Reproducibility of macular perfusion parameters in nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy patients by two different OCTA sweep modes

INTRODUCTION

FAZ and VD measured by the two examiners using Angiography 3×3 mm

sweep mode were displayed in

Table 1.Table 2 showed the mean values of macular perfusion parameters measured by the two examiners using Angiography 6×6 mm

sweep mode.

A total of 98 patients were enrolled in our study. Of these, 10 patients were excluded from the study group because their OCTA images quality was substandard. So, the analyses in our research were based on data from 88 subjects (51 males and 37 females). The age ranged from 24 to 57y (54.67±13.70y).The IOP ranged from 11 to 20 mm Hg (13.3±3.7 mm Hg).The spherical equivalent ranged from -3.00 to +3.00 D and the mean axial length was 24.24 mm (from 22.19 to 24.27 mm). Considering that the axial length of eye could affect the measurement of macular perfusion parameters, the Littman and the modified Bennett formulae were using to calculate the picture size

. All data in the paper are obtained after correction of the above formula.

產(chǎn)業(yè)創(chuàng)新速度對創(chuàng)新效益的作用機制如圖1所示，包括微觀疊加機制和宏觀作用機制。所謂微觀疊加機制，起源于產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新速度，即若干企業(yè)的若干產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新速度的提升，帶來整個產(chǎn)業(yè)創(chuàng)新效益的提升;所謂宏觀作用機制，主要指產(chǎn)業(yè)整體的環(huán)境要素對企業(yè)創(chuàng)新速度的影響機制與方式。

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

The entire experimental procedure followed the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki, and the mode was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants which were told potential risks and benefits.

All examination of macular perfusion parameters performed by the two sophisticated ophthalmic technician using Cirrus OCTA. Before each scanning, the pupil was dilated to 6 mm with tropicamide 1% eye drops. OCTA scanning sequences automatically identified macular zone, starting by scanning the macular area with Angiography 3×3 mm

sweep mode. And then, the macular area was scanned three times in Angiography 6×6 mm

sweep mode. All of the above procedures are performed again by another technician. The average value of the two examiners was selected as the result. OCTA software system was used for image analysis: the SRL is defined as 10 μm above the inner limiting membrane (ILM) to the inner plexus layer (IPL). The FAZ and VD in the macular SRL was calculated by OCTA software.

A totally of 98 patients with NPDR referred from the Department of Endocrinology of Tongji Hospital were enrolled this study. Among them, 58 cases were male,and 40 cases were female. All participates got routine ophthalmic examination including best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), slit lamp examination, intraocular pressure (IOP)measurement using non-contact tonometer, medical optometry,direct ophthalmoscopy, B-scan ultrasound, fluorescein fundus angiography (FFA), and OCTA examination. The inclusion criteria include: 1) patients were diagnosed with NPDR,according to the international standard of diabetic retinopathy stage based on the results of fundus photography, OCT and FFA; 2) BCVA better than or equal to 0.5; 3) refractive degree range is -3 to +3 D, binocular anisometropia less than 1.5 D;4) intraocular pressure less than 21 mm Hg (1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa);5) optical media transparency examined by slit lamp; 6)eye position is parallel and normal foveal position; 7) the image signal strength is greater than or equal to 6. Exclusion criteria: 1) history of eye diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, high myopia, glaucoma and so on; 2) previous eye surgery or ocular trauma; 3) systemic diseases which may affect the retina.

SPSS version 22.0 software (SPSS Inc.,Chicago, IL, USA) was used for statistical analysis. All data with normal distribution were expressed as mean±standard deviation (SD). The macular perfusion parameters measured between different examiners and different sweep modes were compared by Student’s

-test. Reproducibility was assessed with the coefficient of variation (CoV) and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) with 95% confidence interval(CI). ICC greater than 0.80, 0.60 to 0.80 means medium, 0.41 to 0.60 means ordinary, 0.11 to 0.40 means lower, less than 0.10 means un-consistence

.

RESULTS

1）柴油置換工作落實到位。引柴油置換時，流量控制不小于200 t/h，換熱網(wǎng)絡(luò)每路每臺換熱器進行逐個置換，現(xiàn)場專人負責，從換熱器出口放空進行排查，出口放空見柴油后，開換熱器跨線置換2～5 min，再進行下臺換熱器柴油置換，換熱網(wǎng)絡(luò)置換中一路一路進行置換，直至每路見柴油，再進行后續(xù)置換，確保每臺換熱器內(nèi)柴油置換干凈。整個柴油開路置換耗時13 h。

Mean values of macular perfusion parameters determined by Angiography 3×3 mm

and 6×6 mm

sweep mode was displayed in Table 4.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most severe complication in diabetic eye diseases causing irreversible blindness

.It is a worldwide problem and the leading cause of low vision in the west

. In our country, the incidence rate of DR up to 11.9%-43.1% among patients with diabetes mellitus

.One of the important factors of visual impairment in DR is disruption of macular circulation

. The capillary network in the macular area forms an avascular area in the fovea: foveal avascular zone (FAZ). Once FAZ is affected by the disease,it will cause different degrees of vision loss. Therefore, early monitoring and evaluation of FAZ status can provide objective basis for the progress of prevention of DR

. The introduction of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) has enable

structural and quantitative assessment of retina and choroid blood perfusion

. In addition to FAZ, macular perfusion parameters also included vessel density (VD) in superficial retinal layer (SRL), which are followed closely by change in DR patients’ conditions

. OCTA can provide two macular sweep modes: Angiography 3×3 mm

and 6×6 mm

.Generally, we used sweep mode for macular perfusion parameters analysis is Angiography 6×6 mm

. In clinical work,we often use Angiography 3×3 mm

sweep modes according to the needs of diagnosis or treatment. Compared to Angiography 6×6 mm

, 3×3 mm

sweep mode has a higher resolution, which allow us to better see the subtle blood perfusion in the macular area

. Theoretically, it could increase accuracy and reliability of measuring results. Many studies

have demonstrated that OCTA can measure macular perfusion parameters with excellent reproducibility in healthy people. At present, there are few studies on the reproducibility or consistency of OCTA in the measurements of perfusion parameters in macular area of DR patient

. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the reproducibility and consistency of intra- and inter-examiner,and intra- and inter-sweep mode in assessment macular perfusion parameters in patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) using OCTA.

The intra-examiner ICC of the two examiners and the interexaminer ICC ranged between 0.963-0.977, 0.952-0.966 and 0.928-0.969, respectively (Table 3).

稻殼是稻米谷粒的外殼，是白酒生產(chǎn)普遍使用的優(yōu)良輔料。利用其穩(wěn)定的纖維結(jié)構(gòu)、不參與或干擾微生物發(fā)酵活動的物性[1]，在發(fā)酵過程中起到調(diào)整酒醅中的淀粉濃度、沖淡酸度、吸收酒精、保持漿水的疏松和填充作用，創(chuàng)造微氧環(huán)境，進而保障出酒率和酒質(zhì)。在蒸餾過程中，稻殼使酒醅有適宜的疏松度，利于甑桶蒸餾效能的發(fā)揮，使發(fā)酵產(chǎn)生的乙醇和數(shù)百種微量香味成分得到理想的提取效果[2]。

液氮冷浸過程中飽水煤巖內(nèi)部水結(jié)冰過程屬于一級相變，伴隨3個重要現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生：①固液界面上結(jié)晶潛熱的釋放；②固液界面上溶質(zhì)的再分配；③熱量的傳輸。研究水冰相變過程時，以水冰相變過程中的固液界面為分界線，在固液界面上固體與液體之間既有能量的交換也有物質(zhì)的交換，隨著凝固速度的增加，其組織形態(tài)依次按照平面晶、胞晶、枝晶、細枝晶、細胞晶、絕對穩(wěn)定平面晶的順序發(fā)生改變，枝晶間距隨凝固速度的增加先逐漸增加，再逐漸減小。

The intra-mode ICC of the two modes and the inter-mode ICC ranged between 0.957-0.959, 0.964-0.977 and 0.962-0.970,respectively (Table 5).

DISCUSSION

The results of consistency analysis of the two sweep modes in this study show that nearly all intra- and inter- mode ICCs were greater 0.90. Al-Sheikh

found that two sweep modes measured the ICCs of FAZ and VD were 0.992 and 0.997, 0.889 and 0.972, respectively. Dong

and his associates also concluded that the two sweep modes were reliably consistent in measuring macular perfusion parameters.There was no significant difference of the three repeated measurements of macular perfusion parameters determined by two modes, and the difference of the macular perfusion parameters determined by each mode also showed no statistical significance (all

＞0.05). We are confident that the two sweep modes show excellent consistency in measuring FAZ and VD.The important thing to note here is, with the enlargement of scanning range, the resolution of blood perfusion image will decrease gradually. This also suggests that the sweep mode should be selected purposely in clinical practice according to the type of disease, the size of lesion range and the location of lesion

.

In this study, we found that there was no significant different of the three repeated measurements of macular perfusion parameters by each examiner (all

0.900). And the difference of the macular perfusion parameters measured by the two examiners also shown no statistic significant(

＞0.05). All intra- and inter-examiner ICCs of macular perfusion parameters ranged from 0.962 to 0.974, and the CoVs were ＜1.0%. This suggests that OCTA measurements are less affected by the examiner’s experience. The results are consistent with previous research by other scholars. Wang

accessed the reproducibility of macular perfusion parameters in 46 patients with mild NPDR. The ICCs were between 0.909 and 0.956. Previous studies

have shown that OCTA has good reproducibility in measuring FAZ and VD in macular area of normal population. The results of this study further confirmed that OCTA had good reproducibility in measuring the macular perfusion parameters in patients with early DR. The main reasons for our analysis include: 1) Cirrus OCTA’s own real-time tracking system: FastTrac

retinal tracking system allows for accurate alignment and scanning without the subject shaking or blinking; 2) Cirrus OCTA’s OMAG (optical microangiography) algorithm, which can synthesize the characteristics of amplitude signal and phase signal, thus better retinal angiography can be obtained.

DR is one of the most common and serious microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus. The current theory holds that capillaries will be blocked, lost or degenerated and other pathological changes in ischemia and hypoxia of the retina.The impaired capillary network and decreased VD in macular area are the main causes of visual impairment caused by DR. Through FFA, Bresnick

found that the range of FAZ of DR patients was expanded, and it is related to the non-perfusion of capillary. Kim

and Tam

also demonstrated that as DR progressed, FAZ expanded accordingly. Therefore, the measurement of changes in FAZ is helpful for the early detection of DR and guidance for the diagnosis and treatment of DR. Compared with FFA,OCTA can more clearly observe the boundary of FFA and the abnormality of retinal microvascular morphology

. It can not only show the morphology and distribution of retinal blood vessels noninvasively, but also distinguish superficial and deep capillaries and analyze them quantitatively

.Some scholars

used OCTA to measure the macular perfusion parameters in normal population, and found that FAZ and VD had fine reproducibility, and there was good consistency between the two sweep modes. Evaluation of the reproducibility and consistency of macular perfusion parameters under different sweep modes may be helpful for the screening accuracy of OCTA in early DR

.

There are still some deficiencies in this study. In view of the limited conditions, there is no comparative study with other types of OCTA; Normal population and patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) were not included in this study; The blood perfusion parameters of choroid and other retinal regions were not measured. In future studies, we need to verify the results of scanning multiple retinal regions in a larger sample of patients with different severity of DR.

通過試驗證明，交換性鈉百分比、陽離子交換量與分散度呈現(xiàn)出明顯的正相關(guān)線性關(guān)系，即交換性鈉百分比、陽離子交換量越大，土體的分散性越強。其主要原因是土粒擴散層越厚，顆粒間的引力越小，土的分散性就越強。

In conclusion, we think that both sweep modes of Cirrus OCTA can provide satisfactory reproducibility for macular perfusion parameters measurements in patients with NPDR. And the results are barely affected by the examiner’s experience.

Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.82070920); Major Clinical Research Projects of the Three-Year Action Plan for Promoting Clinicial Skills and Clinical Innovation in Municipal Hospitals (No.SHDC2020CR1043B-010).

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