摘"要: "為明確地圖衣屬部分物種的分類地位,該研究以中國西南地區(qū)為研究區(qū)域,采用表型特征(形態(tài)學(xué)、解剖學(xué)和化學(xué)特征)和基因型特征(ITS序列)相結(jié)合的方法,對(duì)地圖衣屬(Rhizocarpon Ramond ex DC.)地衣物種進(jìn)行分類學(xué)研究,初步探討該屬物種表型與基因型的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系。通過研究,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了該屬1新種——四川地圖衣(Rhizocarpon sichuanense Y. M. Zhang, L. Hu amp; W. C. Wang, sp. nov.),該新種與相近種黑灰地圖衣(Rhizocarpon cinereonigrum Vain.)和中華地圖衣(Rhizocarpon sinense Zahlbr.)的主要區(qū)別:地衣體裂片較為分散,表面呈龜裂或者亞鱗葉狀;下地衣體黑色,明顯;孢子較大,為[(27~)32~42.5] μm×[12.5~17.5(~20)] μm,TLC檢測(cè)含有巴巴酸。在系統(tǒng)發(fā)育中,該新種與黑紅地圖衣 [Rhizocarpon badioatrum (Fl?rke ex Spreng. ) Th. Fr. ]在同一個(gè)進(jìn)化分枝上,但黑紅地圖衣的地衣體裂片連續(xù)不分散,孢子明顯較?。郏?3~36) μm×(13~16) "μm],地衣體中含有地弗地衣酸或不含化學(xué)物質(zhì)。通過系統(tǒng)發(fā)育分析,結(jié)果表明:(1)該新種——四川地圖衣屬于褐地衣體亞屬中的Badioatrum group;(2)僅依據(jù)解剖學(xué)特征(孢子的大小和分隔類型)對(duì)地圖衣屬部分類群的劃分存在不合理性,還需結(jié)合化學(xué)特征進(jìn)行綜合分析。該文提供了新種的分類學(xué)描述以及形態(tài)、解剖和化學(xué)的高分辨率圖片。利用新種的ITS序列構(gòu)建的系統(tǒng)發(fā)育樹,為建立更趨自然合理的分類系統(tǒng)提供基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)。此外,該文對(duì)世界范圍內(nèi)褐地衣體亞屬中子囊孢子為棕色1隔的類群(Badioatrum group)編寫了詳細(xì)的物種檢索表,為該類群的進(jìn)一步研究提供了資料支持。
關(guān)鍵詞: 巴巴酸, 地圖衣科, 地衣型子囊菌, 地衣型真菌, 分類學(xué)
中圖分類號(hào): "Q948.2; Q949.34
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼: "A
文章編號(hào): "1000-3142(2024)04-0635-11
Rhizocarpon sichuanense, a new species
from Southwest China
ZHANG Yanmeng1, WANG Weicheng2, WANG Yuhua1, ZHONG Chunjiao1, HU Ling1*
( 1. Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; 2. School of Biological
Science and Biotechnology, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, Fujian, China )
Abstract: "In this paper, we study in Rhizocarpon Ramond ex DC. species by the method of combining phenotypic characteristics (morphology, anatomy and chemistry) with genotypic characteristics (ITS sequence). The aims of this present paper are to clarify the status of some species and explore the relationship between phenotype and genotype in Rhizocarpon. During the study on Rhizocarpon species from southwest China, R. sichuanense Y. M. Zhang, L. Hu amp; W. C. Wang sp. nov. is described as a new species in this genus. The new species is morphologically similar to R. cinereonigrum Vain and R. sinense Zahlbr., which also produces brown thallus, medulla I-, 8-spored ascus and brown ascospores with 1-septa. But it can be distinguished by the scattered, areolate to subsquamulose thallus, a distinct black prothallus, large ascospores "are [(27-)32-42.5] μm × [12.5-17.5(-20)] μm and the presence of barbatic acid is in the thallus. In phylogenetic trees, it is also similar to R. badioatrum (Fl?rke ex Spreng. ) Th. Fr. which can be distinguished by the more continuous thallus with diffractaic acid or without secondary products, and the smaller spores [(23-36) μm × (13-16) μm] than this new species. The phylogenic results are as follows: (1) The new species R. sichuanense belongs to badioatrum group which belongs to Rhizocarpon subg. Phaeothallus; (2) It is unsuitable to classify some groups only based on anatomical characteristics (spore size and separation type) in Rhizocarpon, the chemical characteristics should also be considered. In this paper, the achievement of ITS sequences provide the basic data for an establishment of a more reasonable and natural classification system. In addition, we provide high resolution pictures of morphological, anatomical and chemical characteristics as well as detailed descriptions of the new species. The key to the species of Rhizocarpon subg. Phaeothallus with 1-septa brown spore (Badioatrum group) in the world is also provided, which will provide basic data for the further studies in this group.
Key words: barbatic acid, Rhizocarpaceae, lichenized ascomycetes, lichenized fungi, taxonomy
地圖衣屬由Candolle于1805年建立,該屬的主要特征如下:地衣體生長(zhǎng)型為殼狀,呈裂縫至鱗葉狀,裂片連續(xù)或分散,表面黃綠色、白色、灰色至深棕色;子囊盤黑色,網(wǎng)衣型,盤緣較窄,不明顯或明顯加厚;果殼外緣通常著色較深,內(nèi)部著色較淺;子實(shí)上層棕色至藍(lán)綠色,K±紫紅色;子囊內(nèi)含1~8個(gè)孢子,子囊頂部與碘反應(yīng)后,子囊外壁呈深藍(lán)色,內(nèi)壁僅在頂部略有著色,稱為地圖衣型子囊頂器(Rhizocarpon-type);子囊孢子無色至棕色或墨綠色,1至多隔或呈亞磚壁至磚壁型,暈圈明顯;囊層基深棕色(Hafellner, 1984)。1956年,Runemark在研究歐洲地圖衣屬黃綠色類群地衣時(shí),將孢子1隔、長(zhǎng)度為9~18 μm的物種歸為Superficiale group;孢子1隔、長(zhǎng)度為18~32 μm的物種歸為Alpicola group;孢子磚壁型、髓層I-的物種歸為Viridiatrum group;孢子磚壁型、髓層I+的物種歸為Geographicum group(Runemark, 1956)。Thomson(1967)根據(jù)地衣體是否含有地圖衣酸(rhizocarpic acid)將地圖衣屬劃分為2個(gè)亞屬:地衣體為黃綠色,含有地圖衣酸的物種歸為地圖衣亞屬(Rhizocarpon subg. Rhizocarpon);地衣體為非黃綠色(白色、灰色至棕色),不含有地圖衣酸的物種歸為褐地衣體亞屬(Rhizocarpon subg. Phaeothallus)。Poelt(1988)將隸屬于地圖衣亞屬的物種進(jìn)一步做了總結(jié),匯編成一個(gè)較為完整的檢索表。隨后,F(xiàn)ryday(2000,2002)和Ihlen(2004)在研究歐洲地圖衣屬非黃綠色類群時(shí),根據(jù)孢子的特征將褐地衣體亞屬中孢子棕色、1隔的物種歸為Badioatrum group;孢子無色、磚壁型的物種歸為Obscuratum group;孢子無色、1隔的物種歸為Hochstetteri group。
隨著分子生物學(xué)的發(fā)展,McCune等(2016)和Davydov等(2017)通過表型結(jié)合基因型(ITS)的方法對(duì)阿拉斯加半島和西伯利亞阿爾泰山地區(qū)的地圖衣屬進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)發(fā)育學(xué)研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)新種2個(gè),即R. quinonum McCune, Timdal amp; Bendiksby和R. smaragdulum Davydov amp; Yakovch.,新記錄種2個(gè),即R. atroflavescens Lynge和R. norvegicum Rsnen。Roca-Valiente(2013)通過多基因聯(lián)合分析的方法對(duì)地圖衣亞屬中的Geographicum group進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)發(fā)育學(xué)研究,結(jié)果表明Geographicum group中的地衣物種表型特征與基因型特征并不完全符合,僅依據(jù)表型特征的分類學(xué)研究不足以反映該類群的自然演化特征及系統(tǒng)發(fā)育關(guān)系。因此亟需通過表型和基因型相結(jié)合的方法對(duì)地圖衣屬進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的分類學(xué)研究。
目前,全球報(bào)道的地圖衣屬約有230種,該屬物種主要分布在高原、山地等氣候較為寒冷的地區(qū)(Lücking et al., 2016;Davydov amp; Yakovchenko, 2017;Paukov et al., 2017;Kondratyuk et al., 2018;Fryday, 2019;Elix amp; McCarthy, 2019;McCarthy et al., 2020;Spribille et al., 2020)。中國僅報(bào)道地圖衣屬地衣47種,主要集中在中國的西南地區(qū)(云南、四川、貴州、西藏)和西北地區(qū)(新疆、青海、甘肅、陜西、內(nèi)蒙古西部)(魏江春,1991;阿不都拉·阿巴斯和吳繼農(nóng),1998;Aptroot amp; Sparrius, 2003;Sérusiaux et al., 2003;Golubkov amp; Matwiejuk, 2009;李雪等,2013;Zhao et al., 2013;瑪伊熱·努爾艾合麥提, 2015;王偉成和趙遵田,2015;Wang amp; Zhao, 2015a, b;Wang et al., 2016;古力娜·哈納特和艾尼瓦爾·吐米爾, 2019;Hu et al., 2020;Bi et al., 2022)。我國地域遼闊,生物多樣性高,蘊(yùn)藏著豐富的地衣資源,但研究基礎(chǔ)較為薄弱,據(jù)估計(jì),我國已知地衣型真菌種數(shù)僅占估計(jì)種數(shù)的8.5%,尚有91.5%的物種有待調(diào)查研究(魏江春,2018)。長(zhǎng)期以來,由于我國學(xué)者對(duì)地圖衣屬的研究多為零星報(bào)道,并且研究方法主要依據(jù)經(jīng)典分類學(xué)(表型特征)方法,因此利用表型結(jié)合基因型的研究方法對(duì)中國地圖衣屬地衣開展分類學(xué)研究具有重要意義。
本研究采用表型(形態(tài)學(xué)、解剖學(xué)和化學(xué))結(jié)合基因型(ITS序列)的方法對(duì)地圖衣屬地衣物種進(jìn)行分類學(xué)鑒定,目的是明確地圖衣屬部分物種的分類地位,為建立更趨自然合理的分類系統(tǒng)提供數(shù)據(jù)支持;探討該屬部分物種表型與基因型的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系,為進(jìn)一步研究地圖衣屬提供可參考資料;整理世界范圍內(nèi)Badioatrum group物種檢索表,為該類群的研究提供基礎(chǔ)資料。
1"材料與方法
地衣標(biāo)本采自四川省甘孜藏族自治州和涼山彝族自治州,保存在山東師范大學(xué)植物標(biāo)本館(SDNU)和中國科學(xué)院昆明植物研究所地衣標(biāo)本館(KUN-L)中。
利用體視顯微鏡(Olympus SZX16)對(duì)地衣的外形特征(包括地衣體的顏色、厚度,子囊盤的形態(tài)、顏色和大小等)進(jìn)行研究并拍照記錄,利用光學(xué)顯微鏡(Olympus BX61)對(duì)標(biāo)本的解剖學(xué)特征進(jìn)行觀察并拍照記錄,如子實(shí)上層、子實(shí)層、囊層基和果殼的顏色,厚度以及晶體分布情況。皮層和髓層的顯色反應(yīng)則是利用K試劑(10% 氫氧化鉀溶液)、C試劑(次氯酸鈉飽和溶液),IKI試劑(10% Lugol’s碘液)和P試劑(對(duì)苯二胺在95%乙醇中的飽和溶液)進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。地衣的次生代謝產(chǎn)物則是利用薄層層析法(thin layer chromatography techniques, TLC)在B系統(tǒng)中進(jìn)行檢測(cè)(Culberson amp; Kristinsson, 1970;Culberson, 1972)。
利用Sigma-Aldrich DNA提取試劑盒按照操作說明提取每份標(biāo)本的基因組,提取的DNA模板可以長(zhǎng)期保存于-20 ℃。使用真菌特異性引物ITS1F(Gardes amp; Bruns, 1993)和ITS4(White et al., 1990)對(duì)每份樣本的ITS序列進(jìn)行PCR擴(kuò)增,PCR設(shè)置程序如下:首先,95 ℃預(yù)變性2 min;然后,35個(gè)循環(huán)(94 ℃變性20 s,53 ℃退火60 s,72 ℃延伸2 min);最后,72 ℃延伸15 min,最終產(chǎn)物在4 ℃進(jìn)行保存。獲得的PCR產(chǎn)物送上海博尚生物技術(shù)有限公司進(jìn)行純化和測(cè)序。測(cè)序獲得的單端序列使用SeqMan(Swindell amp; Plasterer, 1997)進(jìn)行校正和拼接,在GenBank中下載地圖衣屬相關(guān)序列,構(gòu)建系統(tǒng)發(fā)育樹,用MAFFT v. 7(Katoh et al., 2009)進(jìn)行序列比對(duì),使用Gblocks V0.19b(Talavera amp; Castresana, 2007)去除比對(duì)過程中產(chǎn)生的模糊序列。通過jModelTest 2(Darriba et al., 2012)檢驗(yàn)并選擇貝葉斯法(Bayesian inference, BI)最佳分析模型,最大似然法(maximum likelihood, ML)使用RAxML v. 8.2.6(Stamatakis, 2014),以1 000次重復(fù)計(jì)算自展法(bootstrap)評(píng)估各分支的支持率,并在Cipres Science Gateway(http://www.phylo.org)網(wǎng)站運(yùn)行最大似然法和貝葉斯法分析。運(yùn)算生成的進(jìn)化樹文件使用FigTree v.1.4.3查看和調(diào)整。自展值(bootstrap probability,BP)大于75%或貝葉斯后驗(yàn)概率(posterior probability, PP)大于0.95的分支認(rèn)為可信。
2"結(jié)果與分析
2.1 分子分析結(jié)果
新產(chǎn)生的4條地圖衣屬ITS序列與GenBank已下載的23條參考序列比對(duì)、去除模糊序列后形成包括27個(gè)物種的546個(gè)位點(diǎn)矩陣。比對(duì)ML樹與BI樹,有相同的拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu),因此文中僅展示ML樹,將BI樹的后驗(yàn)概率標(biāo)記在節(jié)點(diǎn)的分支處的自展值之后(圖1)。
本研究中的新物種已在Fungal Names網(wǎng)站(https://nmdc.cn/fungalnames) 注冊(cè), 新產(chǎn)生的序列已上傳保存至GenBank(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank)。
2.2 物種描述
四川地圖衣(圖2)
Rhizocarpon sichuanense Y.M. Zhang, L. Hu amp; W. C. Wang sp. nov. "圖2 (A-J)
FN571638
Diagnosis: This species is similar to Rhizocarpon cinereonigrum Vain. but differs by the large brown ascospores, areolate to subsquamulose thallus, grey-brown areolae, and the presence of barbatic acid.
Etymology: The epithet ‘sichuanense’ refers to Sichuan Province, where this species was found.
Typus: China,Sichuan, Garze Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Kangding City, Ertaizi Zhongqiao, 30°02′34.24″ N, 101°49′53.27″ E, 3 752 m alt., on rock, 29 April 2021, Ling Hu, et al., 20210551 (SDNU-holotypus).
Description: Thallus crustose, areolate to subsquamulose, generally up to 5 cm diam, sometimes larger, areoles brown to grey-brown, flat to slightly convex, matt, scattered on prothallus, round or angular, up to 0.75 mm diam, 0.1-0.5 mm thick, cracks usually present on the areolae, epruinose to faintly pruinose. Upper cortex brown, dull, smooth, without an epinecral layer, 12-20 μm high, containing crystals. Lower cortex black brown, without crystals. Photobiont layer continuous, 65-95 μm high; photobiont chlorococcoid, algal cells 10-15 μm diam. Prothallus distinct, black.Prothallus well developed, black, distinct between the areolae and along the margin.
Apothecia black, lecideine, 0.2-0.9 mm diam, round or angular between the areoles, sessile on the black prothallus; disc flat to concave, scabrid, epruinose; proper margin 50-100 μm thick, persistent, above or the same level as the disc, concolourous with the disc, epruinose to faintly pruinose, sparingly shiny; exciple 50-100 μm thick, deep brown to black at the rim; inner part red-brown, containing crystals dissolved in K, the radiating hyphae 4-6 μm wide; hymenium colorless, 80-135 μm tall, paraphyses septate, branched and anastomosing ca. 2.5 μm thick in mid-hymenium and 3-4(-5) μm thick apically; epihymenium pale brown to deep brown, K+ pale violet-red, to 25 μm thick, without crystals, K-; hypothecium black brown, without crystals, K-; asci clavate, Rhizocarpon-type, 8-spored; ascospores soon becoming dark brown, 1-septate, ellipsoid or oblong, halonate, [(27-)32-42.5] μm × [12.5-17.5(-20)] μm, length/width ratio (1.4-)1.7-2.1(-2.2).
Chemistry: Medulla I-, K-, C-, KC-, P-; barbatic acid (TLC).
Distribution and habitat: The new species is known from Sichuan Province, on huge granite stones, between 2 731 m and 3 752 m altitude, growing with Rhizocarpon geographicum, Dermatocarpon sp. and Aspicilia sp. It is only known in China up to now.
Additional specimens examined: China, Sichuan Province, Garze Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Luding County, Mt.Yajiageng, on the rock, 29°54′10.19″ N, 101°59′59.64″ E, alt. 3 946 m, 27 April 2021, Ling Hu et al., 20210102 (SDNU); China, Sichuan Province, Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Huili County, on the rock, 26°47′22.89″ N, 102°12′18.58″ E, alt. 3 648 m, 23 April 2021,Ling Hu et al., 20210837 (SDNU). China, Sichuan Province, Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Puge County, on the rock, 27°35′5.63″ N, 102°22′47.40″ E, alt. 3 622 m, 13 September 2021, X.Y. Wang et al., XY21-418 (KUN 80845)
Remarks: Rhizocarpon sichuanense is characterized by its saxicolous, scattered grey-brown and areolate to subsquamulose thallus, a distinct black prothallus, large 1-septate brown ascospores and the presence of barbatic acid. R. cinereonigrum is similar to this new species but the fomer has smaller ascospores (25-36 μm long) and produces stictic acid in thallus (Thomson, 1967). Phylogenetic trees (Fig. 2) indicate that the new species is close to R. badioatrum (Spreng.) Th. Fr., also has brown epihymenium K+ violet and 1-septate brown ascospores, but R. badioatrum has a dark brown and more continuous thallus with diffractaic acid or without secondary products (Timdal amp; Holtan-Hartwig, 1988). Among all [JP+2]of the non-yellow Rhizocarpon species with 1-septate
A. 髓層碘反應(yīng): 0=無反應(yīng), 1=變藍(lán); B. 子實(shí)上層K反應(yīng): 0=無反應(yīng), 1=變紫紅色, 2=有或無紫紅色; C. 子囊內(nèi)孢子數(shù)目: 1=8孢, 2=2孢, 3=1孢; D. 孢子類型: 1=磚壁型, 2=具1橫隔; E. 孢子顏色: 1=無色, 2=棕色/綠色, 3=幼時(shí)無色成熟時(shí)顏色加深; F. Rhizocarpic acid: 0=無, 1=有, 2=有或無; G. Psoromic acid: 0=無, 1=有, 2=有或無; H. Barbartic acid: 0=無, 1=有, 2=有或無; I. Diffractic acid: 0=無, 1=有, 2=有或無; J. Gyrophoric acid: 0=無, 1=有, 2=有或無; K. Norstictic acid: 0=無, 1=有, 2=有或無; L. Stictic acid: 0=無, 1=有, 2=有或無。每個(gè)分支的左側(cè)數(shù)值表示自展值(BS),右側(cè)數(shù)值代表貝葉斯后驗(yàn)概率(PP),本結(jié)果僅顯示自展值大于75或后驗(yàn)率大于0.95的數(shù)值。該系統(tǒng)發(fā)育樹中的外類群為地圖衣科中的瘤衣屬。黃色背景為地圖衣亞屬的物種,橙色背景為褐地衣體亞屬的物種,紅色標(biāo)記的序列由本研究新產(chǎn)生。核苷酸替代率為0.05。
A. Medulla I+ or I-: 0=none, 1=I+ blue; B. Epihymenium K+ or K-: 0=none, 1=K+ violet, 2=none or K+ violet; C. Spore number: 1=8 per ascus, 2=2 per ascus, 3=1 per ascus; D. Spore type: 1=mudiform, 2=1-septa; E. Spore colour: 1= colourless, 2= brown or green, 3= colourless when young and dark when mature; F. Rhizocarpic acid: 0=none, 1=presence, 2=none or presence; G. Psoromic acid: 0=none, 1=presence, 2=none or presence; H. Barbartic acid: 0=none, 1=presence, 2=none or presence; I. Diffractic acid: 0=none, 1=presence, 2=none or presence; J. Gyrophoric acid: 0=none, 1=presence, 2=none or presence; K. Norstictic acid: 0=none, 1=presence, 2=none or presence; L. Stictic acid: 0=none, 1=presence, 2=none or presence. The number in each node represents bootstrap support (BS) and posterior probability (PP) values. BS values≥75 (left) and PP values≥0.95 (right) are plotted on the branches. The phylogenetic tree is rooted to Catolechia of Rhizocarpaceae. The sequences in yellow background shows the species belong Rhizocarpon subg. Rhizocarpon, the orange background shows the species belong to Rhizocarpon subg. Phaeothallus, the sequences of taxa in red color are newly generated for this study. The nucleotide scale in 0.05 substitution per site.
A. 模式種產(chǎn)地,康定市二臺(tái)子中橋,分布在318國道兩側(cè)山丘中的巖石上; B. 地衣體灰棕色,裂片分散,呈亞鱗葉狀; C.子囊盤縱切片; D. 果殼里有晶體分布; E. 果殼內(nèi)晶體溶于K試劑; F. 子囊; G. 子囊頂器碘反應(yīng); H. 側(cè)絲分枝且粘合; I. 子囊孢子棕色1隔,具暈圈; J. TLC檢測(cè)含巴巴酸(左為標(biāo)樣在日光下硫酸顯色; 中為新種在365 nm光下硫酸顯色; 右為新種在日光下硫酸顯色)。標(biāo)尺: B = 0.5 mm; C-E = 100 μm; F-I = 20 μm。
A. Type locality, Ertaizizhongqiao County, Kangding City, typical habitat is distributed on stones in the hills off Highway 318; B. Grey-brown thallus with scattered areoles, apothecia and subsquamulose areoles; C. Vertical sections of apothecia in water; D. Showing crystals in excipulum refracting polarized light; E. Showing crystals dissolved in K; F. Ascus; G. Amyloid reaction of ascus; H. Showing branched and anastomosing paraphyses; I. 1-septate brown ascospores with haloe; J. Barbatic aicd detected by TLC ( On the left, the standard sample is sulfuric acid color under sunlight; in the middle, the new species is sulfuric acid color under 365 nm light; on the right, the new species is sulfuric acid color under sunlight ). Scales: B = 0.5 mm; C-E = 100 μm; F-I = 20 μm.
brown ascospores, R. sichuanense has the largest ascospores (32-42.5 μm long), R. badioatrum and R. cinereonigrum have smaller ascospores (25-36 μm long); the second is R. sinense (30-40 μm long), and other species are even smaller (less than 30 μm long) (Fletcher et al., 2009). Therefore, combined with the above-mentioned morphological characteristics, we identified R. sichuanense as a new species.
主要特征:該種與Rhizocarpon cinereonigrum Vain.相似,但是區(qū)別在于該種的孢子較大,地衣體龜裂至亞鱗葉狀,裂片表面灰棕色,次生代謝產(chǎn)物為巴巴酸。
詞源:新種的種加詞‘sichuanense’指該種模式發(fā)現(xiàn)的地點(diǎn)為四川省。
主模式:中國,四川省,甘孜藏族自治州,康定市,二臺(tái)子中橋,30°02′34.24″ N,101°49′53.27″ E,3 752 m,石生,2021-04-29,胡玲等,20210551(SDNU-holotypus)。
形態(tài)學(xué)描述:地衣體殼狀,表面龜裂至鱗葉狀,直徑通常可達(dá)5 cm。地衣體裂片棕色或灰棕色,平整或者略有凸起,在前地衣體上分散排列,呈圓形或具棱角,直徑可達(dá)0.75 mm,厚度為0.1~0.5 mm,裂片表面粗糙,通常有細(xì)微裂縫分布,無粉霜或略有輕微粉霜分布。上皮層棕色,暗淡,平整,無膠質(zhì)層分布,高度為12~20 μm,有晶體分布。下皮層深棕色,無晶體分布。藻層連續(xù),高度為65~95 μm;共生藻為球形綠藻,藻細(xì)胞直徑為10~15 μm。前地衣體黑色,發(fā)育良好,分布在地衣體裂片間或裂片邊緣。
[JP+2]子囊盤黑色,網(wǎng)衣型,直徑為0.2~0.9 mm,圓形或具棱角,分布在地衣體裂片之間,貼生于黑色的前地衣體之上;盤面平整至凹陷,略粗糙,無粉霜;果殼較厚,明顯可見,厚度為50~100 μm,比盤面略高或與盤面同高度,顏色與盤面相同,均為黑色,無或略有粉霜分布,極少有光澤;果殼外緣著色較深,為深棕色至黑色,果殼內(nèi)部著色較淺,為紅棕色,有可溶于K試劑的晶體分布,果殼內(nèi)部菌絲呈輻射狀,寬度為 4~6 μm;子實(shí)層通常無色,高度為80~135 μm;側(cè)絲分隔,粘合且分枝,側(cè)絲中部菌絲細(xì)胞約為2.5 μm厚,側(cè)絲頂部菌絲細(xì)胞3~4(~5)μm厚;子實(shí)上層淺棕色至深棕色,K反應(yīng)呈淺紫羅蘭色,厚度可達(dá)25 μm,無晶體分布,K-;囊層基棕色,無晶體分布,K-;子囊棒狀,子囊頂器類型為地圖衣型(Rhizocarpon-type),子囊內(nèi)含8個(gè)孢子;子囊孢子成熟時(shí)快速變成深棕色,具有1橫隔,橫隔處略有縊縮,橢圓形至長(zhǎng)橢圓形,具暈圈,[(27~)32~42.5] "μm×[12.5~17.5(~20)] μm,長(zhǎng)/寬為(1.4~)1.7~2.1(~2.2)。
化學(xué)特征:髓層I-、K-、C-、KC-、P-;TLC法檢測(cè)到巴巴酸(barbatic acid)。
分布和生境:該種采自四川省,通常分布在巨大的花崗巖上,海拔范圍在2 731~3 752 m之間,與Rhizocarpon geographicum、Dermatocarpon sp. 和Aspicilia sp. 等地衣物種生長(zhǎng)在一起。目前為止,該種僅見于中國。
其他引證標(biāo)本:中國,四川省,甘孜藏族自治州,瀘定縣,雅家梗山,3 946 m,石生,2021-04-27,胡玲等,20210102(SDNU);中國,四川省,涼山彝族自治州,會(huì)理縣,3 648 m,石生,2021-04-23,胡玲等,20210837(SDNU);中國,四川省,涼山彝族自治州,普格縣,3 622 m,石生,2021-09-13,王欣宇等,XY21-418(KUN 80845)。
討論:該新種主要特征是地衣體石生,龜裂至亞鱗葉狀,裂片分散分布,表面灰棕色;下地衣體黑色,明顯;孢子較大,具1橫隔,地衣體中的次級(jí)代謝產(chǎn)物為巴巴酸。Rhizocarpon cinereonigrum與該新種相似,但是前者的孢子通常較小(長(zhǎng)度為25~36 μm),并且地衣體中的次級(jí)代謝產(chǎn)物為斑點(diǎn)酸(stictic acid)(Thomson, 1967)。系統(tǒng)發(fā)育分析結(jié)果表明該新種與R. badioatrum (Spreng.) Th. Fr.進(jìn)化距離較近,后者也具有棕色的子實(shí)上層,并且K反應(yīng)也為紫紅色,孢子也為棕色具1橫隔,但是R. badioatrum的地衣體裂片通常連續(xù)分布,并且地衣體顏色較深,為深棕色,前地衣體通常分布在地衣體邊緣,孢子較小,(23~36) μm × (13~16) "μm,次級(jí)代謝產(chǎn)物為地弗地衣酸(diffractaic acid)(Timdal amp; Holtan-Hartwig, 1988)。此外,R. sinense Zahlbr.的孢子也較大[(30~40) μm×(10~15) μm)]且具1橫隔,但是該種地衣體著色較深,為深棕色,表面具光澤,有膠質(zhì)層分布,次級(jí)代謝產(chǎn)物為三苔色酸(gyrophoric acid)(C+紅色),子囊盤為埋生,孢子為橄欖棕色(Zahlbruckner, 1930)。
目前,在褐地衣體亞屬里,孢子棕色且具1橫隔的物種(Badioatrum group)中,孢子最大的是R. sichuanense(長(zhǎng)度為32~42.5 μm),其次為R. sinense(長(zhǎng)度為30~40 μm),R. badioatrum和R. cinereonigrum的孢子相對(duì)較?。ㄩL(zhǎng)度為25~36 μm),而其他物種的孢子更?。ㄩL(zhǎng)度小于30 μm)(Fletcher et al., 2009)。因此,根據(jù)以上的形態(tài)學(xué)、解剖學(xué)、化學(xué)以及分子生物學(xué)結(jié)果,我們認(rèn)為該新種成立。
此外,本研究通過結(jié)合表型與基因型特征進(jìn)行分析發(fā)現(xiàn),在亞屬水平的劃分上,地圖衣亞屬和褐地衣體亞屬的物種并不能形成單獨(dú)的進(jìn)化分枝,而是前者包含于后者之中,由此可見,Thomson(1997)僅依據(jù)地衣體的顏色以及是否產(chǎn)生rhizocarpic acid對(duì)地圖衣屬進(jìn)行劃分并不合理,同樣的研究結(jié)果在McCune等(2016)和Davydov等(2017)中均有發(fā)現(xiàn)。在種間或者類群(group)水平的劃分上,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)地圖衣亞屬的物種表型與基因型特征基本符合,即根據(jù)孢子的大小、分隔類型以及髓層碘反應(yīng)劃分的Superficiale group、Viridiatrum group和Geographicum group這3個(gè)類群的物種各自形成了單獨(dú)的進(jìn)化分枝。然而,在褐地衣體亞屬中,尤其是Badioatrum group的物種并沒有聚集到一起,而是R. sichuanense與R. badioatrum,R. copelandii與R. jemtlandicum各自聚成一個(gè)進(jìn)化分枝,R. rittokense單獨(dú)形成一個(gè)分枝,由此可見,對(duì)褐地衣體亞屬尤其是Badioatrum group的劃分,不能僅依據(jù)孢子的顏色和分隔類型進(jìn)行劃分,還應(yīng)結(jié)合化學(xué)特征和子實(shí)上層K反應(yīng)進(jìn)行綜合研究。下一步應(yīng)繼續(xù)增加地圖衣屬物種序列,綜合表型與基因型特征,進(jìn)一步探討該屬的屬下、種間的劃分依據(jù),以期建立更趨合理自然的分類系統(tǒng)。
世界Badioatrum group物種檢索表
1.地衣體棕色,裂片表面凹陷呈臍葉狀,有膠質(zhì)層分布,髓層I-,孢子(20~24) μm × (10~15) μm,含巴巴酸
R. rittokense (Hellb.) Th. Fr.
1.地衣體裂片非臍葉狀,表面平整或凸起呈球形2
2.地衣體表面有衣癭分布(由第二光合共生物與共生真菌構(gòu)成)R. hensseniae Brodo
2.地衣體表面無衣癭分布3
3.子囊孢子通常較小,長(zhǎng)度為12~22 μm4
3.子囊孢子較大,長(zhǎng)度為22~42 μm8
4.髓層呈黃色,含地圖衣酸R. flavomedullosum Elix amp; P. M. McCarthy
4.髓層白色,不含地圖衣酸5
5.髓層I-,子實(shí)上層深藍(lán)色,K-,孢子較小,(12~15) "μm × (7~7.5) μmR. alaxense J. W. Thomson
5.髓層I+藍(lán)色6
6.地衣體含有布爾吉尼克酸,孢子長(zhǎng)度為15~24 μmR. vigilans P. M. McCarthy amp; Elix
6.地衣體有或無三苔色酸,孢子較小,長(zhǎng)度12~16 μm7
7.地衣體缺失或發(fā)育不良,子實(shí)上層棕黑色,子實(shí)層淺紅色,孢子棕色,(12.5~20) "μm × (5~7.5) μm,不含化學(xué)物質(zhì)R. umense (H. Magn.) A. Nordin
7.地衣體發(fā)育較好,子實(shí)上層棕色,子實(shí)層無色,孢子為橄欖綠或棕色,(12.5~16) "μm × (6.5~7.5) μm,有或無三苔色酸R. simillimum (Anzi) Lettau
8.子實(shí)上層橄欖棕色至墨綠色,K-,分布可溶于K試劑的晶體9
8.子實(shí)上層紅棕色至深棕色,K+紫紅色,無晶體分布10
9.地衣體淺灰色至深灰色或深棕色,裂片直徑約1 mm,表面無粉霜,有或無光澤,平整或呈球狀凸起;髓層K+黃色,K±紅色(含有斑點(diǎn)酸,±降斑點(diǎn)酸)R. copelandii (K?rb.) Th. Fr.
9.地衣體深棕色,裂片直徑可達(dá)1.5 mm,表面通常有灰色粉霜,無光澤,平整或略有凸起,連續(xù)分布;髓層K+黃色,只含斑點(diǎn)酸R. jemtlandicum Malme
10.髓層K+黃色,只含斑點(diǎn)酸,孢子(28~38) μm × (12~18) μmR. cinereonigrum Vain.
10.髓層K-,不含斑點(diǎn)酸11
11.地衣體含有三苔色酸,孢子橄欖棕色,(35~40) μm × (10~15) μmR. sinense Zahlbr
11.地衣體不含有三苔色酸12
12.地衣體裂片連續(xù)分布,前地衣體通常分布在地衣體邊緣,孢子較小,(23~36) "μm × (13~16) μm,含有地弗地衣酸或無化學(xué)物質(zhì)R. badioatrum (Fl?rke ex Spreng.) Th. Fr.
12.地衣體裂片呈分散分布,前地衣體通常分布在裂片之間,孢子較大,[(27~)32~42.5] μm × [12.5~17.5(~20)] μm,含有巴巴酸R. sichuanense Y. "M. Zhang, L. Hu amp; W. C. Wang
Key to species of Badioatrum group in the world
1.Thallus brown, composed of umbilicate areolaes with epinecral layer, medulla I-, ascospores (20-24) μm × (10-15) μm, containing barbatic acidR. rittokense (Hellb.) Th. Fr.
1. Thallus composed of plane or convex areolaes, never umbilicate2
2. Thallus cephalodiate (which composed of second photosynthetic symbiont and symbiotic fungus)R. hensseniae Brodo
2. Thallus not cephalodiate3
3. Ascospores small, 12-22 μm long4
3. Ascospores large, 22-42 μm long8
4. Medulla yellow above, containing rhizocarpic acidR. flavomedullosum Elix amp; P. M. McCarthy
4. Medulla white, not containing rhizocarpic acid5
5. Medulla I-, epihymenium black-blue, K-, ascospores (12-15) μm× (7-7.5) μmR. alaxense J. W. Thomson
5. Medulla I+blue6
6. Containing bourgeanic acid, ascospores 15-24 μm longR. vigilans P. M. McCarthy amp; Elix
6. Containing ±gyrophoric acid, ascospores small, 12-16 μm long7
7. Thallus reduced, epihymenium black brown, hymenium pale red, ascospores brown, (12.5-20) μm × (5-7.5) μm, containing no substanceR. umense (H. Magn.) A. Nordin
7. Thallus well developed, epihymenium brown, hymenium hyaline, ascospores olive-green or brown, (12.5-16) "μm × (6.5-7.5) μm, containing ± gyrophoric acidR. simillimum (Anzi) Lettau
8. Epihymenium olive-brown to green-black, K-, containing crystals dissolving in K9
8. Epihymenium red-brown to dark brown, K+ red, not containing crystals10
9. Thallus "pale grey to dark grey or dark brown, areolaes up to 1 mm diam, without pruina, dull or shiny, plane to bullate; medulla K+ yellow, K± red, containing stictic acid and ±norstictic acidR. copelandii (K?rb.) Th. Fr.
9. Thallus dark brown, areolae up to 1.5 mm diam, with faintly grey pruinose, dull, plane to weakly convex; medulla K+ yellow, containing stictic acid onlyR. jemtlandicum Malme
10. Medulla K+ yellow, containing stictic acid only, ascospores (28-38) μm × (12-18) μm
R. cinereonigrum Vain.
10. Medulla K-, not containing stictic acid11
11. Thallus containing gyrophoric acid, spore olive-brown, (35-40) μm × (10-15) μm
R. sinense Zahlbr
11. Thallus not containing gyrophoric acid12
12. Areoles continuous, prothallus present along the margin, ascospores smaller (23-36) μm × (13-16) μm, containing diffractaic acid or no substancesR. badioatrum (Fl?rke ex Spreng.) Th. Fr.
12. Areoles more or less scattered, prolthallus present between the areoles, ascospores [(27-)32-42.5] μm × [12.5-17.5(-20)] μm,containing barbatic acidR. sichuanense Y. M. Zhang, L. Hu amp; W. C. Wang
致謝"感謝中國科學(xué)院昆明植物研究所隱花植物標(biāo)本館地衣多樣性實(shí)驗(yàn)室王立松研究員和王欣宇副研究員在標(biāo)本借閱中給予的大力支持。本論文得到山東省屬普通本科高校教師訪學(xué)研修經(jīng)費(fèi)資助。
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(責(zé)任編輯"鄧斯麗)
張彥猛等: 中國西南地區(qū)地圖衣屬一新種——四川地圖衣
收稿日期: "2023-11-10"接受日期: 2023-12-07
基金項(xiàng)目: "國家自然科學(xué)基金(31750001, 31900010)。
第一作者: 張彥猛(1998—),碩士研究生,主要研究方向?yàn)橹参锷鷳B(tài)學(xué),(E-mail) 2818872925@qq.com。
通信作者: "胡玲,博士,講師,研究方向?yàn)榈匾路诸悓W(xué),(E-mail) hu_ling_123@163.com。