[摘要]目的探討圍術(shù)期個(gè)體化營養(yǎng)干預(yù)對存在營養(yǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的高齡腰椎后路椎間融合術(shù)患者的影響。方法選取2018年1月—2019年12月于首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)宣武醫(yī)院行腰椎后路椎間融合術(shù)的181例年齡>75歲的老年患者作為研究對象,將NRS2002≥3分的85例患者納入干預(yù)組,NRS2002<3分的96例患者納入對照組。對照組予以常規(guī)飲食宣教,患者根據(jù)自己的飲食模式及喜好自行訂餐;干預(yù)組予以進(jìn)一步營養(yǎng)評估,制定個(gè)體化營養(yǎng)治療方案。比較兩組的營養(yǎng)指標(biāo)(血清總蛋白、白蛋白、前白蛋白及血紅蛋白)、可能致術(shù)后低蛋白血癥的潛在高危因素(是否伴隨糖尿病、衰弱狀態(tài)、手術(shù)時(shí)間及術(shù)中出血量)及術(shù)后感染情況。結(jié)果兩組性別、病程、合并糖尿病比例及衰弱狀態(tài)比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);干預(yù)組年齡高于對照組,體質(zhì)量指數(shù)、術(shù)中出血量及術(shù)前血清總蛋白、白蛋白、前白蛋白、血紅蛋白水平均低于對照組,手術(shù)時(shí)間短于對照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。兩組手術(shù)后血清總蛋白、白蛋白、前白蛋白及血紅蛋白水平均較術(shù)前有所下降,干預(yù)組各指標(biāo)的下降水平均低于對照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。兩組在住院時(shí)間及術(shù)后感染情況比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論對存在營養(yǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的行腰椎后路融合術(shù)的高齡患者進(jìn)行術(shù)前營養(yǎng)干預(yù),可減少術(shù)后營養(yǎng)指標(biāo)的下降。
[關(guān)鍵詞]營養(yǎng)干預(yù);腰椎后路椎間融合術(shù);營養(yǎng)指標(biāo);術(shù)后感染;住院時(shí)間
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-7593.2024.03.004
Influence on Nutritional Index and Prognosis of Perioperative Individualized NutritionalIntervention for Elderly Patients with Nutritional Risk after Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion
Ren Xiaoyi,Li Xuying,Qian Hongjuan,Li Ying,Wang Chaodong**
Department of Nutriology,Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders,Beijing100053
**Corresponding author:Wang Chaodong,email:cdongwang@xwhosp.org
[Abstract]ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of perioperative individualized nutritional intervention on the changes of nutritional indicators and prognosis of elderly patients with nutritional risk after posterior lumbar interbody fusion.MethodsFrom January 2018 to December 2019,a total of 181 elderly patients over 75 years old with posterior lumbar interbody fusion in Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University were included in this study.85 patients with≥3 points of NRS2002 were included in the intervention group,and 96 patients with<3 points of NRS2002 were included in the control group.The control group was given routine diet education,and the patients ordered meals according to their own dietary patterns and preferences.The intervention group was given further nutritional assessment and individualized nutritional treatment plan was developed.Nutritional indices(serum total protein,albumin,prealbumin and hemoglobin),potential risk factors for postoperative hypoproteinemia(whether diabetes mellitus,frailty,operative time and intraoperative blood loss) and postoperative infection were compared between the two groups.ResultsThere were no significant differences in gender,course of disease,proportion of combined diabetes and frailty between the two groups(P>0.05).The age of the intervention group was higher than that of the control group,the body mass index,intraoperative blood loss,preoperative "serum total protein,albumin,prealbumin and hemoglobin levels were lower than those of the control group,and the operation time was shorter than that of the control group,with statistical significance(P<0.05).The levels of serum total protein,albumin,prealbumin and hemoglobin in both groups were decreased after operation,but the levels of all indexes in the intervention group were lower than those in the control group,with statistical significance(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in length of hospital stay and postoperative infection between the two groups(P>0.05).ConclusionFor elderly patients with nutritional risk,preoperative nutritional intervention can reduce the decline of postoperative nutritional indicators.
[Key words]Nutritional intervention;Posterior lumbar interbody fusion;Nutritional index;Postoperative infection;Length of hospital stay
既往研究表明對于存在營養(yǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的高齡患者,術(shù)后發(fā)生感染、切口不愈合、骨折斷端骨不連、吻合口瘺等危險(xiǎn)因素明顯增加[1-2]。良好的營養(yǎng)水平能夠?yàn)榧膊』謴?fù)提供充足的營養(yǎng)素,促進(jìn)疾病的康復(fù)。本研究擬探討個(gè)體化營養(yǎng)支持對高齡患者腰椎術(shù)后營養(yǎng)狀況、術(shù)后感染及住院時(shí)間的影響。
1對象與方法
1.1研究對象
選取2018年1月—2019年12月于首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)宣武醫(yī)院行腰椎后路椎間融合術(shù)的181例年齡>75歲的老年患者作為研究對象,其中男54例,女127例,腰椎間盤突出38例,腰椎管狹窄57例,腰椎滑脫51例,腰椎骨折35例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①經(jīng)3個(gè)月的保守治療無效者;②一般情況良好,可正常進(jìn)食者;③手術(shù)采用后入路腰椎間融合術(shù)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):并存有嚴(yán)重器質(zhì)性心血管病、消化道疾病及惡性腫瘤等疾病者?;颊咴谌朐?4 h內(nèi)均予以NRS2002營養(yǎng)篩查,篩查結(jié)果≥3分定義為存在營養(yǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[3]。本研究中85例患者存在營養(yǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)為干預(yù)組,其他96例營養(yǎng)正常的患者為對照組。
1.2營養(yǎng)管理模式
對照組入院后予以常規(guī)飲食宣教,患者根據(jù)自己的飲食模式及喜好自行訂餐,術(shù)后排氣后進(jìn)食。干預(yù)組實(shí)施個(gè)體化營養(yǎng)支持方案,營養(yǎng)師對患者進(jìn)一步實(shí)施營養(yǎng)評估,制定營養(yǎng)治療方案:總能量供給為30~35 kcal/kg,三大營養(yǎng)素供給量分別為蛋白質(zhì)1.2~1.5 g/kg、脂肪1.0~1.3 g/kg、碳水化合物3.0~3.5 g/kg。確定營養(yǎng)治療方案后,制定每日飲食食譜。隨訪患者進(jìn)食情況,督促患者按照飲食醫(yī)囑執(zhí)行,動態(tài)調(diào)整,不斷改善患者的營養(yǎng)狀態(tài)。術(shù)后2~4 h即可指導(dǎo)患者盡早進(jìn)食[4]。
1.3觀察指標(biāo)
入院時(shí)收集患者的一般人口學(xué)特征指標(biāo),患者入院時(shí)的檢測指標(biāo)為術(shù)前指標(biāo),手術(shù)后的檢測指標(biāo)為術(shù)后指標(biāo)。營養(yǎng)指標(biāo):血清總蛋白、血清白蛋白、血清前白蛋白、血紅蛋白。可能致術(shù)后低蛋白血癥的潛在高危因素:是否伴有糖尿病、衰弱狀態(tài)、手術(shù)時(shí)間及術(shù)中出血量。術(shù)后感染指標(biāo):傷口感染、肺部感染、泌尿系統(tǒng)感染。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS22.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以±s表示,組間采用t檢驗(yàn);非正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料采用M(P1,P3)表示,組間比較采用Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗(yàn);P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1兩組人口學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)基線資料比較
干預(yù)組年齡高于對照組,體質(zhì)量指數(shù)、術(shù)中出血量及術(shù)前血清總蛋白、白蛋白、前白蛋白、血紅蛋白水平均低于對照組,手術(shù)時(shí)間短于對照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表1。
2.2兩組手術(shù)前后營養(yǎng)指標(biāo)變化的差值比較
兩組手術(shù)后血清總蛋白、白蛋白、前白蛋白及血紅蛋白水平均較術(shù)前有所下降,干預(yù)組各指標(biāo)的下降水平均低于對照組(P<0.05),見表2。
2.3兩組住院時(shí)間及術(shù)后感染情況比較
干預(yù)組總住院時(shí)間、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間短于對照組,術(shù)后感染發(fā)生率低于對照組,但兩組比較差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表3。
3討論
患者實(shí)施外科手術(shù)后,可產(chǎn)生不同程度的應(yīng)激反應(yīng),導(dǎo)致血管的通透性增加,白蛋白轉(zhuǎn)移到血管外,再加上高齡患者因機(jī)體老化、臟器功能減退、各臟器代償機(jī)能及組織修復(fù)能力降低,術(shù)前營養(yǎng)不良及多病共存的因素,術(shù)后白蛋白指標(biāo)有明顯下降[5-6]。陳余興等[7]對80歲以上高齡老年骨科手術(shù)患者的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),低蛋白血癥的發(fā)生率高達(dá)36.9%。劉文斌[8]對骨科手術(shù)患者研究發(fā)現(xiàn),術(shù)后的白蛋白水平明顯低于術(shù)前(P<0.05)。本研究顯示,高齡患者腰椎后路椎間融合術(shù)后血清白蛋白、前白蛋白及血紅蛋白均有所下降。由此可見,高齡患者營養(yǎng)情況應(yīng)得到臨床的重視。
術(shù)前存在營養(yǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的患者大多伴隨蛋白質(zhì)及能量儲存不足,圍術(shù)期機(jī)體對蛋白質(zhì)和能量的需求增加,術(shù)后患者能量及蛋白質(zhì)的缺乏會導(dǎo)致機(jī)體預(yù)防感染能力降低。Bohl等[9]對行腰椎后路融合術(shù)的患者研究表明,術(shù)前低蛋白血癥患者除平均住院時(shí)間延長及出院后30 d內(nèi)再入院率增加外,還發(fā)生了術(shù)后傷口愈合不全及尿路感染。Salvetti等[10]對擇期脊柱手術(shù)患者進(jìn)行的回顧性分析發(fā)現(xiàn),術(shù)前血清前白蛋白≤200 mg/L的患者術(shù)后傷口感染率約是營養(yǎng)狀態(tài)正?;颊叩?倍,且術(shù)前血清前白蛋白水平低是術(shù)后手術(shù)部位感染的危險(xiǎn)因素。Puvanesarajah等[1]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),腰椎融合術(shù)前診斷為營養(yǎng)不良的患者術(shù)后發(fā)生重大并發(fā)癥、感染和死亡率的可能性更大。血紅蛋白也與術(shù)后切口感染有關(guān),這可能是由于術(shù)后血紅蛋白降低將會影響血液攜氧能力,從而導(dǎo)致傷口皮膚因局部細(xì)胞缺氧而延緩傷口愈合,增加了切口的感染機(jī)會[11]。本研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)存在營養(yǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的患者術(shù)后感染的發(fā)生率并未增加,可能跟通過營養(yǎng)干預(yù)有關(guān),營養(yǎng)干預(yù)增加了患者對術(shù)后血清白蛋白丟失與消耗的耐受能力,從而減少了術(shù)后感染。
Xu等[12]對腰椎手術(shù)患者的前瞻性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與對照組比較,圍術(shù)期的營養(yǎng)干預(yù)可降低術(shù)后白蛋白的輸注率,增加了術(shù)后白蛋白水平。張玉萍等[13]發(fā)現(xiàn),給予髖部手術(shù)的老年患者營養(yǎng)支持后,其營養(yǎng)水平指標(biāo)白蛋白、轉(zhuǎn)鐵蛋白含量逐漸提高,且患者的下床活動時(shí)間及住院時(shí)間明顯縮短,肺部感染、切口不愈合等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率降低,患者術(shù)后1年的死亡率明顯下降。我國專家也指出,對于多病共存的高齡患者,中大型手術(shù)前應(yīng)嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行糾正低蛋白的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[14]。本研究中存在營養(yǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的高齡患者通過個(gè)體化的營養(yǎng)干預(yù)后,術(shù)后營養(yǎng)指標(biāo)下降水平低于對照組,沒有增加術(shù)后感染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及住院時(shí)間,表明圍術(shù)期的營養(yǎng)干預(yù)是有效的。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1]Puvanesarajah V,Jain A,Kebaish K,et al.poor nutrition status and lumbar spine fusion surgery in the elderly:readmissions,complications,and mortality[J].Spine(Phila Pa 1976),2017,42(13):979-983.
[2]Imajo Y,Taguchi T,Neo M,et al.Complications of spinal surgery for elderly patients with lumbar spinal stenosis in a super-aging country:an analysis of 8033 patients[J].J Orthop Sci,2017,22(1):10-15.
[3]蔣朱明,楊劍,于康,等.列入臨床診療指南和國家衛(wèi)生和計(jì)劃生育委員會行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的營養(yǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)篩查2002工具實(shí)用表格及注意事項(xiàng)[J].中華臨床營養(yǎng)雜志,2017,25(5):263-267.
Jiang ZM,Yang J,Yu K,et al.Nutritional risk screening 2002 tool included in clinical practice guidelines and industry standards of the National Health and Family Planning Commission Practical form and precautions[J].Chin J Clin Nutr,2017,25(5):263-267.
[4]Cao G,Huang Q,Xu B,et al.Multimodal nutritional management in primary total knee arthroplasty:a randomized controlled trial[J].J Arthroplasty,2017,32(11):3390-3395.
[5]李維勤,王新穎,朱虹,等.嚴(yán)重感染患者血清白蛋白分解和分布動力學(xué)研究[J].中華外科雜志,2003,41(6):423-426.
Li WQ,Wang XX,Zhu H,et al.Albumin kinetics in patients with severe sepsis[J].Chin J Surg,2003,41(6):423-426.
[6]馬敏慧,萬曉紅.非感染患者術(shù)后低蛋白血癥的發(fā)生機(jī)制及影響因素研究進(jìn)展[J].醫(yī)學(xué)綜述,2017,23(13):2535-2539.
Ma MH,Wan XH.Research progress in influential factors and pathogenesis of hypoproteinemia of postoperative non-infected patients[J].Med Recapitul,2017,23(13):2535-2539.
[7]陳余興,王貴.高齡老年骨科手術(shù)患者術(shù)后低蛋白血癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素及預(yù)測模型[J].中國老年學(xué)雜志,2022,42(1):55-59.
Chen YX,Wang G.Risk factors and predictive models of postoperative hypoproteinemia in elderly patients undergoing orthopedic surgery[J].Chin J Gerontol,2022,42(1):55-59.
[8]劉文斌.骨科術(shù)后患者營養(yǎng)狀況及營養(yǎng)不良的影響因素分析[J].河北醫(yī)學(xué),2014,(12):2077-2079.
Liu WB.Analysis of influencing factors of nutritional status and malnutrition in patients after orthopedic surgery[J].Hebei Med,2014,(12):2077-2079.
[9]Bohl DD,Shen MR,Mayo BC,et al.Malnutrition predicts infectious and wound complications following posterior lumbar spinal fusion[J].Spine(Phila Pa 1976),2016,41(21):1693-1699.
[10]Salvetti DJ,Tempel ZJ,Goldschmidt E,et al.Low preoperative serum prealbumin levels and the postoperative surgical site infection risk in elective spine surgery:a consecutive series[J].J Neurosurg Spine,2018,29(5):549-552.
[11]劉家明,鄧輝林,周揚(yáng),等.腰椎后路術(shù)后切口感染及椎管內(nèi)血腫的危險(xiǎn)因素分析[J].中華骨科雜志,2017,37(9):547-552.
Liu JM,Deng HL,Zhou Y,et al.Analysis of risk factors for incision infection and intraspinal hematoma after posterior lumbar surgery[J].Chin J Orthop,2017,37(9):547-552.
[12]Xu B,Xu WX,Lao YJ,et al.Multimodal nutritional management in primary lumbar spine surgery:a randomized controlled trial[J].Spine(Phila Pa 1976),2019,44(14):967-974.
[13]張玉萍,王瑜.老年髖部骨折患者接受術(shù)后個(gè)體化營養(yǎng)支持預(yù)防術(shù)后低蛋白的效果[J].山西醫(yī)藥雜志,2019,48(15):1931-1933.
Zhang YP,Wang Y.Effect of postoperative individualized nutritional support on prevention of postoperative hypoproteinemia in elderly patients with hip fracture[J].Shanxi Med J,2019,48(15):1931-1933.
[14]中華醫(yī)學(xué)會麻醉學(xué)分會老年人麻醉與圍術(shù)期管理學(xué)組,國家老年疾病臨床醫(yī)學(xué)研究中心,國家老年麻醉聯(lián)盟.中國老年患者圍手術(shù)期麻醉管理指導(dǎo)意見(2020版)(一)[J].中華醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2020,100(31):2404-2415.
Anesthesia and Perioperative Management Group for the Elderly,Anesthesiology Branch of Chinese Medical Association,National Geriatric Clinical Medical Research Center,National Geriatric Anesthesia Alliance.Guidelines on perioperative anesthesia management for elderly patients in China(2020 Edition)(Ⅰ)[J].Chin Med J,2020,100(31):2404-2415.
(2023-12-27收稿)