊占比明顯高于DES組(Plt;0.05)。③ QFR分析結(jié)果顯示,兩組術(shù)前的參考血管直徑、病變長度和病變面積狹窄率差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(均Pgt;0.05);術(shù)后即刻,DCB組的最小管腔直徑[(2.57±0.27)mmvs. (2.95±0.46)mm,Plt;0.01]及QFR增益[0.22(0.17,0.53) vs. 0.27(0.20,0.63),P=0.001]均小于DES組,殘余面積狹窄率明顯高于DES組[(27.80±7.29)%vs. (13.08±6.93)%,Plt;0.01];隨訪時,雖然DCB組病變面積狹窄率高于DES組[38.76(30.56,48.16)%vs. 27.14(20.22,34.75)%,P<0.01],但其晚期管腔丟失小于DES組[0.19(0.05,0.30)mmvs. 0.25(0.15,0.39)mm,P=0.030],且兩組最小管腔直徑的差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(Pgt;0.05)。④ 隨訪期間兩組主要不良心血管事件(major adverse cardiovascular events,MACE)發(fā)生率的差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(均Pgt;0.05)。結(jié)論" QFR指導(dǎo)DCB治療非復(fù)雜性冠脈大血管原位長病變的療效及MACE發(fā)生率與DES相仿,但鑒于本研究樣本量小,DCB在冠脈大血管原位長病變的臨床應(yīng)用仍需更多證據(jù)支持。
[關(guān)鍵詞]" 藥物涂層球囊;冠狀動脈大血管病變;冠狀動脈原位病變;冠狀動脈長病變;定量血流分?jǐn)?shù)
[中圖分類號]" R543
[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]" A
[文章編號]" 2095-9354(2024)04-0330-06
DOI: 10.13308/j.issn.2095-9354.2024.04.002
[引用格式]" 李川川,詹雅峰,歐陽煜,等. 單純藥物涂層球囊治療非復(fù)雜性冠狀動脈大血管原位長病變的安全性及有效性[J]. 實用心電學(xué)雜志, 2024, 33(4): 330-335.
基金項目:" 福建省自然科學(xué)基金資助項目(2021J011298);福州市科技計劃項目(2021-S-185)
作者單位:" 350009 福建 福州,福建醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬福州市第一醫(yī)院心血管內(nèi)科(李川川,歐陽煜,張彥,程效);350500 福建 福州,連江縣醫(yī)院重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科(詹雅峰)
作者簡介: 李川川,主治醫(yī)師,主要從事冠心病介入治療的相關(guān)研究。
通信作者: 程效,E-mail: 386366466@qq.com
Safety and effectiveness of drug-coated balloon-alone strategy for uncomplex de novo diffuse-long lesion in macrovascular coronary artery" LI Chuanchuan1, ZHAN Yafeng2, OUYANG Yu1, ZHANG Yan1, CHENG Xiao1" (1. Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Fuzhou First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou Fujian 350009; 2. Department of Critical Care Medicine, Lianjiang County Hospital, Fuzhou Fujian 350500, China)
[Abstract]" Objective" To compare the efficacy of drug-coated balloon (DCB) and drug-eluting stents (DES) for de novo diffuse-long lesion in macrovascular coronary artery, so as to explore the chances of DCB as a routine therapy. Methods" We enrolled 102 patients with uncomplex de novo diffuse-long lesions in macrovascular coronary artery who had undergone coronary intervention therapy. They were divided into DCB group and DES group according to intervention strategies. Quantitative flow ratio (QFR) technology was used to analyze the characteristics of lesions before intervention, immediately after intervention and during one-year follow-up after intervention. The curative effect was compared between DCB and DES. Results" (?。?There were no statistically significant differences in clinical data. (ⅱ) There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in the site of intervention vessels, the proportion of single-vessel and bifurcated lesions, and the use of antiplatelet drugs. In terms of pretreatment, the proportion of non-slip element balloon used in the DCB group was significantly higher than that in the DES group (Plt;0.05). (ⅲ) The results of QFR analysis showed that there were no statistically significant differences in the reference vessel diameter, lesion length, and stenosis rate of lesion area before intervention between the two groups (Pgt;0.05). Immediately after intervention, the minimum lumen diameter [(2.57±0.27)mmvs. (2.95±0.46)mm, Plt;0.01], and QFR gain [0.22(0.17,0.53) vs. 0.27(0.20,0.63), P=0.001] in the DCB group were both lower than those in the DES group, while the stenosis rate of residual area was significantly higher than that in the DES group [(27.80±7.29)%vs. (13.08±6.93)%, Plt;0.01]. During follow-up, Although the stenosis rate of lesion area in the DCB group was higher than that in the DES group [38.76(30.56,48.16)%vs. 27.14(20.22,34.75)%, P<0.01], the late lumen loss was smaller than that in the DES group [0.19(0.05,0.30)mmvs. 0.25(0.15,0.39)mm, P=0.030]. The minimum lumen diameter did not vary significantly between groups (Pgt;0.05). (ⅳ) There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) between the two groups during follow-up (all Pgt;0.05). Conclusion" The efficacy and the incidence of MACE of DCB guided by QFR are similar to that of DES for uncomplex de novo diffuse-long lesion in macrovascular coronary artery. However, in consideration of the small sample size of this study, more evidences are needed to support the clinical application of DCB for de novo diffuse-long lesion in macrovascular coronary artery.
[Key words]" drug-coated balloon; macrovascular coronary artery lesion; de novo coronary lesion; diffuse-long coronary lesion; quantitative flow ratio
藥物洗脫支架(drug-eluting stents,DES)植入是冠心病治療中最常用的血運重建技術(shù),然而,對于冠狀動脈(簡稱冠脈)彌漫性長病變,DES帶來的較大面積金屬覆蓋會導(dǎo)致難以避免的支架內(nèi)再狹窄問題,嚴(yán)重影響DES植入患者的預(yù)后。藥物涂層球囊(drug-coated balloon,DCB)是一種新興的冠脈介入治療技術(shù)。近幾年,多項研究顯示DCB在冠脈小血管病變[1-3]、分叉病變[4-6]等原位病變的治療上是安全有效的,被認(rèn)為是未來有可能替代DES的優(yōu)選治療措施。然而,在冠脈大血管原位長病變的治療上,目前DCB的研究數(shù)據(jù)有限。定量血流分?jǐn)?shù)(quantitative flow ratio,QFR)技術(shù)被證明是不劣于血流儲備分?jǐn)?shù)(fractional flow reserve,F(xiàn)FR)的一種簡易的冠脈功能學(xué)評估方法[7-9]。因此,本研究采用QFR評估在冠脈大血管原位長病變中使用DCB進(jìn)行血運重建的安全性及有效性,并利用非隨機(jī)同期對照DES策略,為DCB在該領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用提供更多的臨床證據(jù)。
1" 資料與方法
1.1" 研究對象
納入2021年10月至2023年12月因冠心病于福建醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬福州市第一醫(yī)院接受介入治療,且為大血管原位長病變的患者111例,所有參與者均簽署知情同意書。排除因未如期復(fù)查冠脈造影而致數(shù)據(jù)缺失者9例,最終合格樣本102例。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):① 急性心肌梗死;② 左主干病變;③ 支架內(nèi)再狹窄病變;④ 靶血管嚴(yán)重鈣化或迂曲;⑤ 靶血管最大直徑gt;5.00 mm或lt;2.75 mm;⑥ 多支血管病變且有1支以上需要治療;⑦ 冠脈自發(fā)夾層;⑧ 冠脈潰瘍病變;⑨ 冠脈瘤樣擴(kuò)張病變;⑩ 既往已行經(jīng)皮冠脈介入或冠脈旁路移植術(shù)治療;B11 合并嚴(yán)重的肝腎功能損害或其他嚴(yán)重的系統(tǒng)性疾病。
1.2" 方法
1.2.1" 一般資料收集" 臨床資料包括年齡、性別、體重指數(shù)、吸煙史、高血壓病史、糖尿病病史等。檢驗指標(biāo)包括肌酐、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白、高密度脂蛋白、左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)等。
1.2.2" 診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)" 冠心病定義參照《ACC/AHA冠脈造影指南》[10];高血壓定義參照《2018中國高血壓預(yù)防和治療指南》[11];糖尿病定義參照《2022年ADA/EASD 2型糖尿病高血糖的管理指南》[12]。吸煙者被定義為目前正在吸煙或在近1個月內(nèi)戒煙者。
1.2.3" 分組及方法" 采用非隨機(jī)同期對照法,根據(jù)不同的介入策略將患者分為藥物球囊治療組(DCB組)和藥物支架治療組(DES組)。利用QFR技術(shù)分析術(shù)前、術(shù)后即刻及術(shù)后1年隨訪時的病變特點,并記錄各階段臨床指標(biāo)及主要不良心血管事件(major adverse cardiovascular events,MACE)的發(fā)生情況。比較DCB與DES的療效。
1.3" 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 20.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計分析。對研究對象的一般特征采用描述性分析。符合正態(tài)分布的計量資料以±s表示,兩組間比較采用獨立樣本t檢驗;不符合正態(tài)分布的計量資料以中位數(shù)(四分位數(shù))表示,兩組間比較采用非參數(shù)檢驗。計數(shù)資料以n(%)表示,兩組間比較采用χ2檢驗或Fisher精確檢驗。以雙側(cè)Plt;0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2" 結(jié)果
2.1" 兩組基線資料比較
本研究共分析102例符合上述入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的冠脈大血管原位長病變患者,其中DCB組48例(代表性病例如圖1所示),DES組54例。參與者的基線臨床資料和檢驗指標(biāo)特征見表1。兩組臨床資料的差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(均Pgt;0.05)。見表1。
2.2" 兩組患者手術(shù)資料及隨訪結(jié)果對比
兩組患者的手術(shù)血管位置、單支病變占比、分叉病變占比、抗血小板藥物使用比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(均P>0.05)。在預(yù)處理方面,DCB組使用棘突球囊占比明顯高于DES組(Plt;0.05)。
QFR分析結(jié)果顯示,兩組術(shù)前的參考血管直徑、病變長度和病變面積狹窄率的差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(Pgt;0.05);術(shù)后即刻,DCB組的最小管腔直徑[(2.57±0.27) mmvs. (2.95±0.46) mm,Plt;0.01]及QFR增益[0.22(0.17,0.53) vs. 0.27(0.20,0.63),P=0.001]均小于DES組,殘余面積狹窄率明顯高于DES組[(27.80±7.29)%vs. (13.08±6.93)%,Plt;0.01];術(shù)后1年隨訪時,雖然DCB組病變面積狹窄率高于DES組[38.76(30.56,48.16)%vs. 27.14(20.22,34.75)%,P<0.01],但其晚期管腔丟失小于DES組[0.19(0.05,0.30) mmvs. 0.25(0.15,0.39) mm,P=0.030],且兩組最小管腔直徑的差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(Pgt;0.05)。
隨訪期間兩組均未發(fā)生死亡,其余MACE發(fā)生率的差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(均Pgt;0.05)。見表2。
3" 討論
在臨床實踐中,冠脈彌漫性長病變的治療具有挑戰(zhàn)性,DES策略帶來金屬覆蓋段長的問題將使支架內(nèi)再狹窄和遠(yuǎn)期支架內(nèi)血栓等器械相關(guān)不良事件的風(fēng)險大大增加[13-14]。DCB技術(shù)是通過球囊將抗增殖藥物靶向均勻地輸送至血管內(nèi)膜的一種“介入無植入”技術(shù),其在冠脈小血管、分叉病變和高危出血風(fēng)險等患者中的應(yīng)用已獲大量研究數(shù)據(jù)支持[15-16],或可作為彌漫性長病變的一種新的治療策略。但事實上,盡管臨床醫(yī)生渴望嘗試將DCB應(yīng)用于冠脈大血管原位長病變的治療,但仍持謹(jǐn)慎觀望的態(tài)度,其主要顧慮在于:冠脈大血管病變往往位于冠脈主支或粗大的分支,涉及的供血范圍大;加之大血管平滑肌層及彈力纖維較小血管更加豐富,預(yù)擴(kuò)張后更容易發(fā)生彈性回縮[17];一旦圍手術(shù)期發(fā)生急性閉塞,造成的臨床結(jié)局可能是致命的。因此,本研究納入的研究對象均為非復(fù)雜性病例,排除了急性心肌梗死、左主干病變、支架內(nèi)再狹窄病變、靶血管嚴(yán)重鈣化或迂曲、多支血管病變且有1支以上需要治療、冠脈自發(fā)夾層、冠脈潰瘍病變、冠脈瘤樣擴(kuò)張病變等,并且嚴(yán)格按照《藥物涂層球囊臨床應(yīng)用中國專家共識》的準(zhǔn)入要求,預(yù)處理后的血管造影結(jié)果須至少滿足殘余狹窄≤30%、TIMI血流Ⅲ級及C型以下夾層等條件者[17]才予推薦DCB治療,旨在最大限度地降低發(fā)生嚴(yán)重臨床事件的風(fēng)險。此外,為了更精準(zhǔn)地選擇DCB病例并評估療效,本研究還采用QFR來評估血管條件。QFR技術(shù)是一種基于冠脈造影和流體動力學(xué)算法,可快速計算目標(biāo)血管的血流儲備、識別潛在的流量限制性病變的新型冠脈功能學(xué)評估方法[18],其準(zhǔn)確性并不劣于FFR[7-9]。
基于上述相對嚴(yán)格的DCB準(zhǔn)入條件,術(shù)中為獲得足夠大的管徑,DCB組在預(yù)擴(kuò)張中使用棘突球囊者占比明顯高于DES組。盡管如此,為了避免較大的限流夾層,DCB組似乎又顯得有些“畏手畏腳”,以至于雖然其術(shù)后QFR值均大于界值0.8[19-20],但獲得的管腔直徑及面積明顯不如DES組。QFR分析結(jié)果顯示,術(shù)后即刻,DCB組的最小管腔直徑明顯小于DES組,殘余面積狹窄率明顯高于DES組。鑒于此情形,DCB組術(shù)后的安全性及療效能否達(dá)到預(yù)期是我們關(guān)注的重點。數(shù)據(jù)顯示,術(shù)后1年隨訪期間兩組均未發(fā)生死亡,其余MACE發(fā)生率的差異也無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。在術(shù)后1年復(fù)查冠脈造影時,本研究再次通過QFR對比兩組的冠脈功能學(xué)情況,結(jié)果顯示,雖然DCB組病變面積狹窄率高于DES組,但其晚期管腔丟失小于DES組,且兩組最小管腔直徑的差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。這表明對于非復(fù)雜性冠脈大血管原位長病變,QFR指導(dǎo)DCB治療的效果及MACE發(fā)生率與DES相仿,DCB或可作為一項新的治療策略。但需要注意的是,本研究樣本量較小,更大樣本量、多中心的臨床證據(jù)仍是評估DCB臨床應(yīng)用可行性所必需的。
此外,需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是,壁內(nèi)血腫是DCB術(shù)后冠脈血流動力學(xué)惡化的重要原因,常規(guī)冠脈造影很難準(zhǔn)確判斷,QFR作為一種冠脈功能學(xué)檢查工具,在發(fā)現(xiàn)壁內(nèi)血腫方面也無優(yōu)勢。因此,當(dāng)術(shù)中懷疑存在壁內(nèi)血腫時,建議進(jìn)行腔內(nèi)影像學(xué)輔助檢查,及時發(fā)現(xiàn)和處理是降低DCB術(shù)后MACE發(fā)生率的重要措施。DCB治療的藥物釋放過程中要求球囊在8~10 atm壓力下保持?jǐn)U張30~60 s[17],但對于大血管原位病變尤其是主支近端部位病變而言,患者對缺血的耐受能力受到一定限制,建議可選用中-大球囊、反復(fù)多次(每次5~10 s)進(jìn)行預(yù)擴(kuò)張,以獲得充分的預(yù)適應(yīng),從而提高患者在DCB治療過程中的安全性及舒適體驗感。此外,近期研究發(fā)現(xiàn),冠脈自灌注DCB以及近端DES聯(lián)合遠(yuǎn)端DCB策略或也可降低DCB術(shù)中發(fā)生急性事件的風(fēng)險[21-22]。
綜上,本研究結(jié)果顯示,DCB治療冠脈大血管原位長病變的短期安全性及有效性與DES相仿,但鑒于本研究樣本量較小,筆者對DCB在冠脈大血管原位長病變中的應(yīng)用仍持謹(jǐn)慎態(tài)度,認(rèn)為還需要注意選擇合適的病例、進(jìn)行規(guī)范的術(shù)中操作以及謹(jǐn)慎的預(yù)處理評估,必要時應(yīng)當(dāng)額外使用腔內(nèi)影像學(xué)進(jìn)行指導(dǎo)。期待多中心、大樣本的研究能為此提供更堅實的證據(jù),以增強(qiáng)臨床醫(yī)師應(yīng)用DCB治療冠脈大血管原位長病變的信心。
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(收稿日期: 2024-06-25)
(本文編輯: 李政萍)