文| 倪曉南
英語(yǔ)課程倡導(dǎo)指向?qū)W科核心素養(yǎng)發(fā)展的自主學(xué)習(xí)、合作學(xué)習(xí)、探究學(xué)習(xí)等學(xué)習(xí)方式。教師應(yīng)設(shè)計(jì)具有綜合性、關(guān)聯(lián)性和實(shí)踐性特點(diǎn)的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng),使學(xué)生通過學(xué)習(xí)理解、應(yīng)用實(shí)踐、遷移創(chuàng)新等一系列融語(yǔ)言、文化、思維為一體的活動(dòng),提高英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)能力和運(yùn)用能力。教師還應(yīng)運(yùn)用形成性評(píng)價(jià)與綜合性評(píng)價(jià)相結(jié)合的評(píng)價(jià)方式,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)監(jiān)控和調(diào)整英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)、學(xué)習(xí)方式和學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)程。
作業(yè)是學(xué)生每天完成的再平常不過的學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù),是一種有目的、有指導(dǎo)、有組織的學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)。作業(yè)應(yīng)具有指向明確、重點(diǎn)突出、數(shù)量合理、內(nèi)在邏輯性強(qiáng)、任務(wù)明確、內(nèi)容正確、符合學(xué)生身心特征、作業(yè)難度搭配和比例合理等特點(diǎn)。因此,核心素養(yǎng)導(dǎo)向下的作業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)該:(1)形式多樣化,以培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)新精神為主;(2)注重對(duì)學(xué)生人文素養(yǎng)的培養(yǎng);(3)注重發(fā)展學(xué)生的自主學(xué)習(xí)能力。
單元類作業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)是以單元為基本單位,教師根據(jù)特定的單元學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)和相應(yīng)的單元教學(xué)任務(wù),以多種形式和途徑編制、選擇、改編完善或自主開發(fā)形成作業(yè)的過程。項(xiàng)目化學(xué)習(xí)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生在真實(shí)情境中發(fā)現(xiàn)問題、解決問題,又在解決問題的過程中發(fā)現(xiàn)新問題,點(diǎn)燃和呵護(hù)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)熱情,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生探究并體驗(yàn)包括學(xué)科知識(shí)在內(nèi)的外部世界,發(fā)展對(duì)學(xué)科外部世界的興趣。以譯林版八年級(jí)下冊(cè)Unit 8 A green world 的Project:Green campus 為例,具體闡述單元項(xiàng)目實(shí)踐類作業(yè)的設(shè)計(jì)和啟示。
A green world 單元旨在讓學(xué)生在已有生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)和人文地理方面知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備的基礎(chǔ)上,形成環(huán)保意識(shí)和主人翁意識(shí),踐行綠色生活理念。在單元學(xué)習(xí)結(jié)束后,我設(shè)計(jì)了基于單元主題的單元項(xiàng)目實(shí)踐類作業(yè)——Project:Green campus,通過整合整個(gè)單元的內(nèi)容,設(shè)計(jì)了三項(xiàng)作業(yè),旨在引導(dǎo)學(xué)生完成真實(shí)任務(wù)的同時(shí),懂得如何從日常的小事做起,過健康綠色的生活并且保護(hù)環(huán)境。作業(yè)創(chuàng)設(shè)“綠色校園”的主題語(yǔ)境,以德育為引導(dǎo),將作業(yè)與生活融合,從單元的話題和學(xué)生的生活實(shí)際方面尋找結(jié)合點(diǎn),通過完成三個(gè)難度層層遞進(jìn)的任務(wù),從而形成情感的觸動(dòng)。
◆作業(yè)一
為“綠色校園”活動(dòng)的開幕式錄制一段視頻,介紹如何過綠色的生活。
1.Record a video to introduce how we students live a green life in our daily lives,upload it to the QQ group of the class.
2.Watch other classmates’videos and choose the best video according to the following evaluation form.(見表1)
表1 作業(yè)一評(píng)價(jià)表
演講稿示例:
Speech script
Dear teachers and students in Zhongying Middle School.
Today I’d like to say something about how to live a green life.
There are many things we can do to live a green life. For example, we can save water by taking shorter showers. We can save energy by turning off the lights when we leave a room. What’s more, we can reduce air pollution by riding bikes. My dad used to drive me to school, but now we take the underground. I think it is wise for people to choose public transport or ride bicycles. As students, using both sides of the paper,doing more exercise and watching less TV are all good ways to help us live a green life.
It’s time for us to take action to go green. Let’s follow these small steps and make a big difference to the earth.
(設(shè)計(jì)說明:本項(xiàng)作業(yè)要求學(xué)生為“綠色校園”活動(dòng)的開幕式錄制一段視頻,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生在對(duì)課內(nèi)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)做進(jìn)一步鞏固和操練的同時(shí),清楚地知道可以做哪些事情來(lái)過綠色生活,增強(qiáng)環(huán)境保護(hù)意識(shí)和社會(huì)責(zé)任感。)
啟示:項(xiàng)目化作業(yè)能將學(xué)生已有的知識(shí)進(jìn)行連接,將知識(shí)內(nèi)在的邏輯建立起來(lái)。學(xué)生將本單元獲取的詞匯和句型進(jìn)行梳理、概括、分析、整合,最終形成有邏輯性的文段。在這個(gè)過程中,學(xué)生的概念建構(gòu)能力得到了提升。
◆作業(yè)二
在校園中尋找和綠色生活相關(guān)的事物,如樹木、分類垃圾箱等,并為它們制作“名片”。
1.Find out the things which has something to do with environmental protection in the campus and make a“name card”with words and pictures to introduce at least one thing by searching for some information from books and the internet.
2.Evaluate their works by themselves and with each other according to the following evaluation form.(見表2)
表2 作業(yè)二評(píng)價(jià)表
名片示例:
Ginkgo trees are seen in most places in Nanjing.They are very useful. People get wood and food from them and they also provide people with ingredients for medicines. At the same time,they reduce air pollution and keep soil in place in storms.(圖片略)
(設(shè)計(jì)說明:在校園中尋找和綠色生活相關(guān)的東西,并為它們制作“名片”,指導(dǎo)學(xué)生通過收集資料發(fā)現(xiàn)綠色生活、環(huán)境保護(hù)就在身邊,幫助學(xué)生深刻理解保護(hù)樹木、正確進(jìn)行垃圾分類等行為的重要性。)
啟示:優(yōu)先考慮項(xiàng)目化作業(yè)與真實(shí)世界的聯(lián)系,這樣能最大限度地激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣。在興趣指引下,學(xué)生梳理語(yǔ)言脈絡(luò),重構(gòu)知識(shí)框架,盡可能地靈活運(yùn)用所學(xué)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)表達(dá)觀點(diǎn),促進(jìn)語(yǔ)言的個(gè)性化輸出。此外,在制作“名片”的過程中,學(xué)生的創(chuàng)造性也得到了不同程度的發(fā)展。
◆作業(yè)三
小組合作,為“綠色校園”主題活動(dòng)制定一個(gè)活動(dòng)方案。
1.Discuss in groups and decide the subject of the programme according to the present situation of the campus’environment and students’living and studying habits.
2.Collect information in team work,draw the mind map and write the plan.
3.Select a representative to share the plan with other groups and fill in the following evaluation form.(見表3)
表3 作業(yè)三評(píng)價(jià)表
活動(dòng)方案示例:
A plan for a green campus
In order to make our school greener, we plan to organize an activity to call on the students to reduce the use of paper napkins.
According to our research, nearly 60% of the students in Grade Eight use paper napkins. If so, the bad habit would cost nearly 40 hectares of trees to be cut down every 24 hours as paper is made from wood.We are destroying our best fighters against the pollution.In addition, sometimes paper napkins are thrown on the floor or in the playground. They make our campus dirty. We need to change the bad habit right now.
Firstly, we will make a leaflet to tell the students why we should use napkins made of cloth instead of paper ones. Secondly, we will hand out the leaflets to the students at school. Finally, we will make a proposal to use paper napkins as little as possible on the school assembly next Monday morning.
We hope this activity will improve our school environment and make our school life greener.
(設(shè)計(jì)說明:聚焦校園環(huán)境問題,指導(dǎo)學(xué)生通過小組合作,運(yùn)用所學(xué)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)和技能解決實(shí)際生活中的問題,從自己做起,創(chuàng)造綠色校園環(huán)境。)
啟示:項(xiàng)目化作業(yè)正是因?yàn)楸M可能地連接了單元話題和學(xué)生生活,才使學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)在真實(shí)生活中發(fā)生了。在作業(yè)交流中采用共同性原則的分組模式,學(xué)生的團(tuán)隊(duì)合作能力、語(yǔ)言表達(dá)能力和社交能力都有了很大的提升。在完成項(xiàng)目化作業(yè)的過程中,學(xué)生有相同的目標(biāo),都愿意更好地組織、策劃、完善并達(dá)成這個(gè)目標(biāo),而且在學(xué)習(xí)過程中對(duì)教材話題有了更深層次的理解。
通過此次實(shí)踐探究,我深刻意識(shí)到在項(xiàng)目化作業(yè)開發(fā)和實(shí)踐過程中,作業(yè)不再局限于考查聽、說、讀、寫能力。學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言應(yīng)用、團(tuán)隊(duì)合作等學(xué)習(xí)能力因此都將得到提高。本次作業(yè)的三個(gè)項(xiàng)目化學(xué)習(xí)評(píng)價(jià)表,旨在引導(dǎo)學(xué)生關(guān)注語(yǔ)言表達(dá)的準(zhǔn)確性和流利性,幫助學(xué)生增強(qiáng)環(huán)保意識(shí)并樹立綠色發(fā)展的理念,從語(yǔ)言知識(shí)、語(yǔ)言技能、情感態(tài)度與價(jià)值觀三個(gè)方面綜合考量學(xué)生。學(xué)生在完成作業(yè)的過程中,突破了傳統(tǒng)作業(yè)固化的框架體系和碎片化的學(xué)習(xí)模式,以統(tǒng)整而非疊加的系統(tǒng)學(xué)習(xí)方式搭建原有知識(shí)框架,發(fā)展思維品質(zhì),完善情感價(jià)值,提升核心素養(yǎng)。