黑龍江人

崔玉華

一方水土養(yǎng)一方人

中國北方有兩道嶺，因?yàn)樘幵凇皹O寒之地”，所以它們被世居那里的滿族人賦予了“興安”的名號(hào)。大興安嶺和小興安嶺起伏連綿，成掎角之勢，如兄弟般相互守望。他們雖然不高，卻是抵擋西伯利亞寒流的第一道屏障。大地母親贈(zèng)予兄弟倆莽莽蒼蒼的原始林海，作為他們御寒的“衣裳”。

ere are two mountain ranges lying in the land of extremecoldness in Northeast China， and they are called “Xing’an”， or“Prosperity and Peace”， by the local Manchu people. The GreatXing’an Range and the Small Xing’an Range are positioned liketwo horns of a bull or two brothers supporting each other in abattle. Although the two “brothers” are not tall， they are the _rstbarrier against the Siberian cold waves. _e mother earth clothesthe two brothers with lush primeval forests， protecting them fromthe cold climate.

中國北方還有一條河，他把自己的名字給了他流經(jīng)的地方。因?yàn)檫@里富含腐殖質(zhì)的土壤給了他青黑的顏色，這里寬廣的胸懷給了他蜿蜒如龍的形狀，這條河叫“黑龍江”，河流經(jīng)的省就叫“黑龍江”。在黑龍江省，還有完達(dá)山、老爺嶺、松花江、嫩江等無數(shù)“兒郎”，他們齊心協(xié)力，孕育出丘陵山谷，孕育出濕地沼澤，也孕育出平原草場。

ere is also a river in Northeast China whose name is givento the land it nourishes. _e humus-rich soil of this land givesthe river a black hue and the level surface of the land gives theriver a meandering shape like a dragon， hence both the riverand the province it winds through are called Heilongjiang， orthe “black dragon river”. Heilongjiang Province is also hometo other landmarks like Wanda Mountain， Laoye Mountain，Sungari River， and Nenjiang River. Together， these mountainsand rivers form the landscape of undulating hills and valleys，wetlands and grasslands.

闖關(guān)東

候鳥的遷徙是出于本能，人口的遷移卻是迫于無奈。所謂“窮家難舍，故土難離”，如果不是陷入絕境，固守家園的人們怎會(huì)選擇離鄉(xiāng)背井這條辛苦的遷移之路？從中國明朝末年開始至近代，先后有五次大規(guī)模的人口遷移：闖關(guān)東、走西口、蹚古道、赴金山、下南洋。其中，“闖關(guān)東”指的是中原地區(qū)的人們?nèi)ド胶ｊP(guān)以東（即東北三?。┲\生。一個(gè)“闖”字，道盡了這一路的艱險(xiǎn)與苦難。清朝政府將東北看作滿族的“龍興”之地，因此曾實(shí)行嚴(yán)厲的“封關(guān)”政策，禁止?jié)h人進(jìn)入關(guān)東。但陽光總在風(fēng)雨后，付出總會(huì)有回報(bào)。黑龍江像東北地區(qū)的另外兩個(gè)省份一樣，敞開胸懷接納了衣衫襤褸、遠(yuǎn)道而來投奔此地的孩子：滿族人為他們帶來食糧；蒙古族人幫他們蓋起氈房；鄂倫春人帶他們?nèi)ド搅执颢C；赫哲族人教他們打漁織網(wǎng)……這片蠻荒而肥沃的黑色凍土，給每一個(gè)吃苦耐勞的人以溫暖和希望。一批批來自中原地區(qū)的難民闖進(jìn)關(guān)東，扎根邊疆，繁衍生息。同時(shí)，他們也帶來了中原的技術(shù)，帶來了農(nóng)耕文明，把所受恩情轉(zhuǎn)化成技術(shù)薪火傳遞給后世子孫，傳遞給新黑龍江人。

While it is the instinct of migratory birds to embark ontheir ceaseless journey， human beings are usually reluctantto leave their home behind. As shown in the Chineseidiom， “even a poor home is di_cult to leave”， the homelovingpeople would never have chosen the hazard road ofmigration if not driven by sheer desperation. _ere havebeen five major migrations in Chinese history from theend of the Ming Dynasty to the _rst half of the twentiethcentury summarized as such： （exploringeast of the Shanhai Pass）， （going west of theGreat Wall）， （trekking the ancient trade routesto Sichuan and Tibet）， （sailing for San Francisogold mines）， and （going down the SouthChina Sea）. Among them， means peopleoriginally living in the central plains of China migrating tothe east of the Shanhai Pass， i.e. into the Northeast ChinaPlain. The “chuang” in the phrase， meaning “charginginto”， captures vividly the risks and pains su_ered in thismigration process. The Northeast China Plain had beendeemed by the Qing Dynasty Manchu rulers as the “originof the dragon”， so they had closed the Shanhai Pass to Hanpeople and strictly forbade Han people to enter there. Yetthere is always a glorious sunshine awaiting a_er the storm.Heilongjiang， like the two other provinces in NortheastChina， opened its fertile land to the haggard migratorsfrom afar： the Manchu people brought them grains， theMongolians helped them build up tents， the Oroqenpeople taught them to hunt in the forest， and the Hezhepeople taught them fishing and netting… This wild andfertile frozen land of black soil promises hope and warmthto everyone who is persevering and hardworking. Wavesof refugees from central China came through the ShanhaiPass and settled down in this frontier area. Meanwhile，they brought with them the agricultural technology fromthe Central Plains and spread it in this area as an enduringgesture of gratitude.

北大荒

“北大荒”，狹義上指的是黑龍江省北部三江平原、黑龍江沿河平原及嫩江流域廣大荒蕪地區(qū)，后來擴(kuò)展為東北肥沃而蠻荒的黑土地。說它肥沃，是因?yàn)楸贝蠡氖鞘澜缛蠛谕翈е?，土壤中有機(jī)質(zhì)含量非常高，有“捏把黑土冒油花，插雙筷子也發(fā)芽”的說法，非常適合農(nóng)作物生長。說它蠻荒，是因?yàn)楸贝蠡淖怨乓詠肀闱G棘叢生，沼澤遍布，人跡罕至。受西伯利亞寒流影響，這里的冬季寒冷而漫長，最低氣溫可達(dá)零下48℃，凍土層最厚可達(dá)2.5 米。

The Great North Wilderness， in its narrow sense，refers to the wild land of the Sanjiang Plain， theHeilongjiang River basin and Nenjiang River basin lyingin the north of Heilongjiang Province. In the broad sense，it is later used to refer to the fertile yet uncultivated blacksoil of Northeast China. The Great North Wildernessis one of the three black soil belts in the world， knownfor its fertile black soil rich in humus and ideal foragricultural production， illustrated by the saying， “Sonutritious is the black soil that it oozes oil and even a pairof chopsticks stuck in it can grow.” Yet it is also a land ofwilderness， for since time immemorial this area had beencovered in thorns and swamps and scarcely accessible topeople. A_ected by the Siberian cold waves， the wintershere are harsh and long， with the minimum temperaturesometimes dropping to —48℃. _e layer of frozen earthcan be as much as 2.5 meters thick.

中華人民共和國成立后，為了解決糧食短缺的問題，自1958 年起，北大荒開始大規(guī)模開發(fā)，數(shù)萬人從全國各地、五湖四海來到這里。原來的戰(zhàn)士放下槍支，原來的知識(shí)青年放下書筆，原來的機(jī)關(guān)干部離開辦公室……來到北大荒，成為拓荒人。他們最開始的工作就是拿起鐮刀和鍬、鎬，開墾荒地，改造沼澤。他們的敵人是嚴(yán)寒，是酷暑，是蚊蟲野獸，是遍地荊棘……

Large-scale developmental projects had been carriedout in the Great North Wilderness since 1958 shortly a_erthe founding of the People’s Republic of China to tackle thefood shortage issue. Tens of thousands of people， includingformer soldiers， educated youth and government o_cialsleft behind their homes and came here to become tillersof the land. Their first task was to use sickles， picks andspades to clear the wasteland and drain the marshes. _eyhad to _ght against the harsh natural conditions here： thecold winter， the scorching summer， swarms of mosquitosand beasts， swamps of thorns and thistles…

退耕還“荒”

北大荒錘煉著強(qiáng)者的意志，北大荒淬煉著弱者的靈魂。將近半個(gè)世紀(jì)，經(jīng)過黑龍江幾輩人的耕耘，過去人跡罕至的“北大荒”變成了美麗富饒的“北大倉”。北大荒農(nóng)墾不僅有助于解決全國人民的吃飯問題，也使黑龍江成為全國最大的商品糧生產(chǎn)基地，更為后人留下了艱苦奮斗、無私奉獻(xiàn)的“北大荒精神”。

The Great North Wilderness is the place wherethe strong souls get elevated and the weak bodies gettransformed. A_er hard work of generations for half acentury， the Great North Wilderness has turned froma no-man’s land into the rich and fertile Great NorthBreadbasket. _e agricultural land reclamation in theGreat North Wilderness not only helped to solve thefood shortage problems of the nation， but also madeHeilongjiang Province China’s largest commodity grainproduction base， passing down the motto “Fortitude，Industry， Altruism， Commitment” as the unique legacyof the Great North Wilderness.

隨著國家經(jīng)濟(jì)水平的提高、農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步、農(nóng)作物品種的優(yōu)化，人們不再擔(dān)心糧食問題。一直負(fù)重前行的黑龍江省也就此停止圍墾，保持剩余農(nóng)場穩(wěn)定發(fā)展的同時(shí)，逐步恢復(fù)北大荒原有的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)?，F(xiàn)在的北大荒不僅有“風(fēng)吹麥浪穗飄香”的踏實(shí)，更能見到“晴空一鶴排云上”的浪漫。

With the development of the national economy， theadvance of agricultural technology and the optimizationof crop varieties， food shortage is no longer a centralconcern in China. As a result， Heilongjiang Province，freed from the duty of China’s breadbasket， called a stopto agricultural land reclamation. While the existingfarms are kept in operation， progressive restoration ofthe original ecosystem of the Great North Wildernesshas been carried out. In today’s Great North Wilderness，you can see side by side the prosperity of windblownwheat waves， even the idyllic picture of a lone cranedancing in the sky.

黑龍江省這個(gè)中國最北、冬季最寒的地方，水有情誼，山有擔(dān)當(dāng)。這片水土養(yǎng)育了無私無畏、寬容豪爽的黑龍江人。

Heilongjiang Province， the northernmost place inChina with the coldest winter， is home to mountainsand rivers that embody friendship and responsibility._is land has nurtured the sel_ess， open-minded andgenerous people of Heilongjiang.