“三界”并舉發(fā)展風(fēng)景園林

全球性的新冠疫情、河南鄭州暴雨、湯加火山噴發(fā)……世界瞬息萬變，城市面臨的安全問題也復(fù)雜多變，依賴并局限于單一學(xué)科很難真正解決問題，這就需要我們擁有“天人物我，融通為一”的思維模式。這與老子“道生一，一生二，二生三，三生萬物”的宇宙生成論不謀而合?！笆奈濉睍r(shí)期，我國(guó)生態(tài)文明建設(shè)進(jìn)入了以降碳為重點(diǎn)戰(zhàn)略發(fā)展階段、生態(tài)環(huán)境質(zhì)量改善由量變到質(zhì)變的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期。以人與自然和諧共生為目標(biāo)，探索城市通過內(nèi)涵式發(fā)展和有機(jī)更新，提高生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)水平和效率，提升人居環(huán)境品質(zhì)，這就倒逼風(fēng)景園林專業(yè)的思維“無界”、工程技術(shù)“融界”，并通過內(nèi)核明確的“跨界”，實(shí)現(xiàn)其本專業(yè)創(chuàng)造新價(jià)值和新發(fā)展。

生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)（Ecosystem Services，ESs）是指人類從生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中獲得的、至關(guān)重要的福祉。綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施（Green Infrastructure，GI）作為城市化地區(qū)中提供生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)的主體空間類型，主要包括河流、湖泊、濕地、林地、草地、綠道、公園、工作農(nóng)場(chǎng)、牧場(chǎng)和其他人工綠地，以及自然與人工森林、荒野等。生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)理論揭示了生態(tài)系統(tǒng)作為生態(tài)服務(wù)產(chǎn)品的供給方與人作為生態(tài)服務(wù)產(chǎn)品的需求方之間存在著特定的供需關(guān)系。來自生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的服務(wù)供給流和來自城市對(duì)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)產(chǎn)品的需求流成為規(guī)劃調(diào)控生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)供需匹配的重要理論基礎(chǔ)，也成為風(fēng)景園林學(xué)科的創(chuàng)新理論前沿。景觀是生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的載體，“景觀服務(wù)”（Landscape Service）一直是風(fēng)景園林關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)之一，景觀服務(wù)更是生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)的直觀體現(xiàn)。隨著風(fēng)景園林對(duì)景觀空間背后科學(xué)過程和機(jī)理的關(guān)注與研究，“生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)”更多透過“景觀服務(wù)”現(xiàn)象，深入到科學(xué)、準(zhǔn)確掌握景觀表象與特征、感知與表征、過程與關(guān)系、結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的重要理論基礎(chǔ)和方法。以生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)為基礎(chǔ)的景觀服務(wù)和景觀空間績(jī)效決定的“高效景觀生態(tài)格局”，成為依托于又不局限于風(fēng)景園林研究范疇的新體系和新途徑。

本期“生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)”主題，包含了兩個(gè)專題，分別為“生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)測(cè)度與評(píng)價(jià)”和“藍(lán)綠空間生態(tài)安全與品質(zhì)提升”。前者側(cè)重城鄉(xiāng)人居環(huán)境中生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)能力和需求水平的表征、測(cè)度的理論與方法研究。通過綜述和典型案例研究，跨越城鄉(xiāng)，關(guān)注生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)與可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標(biāo)評(píng)價(jià)、景觀格局特征響應(yīng)、生態(tài)功能區(qū)劃與管控策略、生態(tài)安全格局構(gòu)建、鄉(xiāng)村振興策略、社會(huì)—生態(tài)韌性構(gòu)建以及綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施規(guī)劃技術(shù)7個(gè)理論與實(shí)踐熱點(diǎn)。后者側(cè)重面向高效生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)和生態(tài)安全的綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施以及城鄉(xiāng)高品質(zhì)開放空間營(yíng)造的理論與實(shí)踐研究。聚焦生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)與生態(tài)格局構(gòu)建，開放空間營(yíng)造，濱水空間植物多樣性，藍(lán)綠空間體系構(gòu)建，水陸交錯(cuò)帶生態(tài)梯度，生態(tài)安全與生態(tài)規(guī)劃，城市綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的彩化、綠化、珍貴化和效益化7個(gè)前沿學(xué)術(shù)問題的探索研究和應(yīng)用嘗試。

思維的“無界”，工程技術(shù)的“融界”，內(nèi)核明確的“跨界”追求，兩個(gè)專題綜合體現(xiàn)了風(fēng)景園林視角的“生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)”對(duì)建立新型城、鄉(xiāng)、野三者之間系統(tǒng)關(guān)系和實(shí)踐的探索，以及對(duì)國(guó)土建設(shè)空間、生態(tài)空間、農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)空間和藍(lán)色國(guó)土的主體功能區(qū)的有效管控。融合多學(xué)科智慧，補(bǔ)養(yǎng)本學(xué)科，聚焦專業(yè)主攻，發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造力，成就本專業(yè)新發(fā)展，才是每個(gè)行業(yè)與學(xué)科應(yīng)持有的發(fā)展觀。

Developing Landscape Architecture Across “Three Boundaries”

Global COVID-19 pandemic, Zhengzhou rainstorm, Tonga volcano eruption... The world is changing rapidly, and the security problems faced by cities are also complex and changeable. It is difficult to solve the problem by relying on a single discipline. This requires us to have the thinking mode of “Harmony between man and nature”. This coincides with Lao Zi’s cosmogenic theory. During “The 14th Five Year Plan” period,China’s ecological civilization construction has entered a strategic development stage focusing on carbon reduction and a key period for the improvement of ecological environment quality from quantitative change to qualitative change. With the goal of harmonious coexistence between man and nature, we need to explore how cities can improve the level and efficiency of ecosystem services and the quality of human settlements through connotative development and organic renewal. This forces the landscape architecture specialty to have “no boundary” thinking and “fuse boundary” of engineering technology, and realize the creation of new value and new development of its specialty through the clear “cross boundary” of the core.

Ecosystem Services (ESs) refer to the vital well-being that human beings derive from ecosystems. Green infrastructure (GI), as the main space type to provide ecosystem services in urbanized areas, mainly includes rivers, lakes, wetlands, woodlands,grasslands, greenways, parks, work farms, pastures and other artificial green spaces, as well as natural and artificial forests and wilderness. Ecosystem service theory reveals that there is a specific relationship between supply and demand between ecosystem as the supplier of ecological service products and human as the demander of ecological service products. The service supply flow from ecosystem and the demand flow from cities for ecosystem service products have become an important theoretical basis for planning and regulating the matching between supply and demand of ecosystem services,and have also become the innovative theoretical frontier of landscape architecture.Landscape is the carrier of ecosystem. “Landscape service” has always been one of the focuses of landscape architecture, and landscape service is the intuitive embodiment of ecosystem service. With the attention and research of landscape architecture on the scientific process and mechanism behind landscape space, “ecosystem service” goes deeper into the important theoretical basis and methods of scientifically and accurately mastering landscape representation and characteristics, perception and representation,process and relationship, structure and function through the phenomenon of “l(fā)andscape service”. Landscape services based on ecosystem services and “efficient landscape ecological pattern” determined by landscape spatial performance have become a new system and new path relying on but not limited to the research scope of landscape architecture.

The topic of “ecosystem services” in this issue includes two special topics, namely“Measurement and Evaluation of Ecosystem Services” and “Ecological Security and Quality Improvement of Blue-green Space”. The former focuses on the theory and method of characterization and measurement of ecosystem service capacity and demand level in urban and rural human settlements. The latter focuses on the theoretical and practical research on green infrastructure for efficient ecosystem services and ecological security and the construction of high-quality open spaces in urban and rural areas.

Thinking can be “no boundary”, engineering technology needs to “fuse boundary”,and we should pursue the “cross boundary” with a clear core. The two special topics comprehensively reflect the exploration of the “ecosystem service” from the perspective of landscape architecture on the establishment of the system relationship and practice among new cities, villages and fields, as well as the effective management and control of the main functional areas of land construction space, ecological space, agricultural production space and blue land. Integrating multi-disciplinary wisdom, replenishing the discipline, focusing on the main attack of the specialty, giving full play to creativity and achieving the new development of the specialty are the development concept that each industry and discipline should hold.