低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位影響自我調(diào)節(jié)的神經(jīng)機(jī)制*

胡小勇 杜棠艷 李蘭玉 王甜甜

低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位影響自我調(diào)節(jié)的神經(jīng)機(jī)制*

胡小勇 杜棠艷 李蘭玉 王甜甜

(西南大學(xué)心理學(xué)部, 西南大學(xué)人格與認(rèn)知教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室, 重慶 400715)

自我調(diào)節(jié)是個(gè)體為了實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)并適應(yīng)不斷變化的環(huán)境而監(jiān)控和調(diào)節(jié)自己的認(rèn)知、情緒和行為的能力, 在成就、人際交往和健康等各個(gè)領(lǐng)域發(fā)揮著作用, 被視為是人類(lèi)成功和幸福的關(guān)鍵。然而, 大量研究發(fā)現(xiàn)個(gè)體的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位越低, 自我調(diào)節(jié)能力越差。為了提高低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位者的自我調(diào)節(jié)能力, 必須深入考察低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位影響自我調(diào)節(jié)的機(jī)制。神經(jīng)科學(xué)為此提供了獨(dú)特而重要的信息：低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位改變了背外側(cè)前額葉皮層、扣帶回、腹內(nèi)側(cè)前額葉、杏仁核、海馬體、腹側(cè)紋狀體的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能, 進(jìn)而影響了自我調(diào)節(jié)的各個(gè)成分(認(rèn)知調(diào)節(jié)、情緒調(diào)節(jié)、行為調(diào)節(jié))。未來(lái)研究除了對(duì)神經(jīng)機(jī)制中每條因果鏈進(jìn)行更嚴(yán)格地考察外, 還應(yīng)將神經(jīng)生物學(xué)與發(fā)展心理學(xué)聯(lián)系起來(lái)深入揭示不同發(fā)展階段低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位對(duì)自我調(diào)節(jié)的獨(dú)特影響機(jī)制, 并關(guān)注低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位者在神經(jīng)和行為層面特定反應(yīng)的適應(yīng)性, 在此基礎(chǔ)上開(kāi)發(fā)出系統(tǒng)、持續(xù)、有效的干預(yù)方案。

低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位, 認(rèn)知調(diào)節(jié), 情緒調(diào)節(jié), 行為調(diào)節(jié), 神經(jīng)機(jī)制

在扎實(shí)推動(dòng)共同富裕的歷史階段, 低收入群體是促進(jìn)共同富裕的重點(diǎn)幫扶保障人群(習(xí)近平, 2021)。如何提升低收入群體的自我發(fā)展能力則是實(shí)現(xiàn)共同富裕的重要途徑(王一鳴, 2021)。自我發(fā)展能力中一項(xiàng)核心能力是自我調(diào)節(jié)能力; 它對(duì)個(gè)體發(fā)展有著強(qiáng)大而廣泛的影響, 在成就、人際交往和健康等各個(gè)領(lǐng)域發(fā)揮著作用, 既促進(jìn)積極行為, 又防止不良行為, 被視為是人類(lèi)成功和幸福的關(guān)鍵(Hare et al., 2009)。提升低收入群體的自我調(diào)節(jié)能力, 有利于增加人力資本, 提高收入, 降低醫(yī)療保健成本, 進(jìn)而有利于共同富裕的實(shí)現(xiàn)。然而, 大量研究顯示, 社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位影響了個(gè)體的自我調(diào)節(jié)能力(Lawson et al., 2018; Raver et al., 2013; Roy et al., 2014; Yu et al., 2020)。例如, 與那些一直生活在貧困中的兒童相比, 從貧困社區(qū)搬出來(lái)的兒童在小學(xué)高年級(jí)時(shí), 教師報(bào)告的自我調(diào)節(jié)能力和工作記憶、抑制控制和注意力轉(zhuǎn)移的計(jì)算機(jī)任務(wù)中的表現(xiàn)顯著提升; 反之, 那些在兒童早期或中期搬到貧困社區(qū)的小學(xué)高年級(jí)學(xué)生的自我調(diào)節(jié)能力則顯著降低(Roy et al., 2014)。甚至, 追蹤研究表明, 家庭社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位越低, 兒童自我調(diào)節(jié)發(fā)展越緩慢(Yu et al., 2020)。低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位不僅對(duì)兒童, 還對(duì)青少年(Barch et al., 2021; Evans et al., 2013; Spielberg et al., 2015; Tomlinson et al., 2020)、成年人(Elsayed et al., 2021; Shaked et al., 2018; Jachimowic et al., 2017)、中老年人(Beck et al., 2018; Green et al., 1996)等不同年齡個(gè)體的自我調(diào)節(jié)能力都產(chǎn)生了負(fù)面影響。而要提高低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位者的自我調(diào)節(jié)能力必須深入考察低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位影響自我調(diào)節(jié)的機(jī)制。由于大腦是環(huán)境影響個(gè)體心理和行為的主要通道, 神經(jīng)科學(xué)方法能觀察到特定的行為、認(rèn)知和情感大腦過(guò)程進(jìn)而提供獨(dú)特的信息, 有著不可取代的作用(Farah, 2017)。因此, 本文擬從認(rèn)知神經(jīng)科學(xué)角度, 嘗試對(duì)“低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位是如何影響自我調(diào)節(jié)的” 這一問(wèn)題予以回答。

1 自我調(diào)節(jié)

自我調(diào)節(jié)(self-regulation)是個(gè)體為了實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)并適應(yīng)不斷變化的環(huán)境而監(jiān)控和調(diào)節(jié)自己的認(rèn)知、情緒和行為的能力(Berger et al., 2007; Vink et al., 2020)。這意味著自我調(diào)節(jié)是一種旨在實(shí)現(xiàn)廣泛功能領(lǐng)域目標(biāo)的行動(dòng)能力, 它超越簡(jiǎn)單的沖動(dòng)控制, 并顯示出對(duì)情境需求和社會(huì)規(guī)范的靈活性和適應(yīng)性(Raver, 2012)。該定義指出了自我調(diào)節(jié)包括認(rèn)知、情感和行為三個(gè)成分。認(rèn)知調(diào)節(jié)是指在沒(méi)有行為或情緒調(diào)節(jié)的情況下, 以目標(biāo)為導(dǎo)向的認(rèn)知過(guò)程的調(diào)整(Nigg, 2017), 它通常包括執(zhí)行功能的3個(gè)成分——抑制控制、工作記憶和認(rèn)知靈活性(Frick et al., 2018)。情緒調(diào)節(jié)是指?jìng)€(gè)體用來(lái)影響情緒反應(yīng)的發(fā)生和特征的能力, 包括積極管理強(qiáng)烈和不愉快的情感, 并在情緒喚起的情況下產(chǎn)生適應(yīng)性功能; 情緒調(diào)節(jié)的策略有認(rèn)知重評(píng)、表達(dá)抑制和注意分散等(Gross, 2014)。行為調(diào)節(jié)指的是對(duì)以目標(biāo)為導(dǎo)向的外顯身體行為的優(yōu)化; 也就是將注意力、工作記憶、抑制性控制等多個(gè)方面與運(yùn)動(dòng)或言語(yǔ)功能進(jìn)行無(wú)縫協(xié)調(diào), 以產(chǎn)生明顯的行為, 包括遵守規(guī)則、延遲滿(mǎn)足、持續(xù)性、沖動(dòng)控制、沖突解決、制定積極的應(yīng)對(duì)策略等(Malanchini et al., 2019; Nigg, 2017)。認(rèn)知調(diào)節(jié)、情緒調(diào)節(jié)、行為調(diào)節(jié)是構(gòu)成自我調(diào)節(jié)不同但又彼此相關(guān)的成分(Blair et al., 2015; Edossa et al., 2018; Langner et al., 2018)。三者屬于自我調(diào)節(jié)的不同維度, 彼此獨(dú)立(Hammer et al., 2015; Kalpidou et al., 2004); 但又彼此相關(guān)、相互影響(Chen & He, 2021; Howard & Melhuish, 2017; Lantrip & Huang, 2017; McNeilly et al., 2021; Noda et al., 2020)。行為調(diào)節(jié)是認(rèn)知調(diào)節(jié)和情緒調(diào)節(jié)在相互關(guān)聯(lián)的平衡中發(fā)揮作用的結(jié)果(Lewis & Todd, 2007)。具體來(lái)說(shuō), 個(gè)體調(diào)節(jié)情緒的效價(jià)和喚醒度, 以促進(jìn)執(zhí)行功能在目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向行動(dòng)中更好地發(fā)揮作用(Ursache et al., 2012)。例如, 兒童通過(guò)習(xí)得調(diào)節(jié)情緒和壓力的策略及課堂規(guī)則, 變得更善于調(diào)節(jié)無(wú)聊或沮喪, 這有助于執(zhí)行功能的激活和使用; 執(zhí)行功能正常發(fā)揮作用反過(guò)來(lái)又促進(jìn)了情緒和壓力的調(diào)節(jié), 產(chǎn)生了積極的循環(huán), 使孩子們?cè)谕瓿扇蝿?wù)、抑制不適當(dāng)?shù)男袨榉矫孀兊酶?Ursache et al., 2012)。

2 低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位影響自我調(diào)節(jié)

大樣本的橫斷調(diào)查、縱向研究、現(xiàn)場(chǎng)實(shí)驗(yàn)研究, 乃至實(shí)驗(yàn)室實(shí)驗(yàn)研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位顯著影響自我調(diào)節(jié)的各個(gè)方面。

大量相關(guān)研究顯示社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位越低, 個(gè)體自我調(diào)節(jié)能力越低。在一項(xiàng)探討低家庭收入與執(zhí)行控制(執(zhí)行功能的核心部分)之間關(guān)系的研究中, Ruberry等人(2017)以118名不同家庭收入的學(xué)齡前兒童為被試, 測(cè)量了與收入相關(guān)的壓力源?累積風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和財(cái)務(wù)安全, 并采用包含6個(gè)任務(wù)的神經(jīng)生理成套測(cè)驗(yàn)(如日?夜任務(wù)、頭?腳趾?膝蓋?肩膀任務(wù)等)和兩個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)化的任務(wù)(青蛙/魚(yú)任務(wù)和Flanker任務(wù))來(lái)測(cè)量執(zhí)行控制。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)家庭收入與執(zhí)行控制任務(wù)表現(xiàn)呈正相關(guān), 來(lái)自低收入家庭的學(xué)齡前兒童執(zhí)行控制表現(xiàn)較差。此外, 在情緒調(diào)節(jié)領(lǐng)域的相關(guān)研究也得到了類(lèi)似結(jié)論。例如, 父母報(bào)告的數(shù)據(jù)顯示, 與高社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位兒童相比, 低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位兒童在童年早期到中期過(guò)渡中, 一直在與悲傷、擔(dān)憂(yōu)和戒斷感作斗爭(zhēng); 在情緒調(diào)節(jié)過(guò)程(包括對(duì)威脅的注意偏差, 對(duì)面部情緒的評(píng)價(jià), 以及消極情感)中, 低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位兒童在對(duì)中性刺激和威脅刺激的定位和集中注意力的能力, 以及準(zhǔn)確評(píng)估面部信息的能力上顯著低于高社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位家庭兒童(Raver et al., 2017)。在行為調(diào)節(jié)領(lǐng)域的相關(guān)研究中, 相對(duì)富裕環(huán)境中長(zhǎng)大的人, 在貧窮環(huán)境中長(zhǎng)大的人傾向于關(guān)注當(dāng)下, 時(shí)間折扣率高(Mittal & Griskevicius, 2016)。經(jīng)濟(jì)壓力的增加與延遲滿(mǎn)足的發(fā)展顯著負(fù)相關(guān)(Duran et al., 2020)。例如, 一項(xiàng)大樣本的研究使用了42863名英國(guó)成年居民作為被試, 考察了社會(huì)階層與跨期決策的關(guān)系。研究者使用單題選擇范式作為跨期決策的測(cè)量指標(biāo), 如“3天后獲得45英鎊和3周后獲得70英鎊”。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位者更偏好選擇“3天后獲得45英鎊” (Reimers et al., 2009)。

追蹤研究證據(jù)揭示低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位對(duì)自我調(diào)節(jié)的影響。在一個(gè)歷時(shí)4年的追蹤研究中, 研究者為了考察低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位與兒童執(zhí)行功能之間關(guān)系, 研究者以來(lái)自低收入家庭的1259名兒童為被試, 從出生開(kāi)始, 然后在7、15、24、36、48個(gè)月時(shí)進(jìn)行追蹤研究。用收入?需求比、經(jīng)濟(jì)壓力和住房質(zhì)量來(lái)衡量社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位及相關(guān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn); 用跨度工作記憶任務(wù)、空間沖突抑制控制任務(wù)和項(xiàng)目選擇注意靈活性任務(wù)來(lái)測(cè)量執(zhí)行功能。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn), 處于低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位年數(shù)較長(zhǎng)的兒童在執(zhí)行功能任務(wù)中表現(xiàn)更差(Blair & Raver, 2012)。在另一項(xiàng)歷時(shí)6年的追蹤研究進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證了該研究結(jié)論。研究者以602名低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位兒童為被試, 通過(guò)6年追蹤來(lái)考察原來(lái)所在社區(qū)和搬家后社區(qū)的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位水平對(duì)五年級(jí)學(xué)生自我調(diào)節(jié)的影響; 結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn), 在控制住基線(xiàn)自我調(diào)節(jié)水平, 即學(xué)齡前所測(cè)的“自我調(diào)節(jié)評(píng)估”分?jǐn)?shù)之后, 經(jīng)歷過(guò)搬遷的兒童在五年級(jí)時(shí)使用計(jì)算機(jī)化的執(zhí)行功能任務(wù)中表現(xiàn)較差, 教師評(píng)定的自我調(diào)節(jié)技能得分較低; 尤其是, 搬遷到社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位水平更低社區(qū)的兒童, 自我調(diào)節(jié)水平更低(Roy et al., 2014)。此外, 一項(xiàng)以學(xué)齡前兒童為樣本的縱向研究(= 306)也發(fā)現(xiàn), 低收入能預(yù)測(cè)較差的執(zhí)行控制(執(zhí)行功能的核心部分) (Lengua et al., 2020)。

實(shí)驗(yàn)研究進(jìn)一步證明低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位與自我調(diào)節(jié)之間的因果關(guān)系?，F(xiàn)場(chǎng)實(shí)驗(yàn)研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位顯著影響執(zhí)行功能。Mani等人(2013)在《科學(xué)》()雜志發(fā)文指出以完成Stroop任務(wù)的表現(xiàn)作為執(zhí)行功能的指標(biāo)時(shí), 印度種甘蔗農(nóng)民的執(zhí)行功能在甘蔗收獲之前(貧困狀態(tài))和甘蔗收獲之后(相對(duì)富足狀態(tài))存在顯著差異。印度甘蔗農(nóng)收入來(lái)源于一年一次的甘蔗的收成, 在收割甘蔗前他們基本處于相對(duì)貧困狀態(tài), 而在收割甘蔗后他們處于相對(duì)富足狀態(tài)。隨機(jī)選取一批印度甘蔗農(nóng)作為被試, 在甘蔗收割前和收割后分別完成兩次Stroop任務(wù)結(jié)果表明, 相對(duì)于收割甘蔗后的富足狀態(tài)而言, 在收割甘蔗前, 被試在Stroop任務(wù)中的反應(yīng)時(shí)更長(zhǎng), 錯(cuò)誤率更高, 表明貧困顯著負(fù)向影響執(zhí)行功能。Shah等人(2019)通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)研究驗(yàn)證了類(lèi)似的結(jié)論。研究者通過(guò)分配不同的預(yù)算數(shù)目來(lái)確定貧窮者與富裕者, 然后進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)游戲, “貧窮者”默認(rèn)的游戲次數(shù)較少, 而“富裕者”默認(rèn)的游戲次數(shù)較多, 每輪游戲被試都可以獲得一些分?jǐn)?shù)。當(dāng)研究者告知被試可以從未來(lái)的游戲輪次中借貸玩游戲的次數(shù)時(shí), “貧窮者”會(huì)大量地借貸后面的游戲次數(shù), 且游戲表現(xiàn)較差。在另一項(xiàng)研究中, 同樣通過(guò)分配不同的預(yù)算數(shù)目來(lái)確定貧窮者與富裕者, 然后要求被試做出一系列購(gòu)買(mǎi)決策。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)預(yù)算較少的被試在之后測(cè)量行為控制的握手柄和Stroop任務(wù)中表現(xiàn)較差(Spears, 2011)。

3 低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位影響自我調(diào)節(jié)的神經(jīng)機(jī)制

低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位會(huì)通過(guò)改變?yōu)樽晕艺{(diào)節(jié)提供基礎(chǔ)的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)以及生理應(yīng)激相關(guān)過(guò)程來(lái)塑造自我調(diào)節(jié)的發(fā)展(Blair & Raver, 2012)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 相對(duì)于富足家庭的兒童, 物質(zhì)資源匱乏家庭的兒童的額葉、顳葉皮質(zhì)和海馬體的灰質(zhì)體積較小(Hair et al., 2015)。前額葉皮質(zhì)萎縮導(dǎo)致執(zhí)行功能水平降低, 海馬體的減少影響了情緒調(diào)節(jié)(Kim et al., 2013)。此外, 與高社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位者相比, 在低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位者的杏仁核、海馬體和前額葉皮質(zhì)中發(fā)現(xiàn)了豐富的糖皮質(zhì)激素受體, 糖皮質(zhì)激素過(guò)量暴露可能會(huì)影響神經(jīng)可塑性, 改變這些區(qū)域的大小和神經(jīng)元結(jié)構(gòu), 從而影響隨后的認(rèn)知、情緒和行為調(diào)節(jié)(McEwen & Morrison, 2013)。下面將從認(rèn)知調(diào)節(jié)、情感調(diào)節(jié)和行為調(diào)節(jié)三個(gè)方面來(lái)闡述社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位影響自我調(diào)節(jié)的神經(jīng)機(jī)制。

3.1 低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位影響認(rèn)知調(diào)節(jié)的神經(jīng)機(jī)制

目前研究表明, 在社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位影響認(rèn)知調(diào)節(jié)過(guò)程中有兩個(gè)腦區(qū)相對(duì)獨(dú)立地起作用(Palacios- Barrios & Hanson, 2019)。第一, 額頂網(wǎng)絡(luò)。隨著情境中相關(guān)線(xiàn)索的開(kāi)始、變化和停止, 前頂葉控制網(wǎng)絡(luò)啟動(dòng)注意控制, 然后在逐個(gè)事件基礎(chǔ)上整合反饋。這種網(wǎng)絡(luò)的完整性對(duì)快速適應(yīng)性控制至關(guān)重要, 涉及背外側(cè)前額葉皮層(dlPFC)、楔前葉和部分下頂葉(Petersen & Posner, 2012)。第二, 帶狀蓋網(wǎng)絡(luò)。該網(wǎng)絡(luò)可以提供“穩(wěn)定的集合控制”, 被認(rèn)為是維持任務(wù)相關(guān)目標(biāo)的關(guān)鍵, 包括背側(cè)前扣帶皮層(dACC)、前島葉/蓋(AI)和丘腦。當(dāng)前, 額頂網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的dlPFC和帶狀蓋網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的dACC是被大量研究證實(shí)的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位影響認(rèn)知調(diào)節(jié)的神經(jīng)機(jī)制。

首先, 在額頂網(wǎng)絡(luò)中, 低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位影響dlPFC的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能, 進(jìn)而影響認(rèn)知調(diào)節(jié)。低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位與前額葉皮質(zhì)的成熟受損有關(guān), 前額葉皮質(zhì)的長(zhǎng)期發(fā)育過(guò)程使其特別容易受到慢性應(yīng)激環(huán)境的影響。HPA軸的慢性激活通過(guò)糖皮質(zhì)激素受體影響前額葉組織體積和功能。從結(jié)構(gòu)上看, 個(gè)體的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位越低, 其執(zhí)行功能相關(guān)腦區(qū)表面積越小, 其前額葉體積也越小(Noble et al., 2015; Taylor et al., 2020)。一項(xiàng)以執(zhí)行功能作為認(rèn)知調(diào)節(jié)指標(biāo)的神經(jīng)生理機(jī)制研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位者較差的執(zhí)行功能與較小的dlPFC體積之間緊密相關(guān)(Noble et al., 2015)。在多項(xiàng)研究中也發(fā)現(xiàn)了類(lèi)似的模式(Hair et al., 2015; Rosen et al., 2018)。甚至有研究直接表明, dlPFC的體積在低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位與認(rèn)知調(diào)節(jié)(執(zhí)行功能和工作記憶)關(guān)系之間起到中介作用(Shaked et al., 2018; Taylor et al., 2020)。低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位導(dǎo)致較小的dlPFC的體積, 進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致認(rèn)知調(diào)節(jié)(執(zhí)行功能和工作記憶)失敗的后果是青春期個(gè)體有更多的外化行為和酗酒行為(Pfefferbaum et al., 2016); 有更多患有多動(dòng)障礙或行為障礙(Shaw et al., 2013)。從功能上看, 低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位使得個(gè)體在完成認(rèn)知調(diào)節(jié)相關(guān)任務(wù)時(shí)dlPFC激活水平顯著降低; dlPFC的激活水平可能反映低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位影響了個(gè)體開(kāi)始、停止和改變行為時(shí)發(fā)生的不同的執(zhí)行功能過(guò)程(Palacios- Barrios & Hanson, 2019)。例如, 有研究者設(shè)計(jì)了適合于功能磁共振的實(shí)驗(yàn)任務(wù)考察稀缺狀態(tài)下個(gè)體完成認(rèn)知調(diào)節(jié)任務(wù)的神經(jīng)機(jī)制, 結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)相比較于富足狀態(tài), 稀缺狀態(tài)下個(gè)體在完成工作記憶與任務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)換等相關(guān)認(rèn)知調(diào)節(jié)任務(wù)時(shí), dlPFC的激活水平顯著降低(Huijsmans et al., 2019)。此外, 多模態(tài)神經(jīng)成像發(fā)現(xiàn), 來(lái)自低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位家庭的6～19歲年輕人在工作記憶任務(wù)中表現(xiàn)較差, 任務(wù)期間dlPFC的功能激活較低, 連接dlPFC和頂葉部分的白質(zhì)纖維束各向異性(Fractional Anisotropy, FA)值較低; FA值是一種結(jié)構(gòu)完整性的度量, 白質(zhì)纖維束FA值較低意味著dlPFC和頂葉部分腦區(qū)的連通有效性受損(Rosen et al., 2018)。這些證據(jù)表明, 低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位通過(guò)影響dlPFC激活水平以及與其它腦區(qū)連通有效性影響了個(gè)體的認(rèn)知調(diào)節(jié)能力。

此外, 在帶狀蓋網(wǎng)絡(luò)中, 低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位還通過(guò)影響dACC的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能影響認(rèn)知調(diào)節(jié)。在283名兒童和青少年的樣本中, 觀察與認(rèn)知調(diào)節(jié)有關(guān)的腦區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn), 低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位與dACC厚度的減少有關(guān)(Lawson et al., 2013)。以11875名9歲和10歲的兒童橫斷研究結(jié)果表明, 包含dACC在內(nèi)的前額葉體積在低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位與認(rèn)知調(diào)節(jié)(Flanker任務(wù)表現(xiàn)作為測(cè)量指標(biāo))之間起到中介作用(Taylor et al., 2020)。以3至5歲兒童進(jìn)行17年的縱向追蹤研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 包含dACC在內(nèi)的前額葉體積隨著年齡增長(zhǎng)的斜率水平在低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位與認(rèn)知調(diào)節(jié)(Flanker任務(wù)、工作記憶等作為測(cè)量指標(biāo))之間起到中介作用(Barch et al., 2021)。這些證據(jù)表明低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位通過(guò)影響dACC的結(jié)構(gòu)影響認(rèn)知調(diào)節(jié)。在功能方面, 早期使用ERP的進(jìn)行選擇性注意實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn), 高社會(huì)階層家庭的兒童在目標(biāo)刺激出現(xiàn)時(shí), dACC附近表現(xiàn)出更高的腦電活動(dòng), 而在分心刺激出現(xiàn)時(shí), 表現(xiàn)出更低的腦電活動(dòng); 相比之下, 來(lái)自低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位家庭的兒童在面對(duì)不同的刺激時(shí), dACC附近都表現(xiàn)出同等水平的腦電活動(dòng), 這表明在抑制控制上低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位兒童可能存在不足(D’Angiulli et al., 2008)。后來(lái), 功能磁共振成像(fMRI)的研究進(jìn)一步明確, 低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位與dACC激活水平減少以及抑制控制能力降低有關(guān)(Barch et al., 2020; Biazoli et al., 2020; Dégeilh et al., 2020)。例如, 考察655名6～14歲兒童的腦自發(fā)活動(dòng)低頻振幅改變的功能磁共振成像研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 家庭階層越低, dACC激活水平越低(Biazoli et al., 2020)。另一項(xiàng)通過(guò)靜息狀態(tài)功能磁共振成像(rsfMRI)技術(shù)對(duì)167名3～5歲的學(xué)齡前兒童進(jìn)行的追蹤研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 隨著時(shí)間的推移, 到青春期晚期(13～19歲)低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位家庭青少年的dACC激活水平整體呈下降趨勢(shì)(Barch et al., 2020)。此外, 低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位導(dǎo)致dACC與其它腦區(qū)之間的連通性水平降低。例如, 社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位越低的個(gè)體dACC與右側(cè)杏仁核以及右側(cè)海馬體之間的連通性水平越低(Dégeilh et al., 2020)。然而, 從發(fā)展的角度看, 研究結(jié)論并不總是一致的。對(duì)低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位家庭的青春期孩子(11～13歲)進(jìn)行兩年的縱向追蹤研究表明, 隨著時(shí)間推移, 低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位女孩dACC激活水平增加, 并且在抑制控制認(rèn)知任務(wù)(Go/NoGo)表現(xiàn)糟糕(Spielberg et al., 2015)。導(dǎo)致低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位女孩抑制困難的原因可能是dACC-dlPFC連通有效性顯著降低, 使得她們?cè)谕瓿烧J(rèn)知調(diào)節(jié)任務(wù)時(shí), 需要更多dACC代償性補(bǔ)充, 導(dǎo)致了更多的dACC激活(Banich, 2009; Spielberg et al., 2015)。這表明對(duì)于低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位家庭的女孩來(lái)說(shuō), 青春期是一個(gè)脆弱的關(guān)鍵期, 低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位對(duì)她們的神經(jīng)發(fā)育有著獨(dú)特的影響。雖然dACC激活模式存在差異, 但總體來(lái)看低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位通過(guò)影響額頂網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的dlPFC和帶狀蓋網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的dACC的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能, 進(jìn)而影響認(rèn)知調(diào)節(jié)。

3.2 低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位影響情緒調(diào)節(jié)的神經(jīng)機(jī)制

大量證據(jù)表明, 杏仁核、vmPFC和海馬體是低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位影響情緒調(diào)節(jié)過(guò)程中的3個(gè)關(guān)鍵腦區(qū)(Assari, 2020; Hanson et al., 2019; Palacios- Barrios & Hanson, 2019; Merz et al., 2018)。

杏仁核位于顳葉前部, 是一個(gè)信息處理中樞, 參與對(duì)環(huán)境和社會(huì)挑戰(zhàn)的生理和行為反應(yīng)(Ledoux, 2000; Shackman & Fox, 2016)。低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位影響杏仁核的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能, 進(jìn)而影響情緒調(diào)節(jié)。低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位能顯著負(fù)向預(yù)測(cè)杏仁核的體積; 低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位兒童和青少年的杏仁核體積較小(Hanson et al., 2015; Merz et al., 2018)。從功能上看, 低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位影響人們?cè)谇榫w調(diào)節(jié)任務(wù)中杏仁核的激活水平。童年低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位的個(gè)體, 在成年后, 面對(duì)恐懼的情緒線(xiàn)索時(shí), 杏仁核的激活水平較大; 相反, 童年高社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位的個(gè)體, 在成年后, 面對(duì)快樂(lè)的情緒線(xiàn)索時(shí), 杏仁核的激活水平較大(Javanbakht et al., 2015)。此外, 低鄰里收入也與杏仁核對(duì)負(fù)性情緒面孔的高水平反應(yīng)相關(guān), 這可能意味著來(lái)自低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位家庭的個(gè)體在童年時(shí)期由于暴露于不利的社會(huì)環(huán)境而對(duì)威脅線(xiàn)索的敏感性和警惕性更強(qiáng), 使得其杏仁核激活水平更高(Assari, 2020; Kim et al., 2013)。杏仁核較小的體積和較高的功能反應(yīng)性導(dǎo)致個(gè)體有更多的攻擊行為, 因?yàn)檫^(guò)度警惕和杏仁核活動(dòng)增加有關(guān), 這可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致更大的負(fù)面影響和敵意的推斷, 使個(gè)體有更多的攻擊行為反應(yīng)(Gard et al., 2017; Dotterer et al., 2017)。

腹內(nèi)側(cè)前額葉皮質(zhì)(vmPFC)優(yōu)先參與監(jiān)測(cè)持續(xù)的情緒狀態(tài), 對(duì)刺激進(jìn)行語(yǔ)義編碼, 并根據(jù)情境執(zhí)行調(diào)節(jié)策略(Dixon et al., 2017)。低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位影響vmPFC的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能, 進(jìn)而影響情緒調(diào)節(jié)。研究顯示, 低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位導(dǎo)致了vmPFC結(jié)構(gòu)改變。例如, 收入與vmPFC體積呈顯著正相關(guān)(Webb, 2020); 童年社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位較低的個(gè)體呈現(xiàn)出較低的OFC體積, OFC屬于vmPFC的一部分(Holz et al., 2015)。與此相關(guān)的是, 研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 在兒童中期暴露于低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位之中的個(gè)體, 連接vmPFC和杏仁核的白質(zhì)束FA值減少, 表明低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位導(dǎo)致連接vmPFC和杏仁核的白質(zhì)束的完整性降低(Dufford & Kim, 2017)。就功能而言, 一些研究已經(jīng)觀察到, 兒童低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位會(huì)改變默認(rèn)模式網(wǎng)絡(luò)(DMN; 一種大腦區(qū)域網(wǎng)絡(luò), 包括vmPFC和其他在靜息態(tài)時(shí)相互作用的PFC區(qū)域)的連通性。例如, 在控制當(dāng)前收入、種族、感知社會(huì)地位和抑郁/焦慮癥狀的情況下, 9歲時(shí)的低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位經(jīng)歷與成年后DMN連通性降低有關(guān)(Sripada et al., 2014)。在嬰兒樣本中驗(yàn)證了上述結(jié)論, 家庭低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位導(dǎo)致發(fā)育早期的DMN連通性水平降低(Gao et al., 2015)。此外, 童年期低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位與15歲時(shí)杏仁核-vmPFC之間靜息狀態(tài)耦合較低有關(guān)(Hanson et al., 2019)。低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位與獎(jiǎng)賞任務(wù)的正反饋期間dACC- vmPFC和dlPFC-vmPFC的連接減少有關(guān)(Gianaros et al., 2011)。

此外, 低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位會(huì)導(dǎo)致個(gè)體海馬結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的改變, 而這種差異可能是由于下丘腦—垂體—腎上腺(HPA軸)和皮質(zhì)醇引起的(Herman et al., 2005)。持續(xù)升高的HPA軸活性可能導(dǎo)致海馬和其他腦區(qū)的樹(shù)突重塑和神經(jīng)元死亡(McEwen & Tucker, 2011)。例如, Hanson等(2011)發(fā)現(xiàn), 在317名4～18歲的年輕人中, 社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位越低, 海馬體的體積越小。這種差異在大量不同被試群體中得到重復(fù)驗(yàn)證, 甚至, 這種差異早在5周大嬰兒中就出現(xiàn)了(Betancourt et al., 2016)。Hair等人(2015)利用縱向核磁共振成像技術(shù), 在4～22歲的樣本中構(gòu)建了結(jié)構(gòu)增長(zhǎng)模型, 發(fā)現(xiàn)低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位青少年海馬體積比樣本的發(fā)育正常值低3～4個(gè)百分點(diǎn), 低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位兒童海馬體積比正常值低8～10個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位還與在所有發(fā)育階段中海馬體的功能偏離有關(guān)。一個(gè)縱向研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 學(xué)齡前較低的收入?需求比與學(xué)齡期海馬和杏仁核之間的靜息狀態(tài)功能性連接減少有關(guān); 學(xué)齡前低收入?需求比與學(xué)齡期更多的負(fù)性情緒和抑郁嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān), 而且這種關(guān)系是以左海馬?右額葉上皮層靜息態(tài)功能連接為中介的(Barch et al., 2016)。在任務(wù)態(tài)的功能性磁共振研究顯示, 9歲時(shí)收入?需求比較低的成年人在情緒調(diào)節(jié)任務(wù)中海馬的整體激活水平降低(Liberzon et al., 2015)。這些結(jié)果表明, 低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位影響情緒調(diào)節(jié)的神經(jīng)回路, 揭示了低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位影響自我調(diào)節(jié)的特定大腦機(jī)制(Palacios-Barrios & Hanson, 2019)。

3.3 低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位影響行為調(diào)節(jié)的神經(jīng)機(jī)制

目前研究表明, 腹側(cè)紋狀體(ventral striatum, VS)可能是低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位影響行為調(diào)節(jié)的生理基礎(chǔ)。首先, 從結(jié)構(gòu)上看, 低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位導(dǎo)致VS所處的廣泛腦回路中的組織異常。一項(xiàng)對(duì)1082名3～21歲的年輕人進(jìn)行的橫向研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 較低的家庭收入與右上皮質(zhì)?紋狀體束中較低的FA值有關(guān), 后者是連接部分VS和PFC亞區(qū)的白質(zhì)束(Ursache & Noble, 2016)。這些模式與最近的研究結(jié)果相吻合, 例如, 在一個(gè)6～19歲的年輕人樣本中, 低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位與包含VS的白質(zhì)束的FA值減少相關(guān); 這意味著低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位者對(duì)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)信息的處理效率較低, 這可能會(huì)影響對(duì)行為具有適應(yīng)性的指導(dǎo), 即影響了行為自我調(diào)節(jié)(Dennison et al., 2019)。從功能上看, VS對(duì)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)動(dòng)機(jī)至關(guān)重要, 該區(qū)域支持獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)敏感性和學(xué)習(xí), VS根據(jù)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的不同維度(包括幅度、概率、努力和延遲)顯示出活躍性。大量研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位者較高的VS激活水平導(dǎo)致其做出沖動(dòng)行為、成癮和破壞性行為(Alegria et al., 2016; Dalley & Robbins, 2017; Hariri et al., 2006; de Water et al., 2017)。此外, 低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位導(dǎo)致VS和其它大腦區(qū)域之間存在異常的功能性連接。例如, Romens等(2015)在一個(gè)5～16歲的女孩樣本中發(fā)現(xiàn), 一個(gè)孩子的家庭接受公共援助的總年數(shù)與期望獎(jiǎng)賞時(shí)mPFC激活水平的增加有關(guān)。與之相關(guān), 在控制了人際交往問(wèn)題和內(nèi)化癥狀后, 社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位越低dlPFC-VS在靜息態(tài)下的聯(lián)通水平越弱; dlPFC-VS靜息態(tài)聯(lián)通性水平越若, 低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位者的沖動(dòng)決策行為越多(Holmes et al., 2020; Marshall et al., 2018)。

雖然行為調(diào)節(jié)、認(rèn)知調(diào)節(jié)和情緒調(diào)是自我調(diào)節(jié)三個(gè)不同領(lǐng)域, 但它們之間相互關(guān)聯(lián)(Blair et al., 2015; Edossa et al., 2018)。行為調(diào)節(jié)是在認(rèn)知調(diào)節(jié)和情緒調(diào)節(jié)在相互關(guān)聯(lián)的平衡中發(fā)揮作用的結(jié)果, 低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位影響行為調(diào)節(jié)的腦機(jī)制可能也涉及到與認(rèn)知調(diào)節(jié)和情緒調(diào)節(jié)相關(guān)的腦區(qū)。例如, Oshri等(2019)考察長(zhǎng)期暴露于社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)困境與沖動(dòng)行為之間的認(rèn)知和情感機(jī)制的研究表明,工作記憶任務(wù)所激活的大腦區(qū)域(認(rèn)知控制網(wǎng)絡(luò))的反應(yīng)降低中介了低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位與沖動(dòng)行為之間的關(guān)系, 并且這一中介效應(yīng)僅在情緒反應(yīng)較高的成年人中出現(xiàn)。情緒反應(yīng)較高表明個(gè)體可能未能成功地調(diào)節(jié)情緒, 執(zhí)行功能未能正常發(fā)揮作用, 此時(shí)低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位通過(guò)降低認(rèn)知控制網(wǎng)絡(luò)的激活水平促進(jìn)了沖動(dòng)行為的發(fā)生。該證據(jù)表明, 低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位可以通過(guò)影響認(rèn)知調(diào)節(jié)和情緒調(diào)節(jié)相關(guān)腦區(qū)來(lái)影響行為調(diào)節(jié)。

綜上所述, 有研究者進(jìn)一步提出了自我調(diào)節(jié)的神經(jīng)環(huán)路, 認(rèn)為前額葉、杏仁核以及腹側(cè)紋狀體三者形成了一個(gè)神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò), 負(fù)責(zé)自我調(diào)節(jié)活動(dòng), 同時(shí)海馬與中腦腹側(cè)蓋區(qū)也起到一定的調(diào)控作用(Casey, 2015)。

4 小結(jié)與展望

綜上可知, 低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位與自我調(diào)節(jié)關(guān)系研究在近20年來(lái)取得了巨大進(jìn)展, 不同學(xué)科研究者們正在開(kāi)始回答低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位影響自我調(diào)節(jié)發(fā)生“在哪里” (在大腦中)的問(wèn)題。從這些研究中可以看出, 低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位改變了與注意力、情感、獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)和記憶有關(guān)的各種神經(jīng)生物學(xué)中樞, 即改變了背外側(cè)前額葉皮層(dlPFC)、背側(cè)前扣帶回(dACC)、腹內(nèi)側(cè)前額葉(vmPFC)、杏仁核(amygdala)、海馬體(hippocampus)、腹側(cè)紋狀體(ventral striatum, VS)的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能。這些神經(jīng)生物學(xué)變異影響了自我調(diào)節(jié)各個(gè)成分(認(rèn)知調(diào)節(jié)、情緒調(diào)節(jié)、行為調(diào)節(jié))。為了使該領(lǐng)域研究發(fā)現(xiàn)真正發(fā)揮實(shí)踐和政策層面價(jià)值, 未來(lái)研究應(yīng)從如下方面加強(qiáng)：

第一, 從“低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位—大腦的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能—自我調(diào)節(jié)—不良后果”的潛在“因果鏈”的每一步都迫切需要更多的研究予以深入考察?，F(xiàn)有研究主要在大腦結(jié)構(gòu)、功能或連通性方面比較了低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位和高社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位者的大腦差異, 然后討論了低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位導(dǎo)致腦結(jié)構(gòu)與功能的差異及可能的后果。然而, 低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位者的特定反應(yīng)方式(大腦結(jié)構(gòu)與功能差異)并非均會(huì)導(dǎo)致不良后果。一些證據(jù)表明, 雖然低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位者與高社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位者對(duì)相同的刺激有不同的內(nèi)在反應(yīng)方式, 但他們的行為表現(xiàn)(任務(wù)正確率和反應(yīng)時(shí))并無(wú)差異(D?Angiulli et al., 2008; Moriguchi & Shinohara, 2019; Kim et al., 2013)。甚至, 有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在執(zhí)行功能任務(wù)中, 與非弱勢(shì)群體相比, 弱勢(shì)兒童在抑制和解決問(wèn)題方面得分較高(Ibá?ez-Alfonso et al., 2021)。并且, 低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位者并非更加沖動(dòng)、短視, 當(dāng)威脅消失, 他們也表現(xiàn)出更多的耐心(Jachimowicz et al., 2017; Ong et al., 2019; Thompson et al., 2020)。此外, 低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位導(dǎo)致大腦結(jié)構(gòu)與功能差異可能只是適應(yīng)的結(jié)果。例如, 低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位兒童和青少年右外側(cè)前額葉皮層(RLPFC)厚度與推理能力呈正相關(guān), 而對(duì)于高社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位兒童和青少年來(lái)說(shuō), 這種關(guān)系則不存在(Leonard et al., 2019)。對(duì)于低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位青年來(lái)說(shuō), 基底外側(cè)杏仁核-vmPFC的靜息態(tài)功能連接減少與較少的焦慮相關(guān); 對(duì)于高社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位的青年來(lái)說(shuō)則有著相反的模式(Ramphal et al., 2020)。結(jié)合以上證據(jù), 可以認(rèn)為低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位者某些所謂的“缺陷”或許只是適應(yīng)環(huán)境而造成的差異而已, 他們的特殊經(jīng)歷塑造了特殊的反應(yīng)方式, 而不是“缺陷”與“正?！敝? 只是展現(xiàn)了人類(lèi)的多樣性(Nketia et al., 2021)。此外, 更需要注意的是, 低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位對(duì)自我調(diào)節(jié)的影響及其神經(jīng)機(jī)制有著復(fù)雜的作用路徑。在低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位影響自我調(diào)節(jié)相關(guān)的腦區(qū)的過(guò)程中, 產(chǎn)前因素、親子互動(dòng)和家庭環(huán)境中的認(rèn)知刺激(Hackman et al., 2010), 壓力(Brito & Noble, 2014; Tian et al., 2021; Zhu et al., 2019)起到中介作用; 對(duì)父母的依戀水平則起到調(diào)節(jié)作用, 較高的父母依戀水平減輕了童年早期低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位所導(dǎo)致的vmPFC體積減少對(duì)行為調(diào)節(jié)的影響(Zheng et al., 2022)。然而, 現(xiàn)有研究?jī)H涉及這些單一因素起作用的過(guò)程, 因此未來(lái)需要更多的研究在對(duì)每條路徑予以明確的基礎(chǔ)上構(gòu)建完整的機(jī)制模型。

第二, 需要將神經(jīng)科學(xué)與發(fā)展心理學(xué)深入地聯(lián)系起來(lái)揭示不同發(fā)展階段低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位對(duì)自我調(diào)節(jié)的獨(dú)特影響機(jī)制。自我調(diào)節(jié)很可能是分層發(fā)展的, 基本的、較低層次的成分(如工作記憶、注意力、反應(yīng)抑制)構(gòu)建成更復(fù)雜的、較高層次的成分(如認(rèn)知靈活性、轉(zhuǎn)換、推理) (Diamond et al., 2013)。在特定的發(fā)展階段處于低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位可能會(huì)對(duì)自我調(diào)節(jié)的不同方面產(chǎn)生獨(dú)特的影響。有證據(jù)顯示, 低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位兒童6歲時(shí)在選擇性注意任務(wù)上的表現(xiàn)比同齡人差, 但這往往會(huì)隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng), 到青少年時(shí)期, 這種差異就消失了(Lupien et al., 2001)。除此之外, 大腦可能會(huì)受到社會(huì)階層通過(guò)持續(xù)變化或僅在某一個(gè)點(diǎn)上通過(guò)階躍函數(shù)影響大腦。在神經(jīng)生物學(xué)方面, 研究人員比較了極端人群(“窮”與“不窮”), 也考察了與連續(xù)的社會(huì)階層變化與自我調(diào)節(jié)之間關(guān)系, 但哪些自我調(diào)節(jié)的大腦回路與低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位是呈現(xiàn)“階躍函數(shù)”關(guān)系, 哪一些可能與社會(huì)階層持續(xù)相關(guān)還不明確。這就需要未來(lái)的研究中通過(guò)加強(qiáng)發(fā)展心理學(xué)和低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位的神經(jīng)生物學(xué)研究之間的聯(lián)系來(lái)解決這一問(wèn)題?？紤]重要神經(jīng)回路中的變化如何適應(yīng)跨時(shí)間框架、分析水平和環(huán)境的發(fā)展過(guò)程的動(dòng)態(tài)相互作用是很重要的, 因?yàn)樗苌钊氲亟沂镜蜕鐣?huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位影響自我調(diào)節(jié)的社會(huì)心理過(guò)程以及神經(jīng)生物學(xué)過(guò)程中的核心機(jī)制。

第三, 從長(zhǎng)期來(lái)看, 促進(jìn)低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位者自我調(diào)節(jié)能力是提升人力資本的關(guān)鍵, 是實(shí)現(xiàn)共同富裕的核心, 未來(lái)研究應(yīng)在機(jī)制研究的基礎(chǔ)上開(kāi)發(fā)系統(tǒng)、持續(xù)、有效的提升自我調(diào)節(jié)干預(yù)方案。近一二十年來(lái), 研究者們開(kāi)發(fā)了一些旨在利用認(rèn)知神經(jīng)科學(xué)最近發(fā)展的概念和方法來(lái)改善低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位兒童的自我調(diào)節(jié)能力的干預(yù)方案。例如, 在實(shí)驗(yàn)室干預(yù)層面, 研究者們開(kāi)發(fā)了旨在訓(xùn)練不同的認(rèn)知控制過(guò)程的電腦游戲(例如專(zhuān)門(mén)開(kāi)發(fā)的Go/No Go任務(wù)游戲)來(lái)提升低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位兒童的認(rèn)知調(diào)節(jié)能力(Ballieux et al., 2016; Blakey et al., 2020; Goldin et al., 2014)。在學(xué)校層面的干預(yù)中, 研究發(fā)現(xiàn)通過(guò)認(rèn)知訓(xùn)練(倫敦塔任務(wù)進(jìn)行計(jì)劃訓(xùn)練、組塊任務(wù)進(jìn)行工作記憶訓(xùn)練、Stroop任務(wù)進(jìn)行抑制控制訓(xùn)練)加營(yíng)養(yǎng)劑補(bǔ)充鐵和葉酸能顯著提高4～6歲的低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位兒童的注意、工作記憶和規(guī)劃處理能力(Segretin et al., 2014)。此外, 教師提供積極的學(xué)業(yè)支持也能顯著提升低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位家庭的兒童和青少年執(zhí)行功能(Piccolo et al., 2019)。在家庭干預(yù)方面, 研究顯示家庭檢查方案(Family Check-Up)通過(guò)安排家長(zhǎng)與專(zhuān)業(yè)顧問(wèn)探討擔(dān)憂(yōu), 并重點(diǎn)解決對(duì)兒童發(fā)展起關(guān)鍵作用的家庭問(wèn)題, 有效提高了兒童的自我調(diào)節(jié)能力(Chang et al., 2014)。在社區(qū)干預(yù)層面, 研究發(fā)現(xiàn)通過(guò)增強(qiáng)社區(qū)信任, 使低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位者相信社區(qū)能緩沖其財(cái)務(wù)需要, 有效減少了低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位者的沖動(dòng)行為(Jachimowicz et al., 2017)。然而, 近來(lái)研究者們認(rèn)為, 應(yīng)該拋棄關(guān)于低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位者本身存在缺陷, 干預(yù)是為了減少或修復(fù)損傷的觀點(diǎn), 而應(yīng)從適應(yīng)的角度發(fā)掘低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位者的適應(yīng)性反應(yīng)和優(yōu)勢(shì)反應(yīng)(Ellis et al., 2017)。例如, 在經(jīng)濟(jì)不確定的實(shí)驗(yàn)環(huán)境中, 低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位者的注意力轉(zhuǎn)移能力顯著增強(qiáng)(Mittal et al., 2015); 在獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)導(dǎo)向問(wèn)題情境中, 低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位家庭兒童問(wèn)題解決能力顯著增強(qiáng)(Suor et al., 2017)。因此, 未來(lái)干預(yù)研究應(yīng)重點(diǎn)關(guān)注低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位者的這些“隱藏的才能”, 使課堂環(huán)境、教學(xué)策略和工作培訓(xùn)的設(shè)計(jì)更好地適應(yīng)低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位者的需求和潛力, 在政策和實(shí)踐中加以利用, 進(jìn)而充分發(fā)揮其潛力。

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Neural mechanisms underlying the effect of low socioeconomic status on self-regulation

HU Xiaoyong, DU Tangyan, LI Lanyu, WANG Tiantian

(Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China)

Self-regulation is the ability to monitor and adjust one?s cognition, emotion, and behavior to adapt to the changing environment and achieve goals. It plays a role in achievement, interpersonal communication and health, which is regarded as the key to human success and happiness. However, many studies have found that low socioeconomic status has a significant negative impact on self-regulation. To promote the self-regulation ability of people living in low socioeconomic conditions, it is necessary to deeply understand the internal mechanism of low socioeconomic status affecting self-regulation. Neuroscience provides unique information: Low socioeconomic status changes the structure and function of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, cingulate gyrus, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus and ventral striatum, and then affects various components of self-regulation (cognitive regulation, emotional regulation and behavioral regulation). In addition to more rigorous investigation of each causal chain in the neural mechanism, future research should also connect neurobiology with developmental psychology to reveal the unique impact mechanism of low socioeconomic status on self-regulation at different stages, and develop a systematic, sustainable and effective intervention program.

low socioeconomic status, cognitive regulation, emotional regulation, behavioral regulation, neural mechanism

B845; B849: C91

2021-10-09

*重慶社會(huì)科學(xué)規(guī)劃一般項(xiàng)目(2021NDYB089)、2020年度中央高?；究蒲袠I(yè)務(wù)費(fèi)專(zhuān)項(xiàng)重點(diǎn)(招標(biāo))項(xiàng)目(SWU2009206)資助

胡小勇, E-mail: huxiaoyong@swu.edu.cn