圣盧卡斯Xolox歷史中心街區(qū)更新
——公共空間與水利基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施視角下的風(fēng)貌重塑

Taller Capital事務(wù)所

墨西哥圣盧卡斯Xolox歷史中心街區(qū)的更新是在一個特殊的時空節(jié)點進(jìn)行的。2018年底，在全民公投決定取消NAIM機(jī)場項目后，民眾呼吁將前圣盧西亞軍事空軍基地（墨西哥第一空軍基地）作為建造菲利普·安赫萊斯機(jī)場（AIFA）的新址。這項決策將使項目周邊乃至墨西哥州臨近地區(qū)面臨航空活動的壓力，因為建設(shè)機(jī)場基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施會對人員流動、土地使用、環(huán)境污染和城鎮(zhèn)發(fā)展等諸多方面產(chǎn)生影響，而這些問題還有待研究與協(xié)調(diào)。此外，在2020年新冠病毒疫情全球大流行和盛行隔離措施的背景下，人們開始反思公共空間與私人空間的質(zhì)量，以及這些空間的可達(dá)性對社會經(jīng)濟(jì)和醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生造成的影響。

圣盧卡斯Xolox小鎮(zhèn)大約建于11世紀(jì)，是菲利普·安赫萊斯機(jī)場周邊地區(qū)之一。小鎮(zhèn)事務(wù)由社區(qū)委員會管理，委員會始終不提倡過度開發(fā)，而是強(qiáng)調(diào)保留小鎮(zhèn)本身的風(fēng)貌及內(nèi)涵。此前，和該地區(qū)很多其他小鎮(zhèn)一樣，圣盧卡斯Xolox小鎮(zhèn)的歷史核心區(qū)被劃分為若干街道，但這破壞了主廣場與歷史建筑之間的聯(lián)系與協(xié)調(diào)統(tǒng)一。2020年，基于小鎮(zhèn)的歷史價值和靠近機(jī)場的特殊區(qū)位，墨西哥農(nóng)業(yè)、土地和城市發(fā)展部（SEDATU）將Xolox選為待更新的區(qū)域之一，以協(xié)調(diào)未來建設(shè)所帶來的沖突與機(jī)遇。

1 平面圖Site plan

2 歷史中心街區(qū)鳥瞰圖Bird’s-eye view of Historic Center

3 人行區(qū)域設(shè)計前后對比Pedestrian area design before and after

機(jī)場建設(shè)和疫情帶來的影響使該地區(qū)的改造變得十分必要，設(shè)計師需要思考如何重塑圣盧卡斯Xolox歷史中心街區(qū)的風(fēng)貌，進(jìn)而協(xié)調(diào)城市、社會和人居環(huán)境之間的關(guān)系。本項目聚焦區(qū)域尺度，著重解決當(dāng)?shù)氐母鞣N現(xiàn)狀問題來提升居民日常生活品質(zhì)，并將小鎮(zhèn)打造成更具吸引力的旅游勝地，也為往來于機(jī)場的流動人口提供游憩空間。此外，項目考慮增加步行區(qū)域和公共廣場，以滿足使用者對于公共空間和共享設(shè)施的需求。整個方案包括4個明確的設(shè)計策略：水資源管理、交通流動性、幾何式構(gòu)圖以及適宜材料的選取。

在水資源管理方面，設(shè)計提出重置現(xiàn)有的城市景觀，創(chuàng)造街道與人行道共享的新空間，以便在暴雨高發(fā)期疏導(dǎo)雨水；順應(yīng)現(xiàn)有地形構(gòu)建多邊形的街道，從而調(diào)整雨水徑流方向；對應(yīng)等高線的不同高程修建一系列平臺，為雨水創(chuàng)造低速、水平流淌的條件，分擔(dān)排水系統(tǒng)不力所造成的洪水壓力。

為了處理行人與車輛的流動性問題，項目對現(xiàn)狀交通進(jìn)行了重新規(guī)劃與引導(dǎo)，縮減了各路段道路寬度，使車輛減速，并將多出的空間讓與行人。此前，汽車數(shù)量一旦增加，人行道空間就會受到擠壓，影響當(dāng)?shù)貙W(xué)校、商店、宗教建筑和政府等場所的功能與交流。

4 中心廣場Central plaza

5 歷史建筑Historic buildings

為了突出圣盧卡斯Xolox街區(qū)的本土特征，同時保護(hù)當(dāng)?shù)刂匾臍v史紀(jì)念碑及相關(guān)設(shè)施，項目提出使用當(dāng)?shù)厥倪M(jìn)行同質(zhì)干預(yù)與設(shè)計。人行道、車道、廣場、十字路口及雨水管道采用不同肌理的石材與排布方式，方便人們理解空間用途?！爸厥班l(xiāng)土材料”的干預(yù)方式有助于重塑圣盧卡斯Xolox的城市形象，這也促成了與殖民地和后殖民地建筑的對話——這些建筑如今依然服務(wù)于居民的日常生活與慶典活動。幾何形狀的平臺、廣場及統(tǒng)一風(fēng)格的路面材料呼應(yīng)了教區(qū)與修道院的歷史、文化價值，通過連接歷史建筑和新建建筑，融入街道風(fēng)貌之中，并將整個區(qū)域統(tǒng)一起來。

在項目二期中，Xolox小鎮(zhèn)的小學(xué)也按照同樣的原則進(jìn)行了更新，通過使用火山石材料、水資源管理、幾何式構(gòu)圖和塑造地形等方式使新的元素和原有元素相統(tǒng)一。對現(xiàn)有教學(xué)樓內(nèi)的教室進(jìn)行了翻新，在學(xué)校的南側(cè)創(chuàng)建了一個面向圣胡安街道的新建筑。用透水的火山灰?guī)r做成石階來圍合校園的庭院和足球場，這些石階可作為運動賽事和日?；顒拥目磁_。

歷史中心街區(qū)和小學(xué)2個改造項目相得益彰，營造出更多的公共空間和更通透的邊界，使不同類型的使用者都能夠在此使用、交流。雖然獨立的改造方式一定程度上可以改善小鎮(zhèn)情況，但整體兼顧的方式能帶來更多效益，使圣盧卡斯Xolox小鎮(zhèn)居民的日常生活煥然一新。現(xiàn)在，除了自己的居所，居民們還多了一個額外的空間可以利用，并吸引了更多游客，提升了當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)水平。

Taller Capital事務(wù)所的其他項目也采取了類似的設(shè)計手法，將公共空間和水利基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施相結(jié)合。例如位于蒂華納郊區(qū)的?？齐ㄌ貭柟珗@項目，要求將一個堆滿廢墟的峽谷改造成一個公園。該項目采用回收的輪胎建設(shè)了一套包含擋墻、堤壩和平臺等的鄉(xiāng)土構(gòu)筑系統(tǒng)，這套系統(tǒng)可以引導(dǎo)雨水，減少地表徑流和侵蝕。位于索諾拉州諾加萊斯的科洛西奧堤壩項目要求在水體旁邊設(shè)計一個公園，因此事務(wù)所在該公園建設(shè)了一系列可淹沒的公共空間和人行走廊，這些新的設(shè)施成為聯(lián)系當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)和水體之間的紐帶，同時兼顧水資源管理需求和游憩需求，也帶動了居民參與公共活動。

圣盧卡斯Xolox歷史中心截取更新項目除了考慮當(dāng)時所處的疫情背景外，還制定了一系列具有普遍價值的設(shè)計策略，如無障礙設(shè)施、水資源管理、歷史保護(hù)和鄉(xiāng)土風(fēng)貌重塑等，實現(xiàn)了公共空間和水利基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施相結(jié)合。理想情況下，未來Xolox小鎮(zhèn)周圍的其他城鎮(zhèn)也能將其歷史中心街區(qū)重塑成社會空間，周邊所有小鎮(zhèn)連結(jié)成一個區(qū)域網(wǎng)絡(luò)，服務(wù)于當(dāng)?shù)鼐用窈土鲃尤丝凇C(jī)場的建造與新型冠狀病毒給小鎮(zhèn)帶來的影響將隨著時間的推移越來越明顯，而現(xiàn)階段的該項目就已經(jīng)可以給周邊居民的日?；顒优c節(jié)日慶典帶來積極影響。

（編輯 / 邊紫琳 李清清）

項目地點：墨西哥圣盧卡斯Xolox

場地面積：18 091 m2

竣工日期：2021年

總預(yù)算：3 350萬比索（約1 325.3萬人民幣）

委托方：墨西哥土地、農(nóng)業(yè)和城市發(fā)展部（SEDATU）

設(shè)計公司：Taller Capital事務(wù)所

景觀設(shè)計：Entorno paisaje

水文設(shè)計：Taller Id

建筑設(shè)計：何塞·巴勃羅·安布羅西·洛雷塔·卡斯特羅、阿蘭·佩雷斯·奧特加、阿隆索·洛佩斯、卡塔利娜·維加、阿爾貝托·博拉尼奧斯

撰文：帕布羅·戈爾丁

圖片來源：拉斐爾·加莫、曼努埃爾·阿巴德、梅蘭妮·羅德里格斯、帕夫林

翻譯：黃新悅

校對：吳丹子

The project for the renovation of the historic center of San Lucas Xolox is circumscribed in a specific moment and site of Mexico.After the cancellation of the NAIM airport project in late 2018 decided by a referendum in which voters could demand for a new location for the project, a new site was chosen on the former Santa Lucia military airbase (Mexican Air Force base No.1) to place the new Felipe ángeles Airport (AIFA).With this decision the perimeter of the project and the surrounding districts in the State of Mexico would be confronted to the stress of the aeronautical activity and the many implications that come with airport infrastructures in terms of mobility, land use, pollution and development to be analyzed and mitigated.Furthermore in 2020, Covid-19 global pandemic and the consequent isolation measures became a reason to rethink the socioeconomic and sanitary consequences of the quality and accessibility of public and private spaces.

San Lucas Xolox, one of the adjacent communities to the AIFA is a small town founded approximately in the XI century, governed by a communal committee who constantly fights against development to maintain its character and dignity.Previously, like many of the towns in the area, the historic core had been divided into streets,breaking the unity of the main square and the relevance of its historic buildings.In 2020, due to its historic relevance and proximity to the airport, it was chosen by the Mexican Secretariat for Agrarian,Land and Urban Development (SEDATU) as one of the areas to be improved as a mitigatory effort to conciliate the conflicts and opportunities of this new infrastructure.

The previous necessity of renovation combined with the impact of the AIFA and the pandemics became an invitation to reflect on how to reshape an identity for San Lucas Xolox that could conciliate urban, social and environmental concerns.The intervention project focuses on solving both local problems to improve the daily life experience and regional concerns to become an attractive space for tourism and the floating population from the airport.Furthermore, the use of public space and shared facilities reinforce the need to increase pedestrian areas and public squares in the area.The architectural program was developed through four clear guidelines that structure the proposal: water, mobility, geometry and materiality.

6 鄉(xiāng)土材質(zhì)的鋪裝Paving with rustic texture

7 慢行空間Slow moving space

In terms of water management, the project proposes to reconfigure the existing urban landscape, creating a new space shared with roads and pedestrian sidewalks for the conduction and slowing of rainwater during peak storms.The conduction of rainwater runoff is defined by the adaptation of the streets of the polygon to its topography proposing a series of platforms that correspond to each contour line.This will allow the generation of a surface that manages to distribute the rainwater runoff horizontally and at a low speed to counter the pressing problem of flooding caused by an insufficient drainage system.

Addressing pedestrian and vehicular mobility,the project reconfigures the existing vehicular stream, to create one that allows the width of the road to be reduced in all its sections and to reduce the speed of vehicles and assign that recovered space to pedestrians.Previously, as the amount of cars grew, the pedestrian spaces were reduced,affecting also the functionment and interactions between the primary school, the local shops and the religious and governmental buildings.

From the materiality perspective for the purpose of reinforcement of the identity of San Lucas Xolox and the historical preservation of its monuments and equipment, the project proposed a homogeneous intervention with local stone from the site.The texture and arrangement allow us to understand the use that will be given to the space where it is placed: the sidewalk, the vehicular stream, the plaza, the pedestrian crossing or the pluvial channel.This intervention contributes to revalue a fundamental material within the urban image of San Lucas Xolox and also creates a dialogue with preexisting colonial and post colonial buildings that continue to host festivities and the daily life of the inhabitants.The geometry of the platforms and the square and the described unification of the pavement materials becomes a claim for the historical and cultural value of the parish and the hermitages that can expand through the streets linking historical and recent buildings and unifying the whole area.

In a second phase, the elementary school was also renovated following the same principles integrating new and pre existing elements through the use of volcanic stone, water management,geometry and topography.Preexisting classroom buildings host refurbished classrooms and a new building is created in the south side of the site facing San Juan Street.The courtyard and football field are surrounded by Tepetate stone terraces that infiltrate water and work as bleachers for events and daily activities.

Both projects, the renovation of the historic center and the renovation of the elementary school complement each other generating public spaces and porous borders that allow all stakeholders to coexist and dialogue.Whereas isolated actions can help to improve the area, the sum of all efforts and the harmony between the parts is what generates the difference for the daily life of the inhabitants of San Lucas Xolox who now have an additional space to use beyond their own homes and attract visitors to nourish the local economy.

Similar intentions and thoughts can be traced in other projects of Taller Capital combining public space and water infrastructure.In Xicoténcatl park in Tijuana, the project brief demanded to transform a ravine full of debris into a park.To generate contention walls and conduct water in order to reduce run-offs and erosion, the project adapted a local construction system made with recycled tyres.In Nogales Sonora, the Colosio embankment project brief demanded to design a park next to a water body.The project proposed the creation of a series of floodable public spaces and pedestrian corridors that could combine hydric necessities with social ones.As a result the new equipment encouraged public activities for the inhabitants and the infrastructural proposal generated a different relation between the local community and water.

Beyond the specific political and sanitary circumstances in which the Renovation of the Historic Center of San Lucas Xolox is circumscribed, the project portrays a serie of design strategies that rely on universal values of accessibility, water management, historical preservation and local manufacturing towards a new identity in which public space and water infrastructure are combined by design.It is desirable that surrounding towns and urbanizations can also consolidate their historical centers as a social space developing a network of renovated areas to serve both local and floating populations.As impacts of the AIFA airport and COVID-19 pandemic will become visible through time in San Lucas Xolox, it is currently possible to appreciate the impact of the project on daily activities and festivities in the perimeter of the project.