[摘要]中國已進(jìn)入老齡化社會(huì),以慢性膝關(guān)節(jié)軟骨病變?yōu)樘卣鞯南リP(guān)節(jié)骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎也逐年增加,終末期的膝關(guān)節(jié)病通常采用全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)進(jìn)行治療。術(shù)后患者的疼痛問題,一直是關(guān)節(jié)骨病科的常見困難。本文從區(qū)域鎮(zhèn)痛理念出發(fā),對(duì)硬膜外阻滯、股神經(jīng)及坐骨神經(jīng)阻滯、收肌管阻滯、腘動(dòng)脈與關(guān)節(jié)囊后間隙阻滯的相關(guān)機(jī)理作一綜述,以探究神經(jīng)阻滯對(duì)術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛的影響,為改善全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后的患者疼痛提供鎮(zhèn)痛選擇。
[關(guān)鍵詞]全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù);區(qū)域鎮(zhèn)痛;收肌管阻滯;腘動(dòng)脈與關(guān)節(jié)囊后間隙阻滯;術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-7593.2024.03.022
Monitoring the Efficacy of Regional Analgesia following Total Knee Arthroplastyunder General Anesthesia for Painful Osteoarthritis
Tang Ziyi1,2,Kang Liheng3,Zhang Chengqi2*,Qin Yunzhi1*
1Department of Anesthesiology,Yanbian University Hospital,Yanji133000;2Department of Orthopaedics,the 964th Hospital,Changchun130062;3Department of Anesthesiology,the First Hospital of Jilin University,Changchun130062
*Corresponding author:Zhang Chengqi,email:124571435@qq.com;Qin Yunzhi,email:1271064222@qq.com
[Abstract]China is experiencing a demographic shift towards an older population.As a result,the prevalence of osteoarthritis of the knee,which is defined by long-term damage to the knee's cartilage,is also rising steadily.In cases where the knee joint disease has reached an advanced stage,the conventional treatment is total knee arthroplasty.The department of joint and orthopedic diseases frequently encounters the challenge of postoperative pain in patients.This paper examines the concept of regional analgesia and reviews the mechanisms involved in various types of nerve blocks,such as epidural block,femoral and sciatic nerve block,adductor canal block,and popliteal artery and posterior joint capsule gap block.The objective is to investigate the impact of nerve blocks on postoperative pain relief and ultimately enhance the analgesic effect for patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty.
[Key words]Total knee arthroplasty;Regional analgesia;Adductor canal block;Popliteal artery and posterior joint capsule gap block;Postoperative pain relief
在老齡化社會(huì)背景下,骨關(guān)節(jié)炎發(fā)病率呈上升趨勢(shì),其中膝關(guān)節(jié)是最常見的發(fā)病部位,可引起關(guān)節(jié)疼痛、腫脹甚至功能喪失,嚴(yán)重影響患者身體狀況和生活品質(zhì)[1-2]。對(duì)晚期膝關(guān)節(jié)骨關(guān)節(jié)炎的患者,全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)(Total knee arthroplasty,TKA)是一個(gè)療效比較持久的治療方法。傳統(tǒng)的TKA是髕旁內(nèi)入路,能較好地顯示手術(shù)視野,是骨科醫(yī)師的首選手術(shù)方式[3]。但是,手術(shù)過程中往往涉及大量的骨骼和軟組織,患者在術(shù)后初期會(huì)感覺到強(qiáng)烈的疼痛。如果圍術(shù)期不進(jìn)行有效的止痛處理,會(huì)延長患者的住院時(shí)間,增加術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的危險(xiǎn),對(duì)患者的功能恢復(fù)不利。區(qū)域鎮(zhèn)痛即區(qū)域麻醉鎮(zhèn)痛,是一種將局麻藥注入神經(jīng)根、神經(jīng)叢或神經(jīng)干周圍,通過阻斷神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo)達(dá)到鎮(zhèn)痛效果的方法。盡管其應(yīng)用在臨床上得到了廣泛的認(rèn)可,但是還沒有統(tǒng)一的規(guī)范或指南。目前TKA的術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛方式多以區(qū)域阻滯為中心,常用的方法有硬膜外阻滯、股神經(jīng)阻滯(Femoral nerve block,F(xiàn)NB)、收肌管阻滯(Adductor canal block,ACB)及腘動(dòng)脈與關(guān)節(jié)囊后間隙(Interspace between the popliteal artery and the capsule of the posterior knee,IPACK)阻滯。本文對(duì)TKA術(shù)后上述區(qū)域阻滯技術(shù)作一綜述,旨在探討ACB聯(lián)合IPACK阻滯對(duì)患者術(shù)后疼痛的控制和早期運(yùn)動(dòng)功能的影響,評(píng)估其安全性和臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值,或可為TKA術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛提出新的思路,以期找到更佳的TKA術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛選擇。
1硬膜外阻滯
多項(xiàng)研究對(duì)比硬膜外麻醉和全身使用阿片鎮(zhèn)痛的療效,結(jié)果顯示,硬膜外鎮(zhèn)痛組術(shù)后疼痛積分降低,更早下床活動(dòng),關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度更好,胃腸道功能恢復(fù)更好,住院期縮短。但硬膜外麻醉會(huì)影響患者感覺和運(yùn)動(dòng),需住院治療,導(dǎo)致TKA術(shù)后積極的運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練效果不理想。外周神經(jīng)阻斷技術(shù)用于TKA術(shù)后疼痛控制的需求日益增加。因此,中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)中國老年患者膝關(guān)節(jié)手術(shù)圍術(shù)期麻醉管理指導(dǎo)意見(2020版)推薦TKA圍術(shù)期鎮(zhèn)痛應(yīng)采用聯(lián)合神經(jīng)阻滯的多模式鎮(zhèn)痛方法[4]。
2FNB及坐骨神經(jīng)阻滯
FNB曾被公認(rèn)為TKA術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛的“最佳實(shí)踐”。研究表明, TKA術(shù)后嗎啡用量明顯低于對(duì)照組,F(xiàn)NB術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛效果良好,但對(duì)股四頭肌的肌力有一定的影響,故需長期臥床,增加墜積性肺炎和下肢深靜脈血栓等圍術(shù)期并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率,不利于患者的快速康復(fù)[5]。而且,F(xiàn)NB并不能完全覆蓋膝后神經(jīng)。坐骨神經(jīng)對(duì)膝后方和外側(cè)的感覺和運(yùn)動(dòng)的神經(jīng)進(jìn)行支配。因此FNB聯(lián)合坐骨神經(jīng)阻滯(Sciatic nerve block,SNB) 可以進(jìn)一步減輕TKA患者的術(shù)后疼痛[6-7]。但在手術(shù)操作過程中,如果腓總神經(jīng)受到損傷,術(shù)后SNB可能會(huì)掩蓋腓總神經(jīng)牽拉或損傷,不利于術(shù)后對(duì)肌力減弱原因的準(zhǔn)確判斷??傊?,SNB優(yōu)勢(shì)是手術(shù)后疼痛范圍可涵蓋全部坐骨神經(jīng)的感覺神經(jīng)。但不足之處在于使坐骨神經(jīng)運(yùn)動(dòng)支受阻,導(dǎo)致膝下肌肉無力,對(duì)術(shù)后早期恢復(fù)不利。
3收肌管阻滯
ACB的止痛作用與FNB相當(dāng),且對(duì)股四頭肌肌力的損傷較小,更有利于早期康復(fù)。ACB能夠最大程度地保證患者的運(yùn)動(dòng)功能,但鎮(zhèn)痛只作用于膝關(guān)節(jié)前內(nèi)側(cè),不能有效緩解膝后疼痛[8]。如何在最大限度地減少疼痛和降低對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)功能的影響之間尋找一個(gè)平衡點(diǎn),已成為麻醉界的一個(gè)熱門課題。但現(xiàn)有局部麻醉藥在不損害運(yùn)動(dòng)功能的前提下,仍無法實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)感覺神經(jīng)的特異性阻斷,目前對(duì)于ACB的合適阻斷部位存在著爭論,ACB唯一可能阻滯的運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)為股內(nèi)側(cè)肌神經(jīng),這也是 ACB后某些患者肌肉力量減弱的原因,但是ACB對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)機(jī)能的最大保護(hù)作用仍備受重視。
由于收肌管內(nèi)神經(jīng)分布的復(fù)雜性和個(gè)體差異,患者對(duì)局麻藥的容量和濃度要求不同。有患者更傾向于適用高容量(30~40 mL)和低濃度的局麻藥液(0.1%羅哌卡因),以避免運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)阻滯導(dǎo)致運(yùn)動(dòng)遲緩[9]。采用升降法研究阻滯效果,定量測(cè)定0.5%羅哌卡因的有效容積中位數(shù)為10.79 mL[10]。在尸體研究中,10 mL局部麻醉溶液即可提供充分的局部神經(jīng)麻醉,但沒有提到局麻溶液的濃度[11]。也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),20 mL的0.5%羅哌卡因作ACB時(shí),可導(dǎo)致膝關(guān)節(jié)鏡術(shù)后嗎啡用量顯著減少,延長鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間,血流動(dòng)力學(xué)更好,視覺模擬評(píng)分更低且無并發(fā)癥[12]。根據(jù)上述研究,臨床推薦使用0.2%~0.5%羅哌卡因15~30 mL進(jìn)行ACB,對(duì)于局麻藥的最佳濃度和劑量的選擇,尚需進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。
4IPACK阻滯
與ACB類似,IPACK阻斷術(shù)通過阻斷腘神經(jīng)叢末梢感覺神經(jīng)分支,從而達(dá)到緩解膝后疼痛的目的,也可以保留部分運(yùn)動(dòng)功能。有研究表明,在TKA中增加IPACK阻滯,使TKA的疼痛得到了進(jìn)一步的改善,可大大減少住院天數(shù),加快恢復(fù)速度[8,13-14]。關(guān)于IPACK阻滯對(duì)膝關(guān)節(jié)后方的鎮(zhèn)痛效果及最佳入路的選擇,目前仍存在爭議,需要進(jìn)一步進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。目前,臨床上多選用布比卡因、左布比卡因及羅哌卡因等麻醉藥,但其最適濃度和用量仍有較大爭論,至今仍無定論與準(zhǔn)則[15]。
5IPACK阻滯與ACB的聯(lián)合應(yīng)用
ACB僅負(fù)責(zé)膝關(guān)節(jié)前內(nèi)側(cè)感覺區(qū)域,不能解決膝關(guān)節(jié)后方的疼痛。關(guān)節(jié)腔周圍注射盡管對(duì)膝關(guān)節(jié)后側(cè)起到了一定的止痛作用,但是由于其是一種盲目的探查方法,效果不佳。IPACK阻滯對(duì)膝關(guān)節(jié)后方具有很好的止痛作用,且不會(huì)引起神經(jīng)和血管的損害,從而保護(hù)患者的運(yùn)動(dòng)能力[8,14]。有研究表明,ACB聯(lián)合SNB對(duì)TKA患者術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛效果顯著,但從理論上分析,任何方法的SNB都存在影響術(shù)后下肢運(yùn)動(dòng)的可能性[16]。而IPACK阻滯已被證明可以有效控制膝關(guān)節(jié)后方的疼痛,并且不影響腓總神經(jīng)的功能,即不影響膝關(guān)節(jié)的運(yùn)動(dòng)。也有研究證實(shí),ACB聯(lián)合IPACK,對(duì)于單側(cè)TKA手術(shù)是FNB很好的替代方案,促進(jìn)早期下床而不降低鎮(zhèn)痛效果[17]。一項(xiàng)隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)臨床研究表明,將IPACK和ACB聯(lián)合應(yīng)用可以明顯改善TKA患者的疼痛,并降低患者對(duì)阿片的劑量依賴[18]。ACB結(jié)合IPACK阻滯能明顯改善患者術(shù)后疼痛及疼痛癥狀,膝關(guān)節(jié)運(yùn)動(dòng)得到改善,平坦行走距離增加[13]。在meta分析中,比較單獨(dú)應(yīng)用ACB和ACB聯(lián)合IPACK的兩組患者的術(shù)后疼痛評(píng)分、嗎啡用量以及關(guān)節(jié)功能訓(xùn)練,均得到了顯著的改善[8]。研究顯示,在ACB聯(lián)合IPACK時(shí),與0.20%羅哌卡因相比,0.25%和0.30%濃度的羅哌卡因可在術(shù)后最初6 h內(nèi)提供早期疼痛緩解[19]。
局麻的一次麻醉是有時(shí)限的,即使長效的麻醉藥劑,其時(shí)效也很難達(dá)到24 h以上。目前已有研究表明,在局部麻醉中,通過持續(xù)的外周神經(jīng)阻斷,可以使局部麻醉藥物的療效更久,減少患者的痛苦。一項(xiàng)回顧性研究表明,在連續(xù)ACB組中增加IPACK阻斷比單獨(dú)使用連續(xù)ACB更能減少手術(shù)當(dāng)日的最小疼痛分?jǐn)?shù),而對(duì)其他結(jié)果無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,而且從疼痛評(píng)分上獲益也比較有限[20]。隨機(jī)雙盲試驗(yàn)顯示,IPACK與連續(xù)ACB在麻醉后監(jiān)測(cè)治療室中的靜息痛評(píng)分低于單純連續(xù)ACB,但無實(shí)際臨床價(jià)值,故不建議將其作為 TKA的常規(guī)術(shù)后止痛手段,但是,它可能是一種補(bǔ)救式止痛方法[21]。72例單側(cè)橋式TKA中,增加IPACK并沒有降低術(shù)后阿片用量,也沒有提高止痛作用,但卻能提高TKA術(shù)后的即刻功能[22]。在此基礎(chǔ)上,進(jìn)一步證實(shí)了IPACK與局部浸潤麻醉、連續(xù)ACB聯(lián)用對(duì)TKA的療效等。
總之,區(qū)域鎮(zhèn)痛是TKA術(shù)后常用的鎮(zhèn)痛方法之一,其方法是通過采取區(qū)域阻滯鎮(zhèn)痛技術(shù)來降低阿片類藥物的使用,縮短住院時(shí)間并加速術(shù)后康復(fù)。不同的鎮(zhèn)痛策略各有優(yōu)缺點(diǎn),需要根據(jù)患者的具體情況和手術(shù)要求選擇合適的鎮(zhèn)痛方案。
6小結(jié)與展望
與傳統(tǒng)的TKA后鎮(zhèn)痛中使用的FNB聯(lián)合SNB阻滯技術(shù)相比,IPACK和ACB的聯(lián)合能達(dá)到更好的鎮(zhèn)痛效果,更好地保持了患者的運(yùn)動(dòng)功能,是一種非常理想的鎮(zhèn)痛方法[13-14,18]。隨著技術(shù)的發(fā)展與成熟會(huì)逐漸成為TKA術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛的主要神經(jīng)阻滯技術(shù)。然而,IPACK阻滯和ACB在TKA手術(shù)中的療效仍存爭論,有待更多的研究來證實(shí),從而為今后選擇更有效、更安全的鎮(zhèn)痛方法提供依據(jù)。TKA患者術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛不能只依賴于區(qū)域鎮(zhèn)痛技術(shù),應(yīng)該采用多模式鎮(zhèn)痛策略。例如局部浸潤鎮(zhèn)痛技術(shù)、口服或肌內(nèi)注射鎮(zhèn)痛藥物等,也可以與區(qū)域阻滯鎮(zhèn)痛技術(shù)聯(lián)合使用,以達(dá)到更好的鎮(zhèn)痛效果。這些藥物可以單獨(dú)使用或與其他藥物聯(lián)合使用以達(dá)到最佳的鎮(zhèn)痛效果[23]。
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(2023-12-07收稿)