綏芬河水系野生絨螯蟹體重分布及常規(guī)營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)*

王世會(huì) 羅 亮 張 瑞 郭 坤 張旭彬 孔令杰 趙志剛

綏芬河水系野生絨螯蟹體重分布及常規(guī)營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)*

王世會(huì)1羅 亮1張 瑞1郭 坤1張旭彬2孔令杰2趙志剛1①

(1. 中國(guó)水產(chǎn)科學(xué)研究院黑龍江水產(chǎn)研究所 黑龍江省冷水性魚(yú)類種質(zhì)資源及增養(yǎng)殖重點(diǎn)開(kāi)放實(shí)驗(yàn)室 黑龍江 哈爾濱 150070; 2. 黑龍江省水產(chǎn)技術(shù)推廣總站 黑龍江 哈爾濱 150010)

絨螯蟹()是高鹽堿耐受性水產(chǎn)動(dòng)物，然而隨著絨螯蟹種質(zhì)退化等原因，北方地區(qū)養(yǎng)殖絨螯蟹面臨規(guī)格小、抗逆性差和病害頻發(fā)等問(wèn)題，開(kāi)發(fā)利用新的土著絨螯蟹種質(zhì)保證絨螯蟹產(chǎn)業(yè)健康發(fā)展顯得尤為必要。團(tuán)隊(duì)于2020和2021年9月，在黑龍江省綏芬河水系用地籠捕捉野生絨螯蟹共計(jì)299只(雌體156只，雄體143只)，統(tǒng)計(jì)絨螯蟹性成熟情況并分別計(jì)算不同體重絨螯蟹所占百分比，測(cè)量性成熟個(gè)體的甲殼長(zhǎng)、甲殼寬，解剖取出肝胰腺和性腺，精刮肌肉，測(cè)定可食率、色澤及常規(guī)營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分。結(jié)果顯示，綏芬河絨螯蟹雌體未性成熟比例顯著低于性成熟比例(<0.05)，而雄體則相反。不論是雌體還是雄體，性成熟個(gè)體的平均體重均顯著高于未性成熟個(gè)體(<0.05)。雌性成熟個(gè)體平均體重為(110.51±2.42) g，雄性則為(147.79±5.94) g。雌性成熟個(gè)體(≥100.00 g/只)的百分比為55.94%，雄性成熟個(gè)體(≥125.00 g/只)的百分比為60.00%。9月29日，雌體肝胰腺指數(shù)(HSI)和性腺指數(shù)(GSI)均顯著高于雄體，而出肉率(MY)和肥滿度(CF)則顯著低于雄體(<0.05)。雌體甲殼亮度值(*)和黃度值(*)均顯著低于雄體(<0.05)。雌體性腺和肌肉中粗蛋白含量顯著高于雄體，而性腺中水分含量則顯著低于雄體(<0.05)。綜上所述，綏芬河絨螯蟹具有性成熟個(gè)體平均體重大且大規(guī)格個(gè)體百分比高等特點(diǎn)，卵巢和肌肉中粗蛋白與粗脂肪百分比較高，是一種重要的高蛋白低脂肪營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)來(lái)源。本研究結(jié)果為綏芬河水系野生絨螯蟹種質(zhì)資源開(kāi)發(fā)以及利用提供了基礎(chǔ)資料。

綏芬河絨螯蟹；體重；色澤；品質(zhì)

絨螯蟹()是我國(guó)重要的水產(chǎn)經(jīng)濟(jì)養(yǎng)殖品種之一(姜曉東等, 2016)，目前消費(fèi)者所知最多的是河蟹，且絕大多數(shù)消費(fèi)者認(rèn)為河蟹即中華絨螯蟹()，這不嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。中華絨螯蟹簡(jiǎn)稱為河蟹，但河蟹不僅包括中華絨螯蟹一個(gè)種，還包括日本絨螯蟹()和合浦絨螯蟹()兩個(gè)種(Guo, 1997; Wang, 2008; Xu, 2009; 王武等, 2013)，所以嚴(yán)格來(lái)說(shuō)河蟹是絨螯蟹的簡(jiǎn)稱，更為準(zhǔn)確。絨螯蟹是降河洄游生活史的水產(chǎn)動(dòng)物，在河口半咸水區(qū)域交配并產(chǎn)卵，孵化后的大眼幼體再遷移到淡水中生長(zhǎng)(Cheng, 2008)。絨螯蟹廣泛分布于我國(guó)沿海的各大水系中，北至黑龍江省綏芬河水系，南至廣西壯族自治區(qū)南流江水系，均有野生絨螯蟹的群體分布。2020年全國(guó)絨螯蟹產(chǎn)量為77.59萬(wàn)t (農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部漁業(yè)漁政管理局, 2021)，養(yǎng)殖產(chǎn)量較高的區(qū)域主要集中于長(zhǎng)江流域，如江蘇、湖北、安徽和遼河流域如遼寧等省。雖然我國(guó)絨螯蟹產(chǎn)業(yè)規(guī)模較大，但目前開(kāi)發(fā)利用的絨螯蟹種質(zhì)主要是長(zhǎng)江和遼河水系中華絨螯蟹(王武等, 2013)，而其他水系的絨螯蟹種質(zhì)資源狀況了解甚少。

綏芬河絨螯蟹是分布于黑龍江省牡丹江市東寧市綏芬河水系的土著野生絨螯蟹群體。張志華等(2005)指出，綏芬河絨螯蟹學(xué)名應(yīng)為日本絨螯蟹，因絨螯蟹是洄游性水產(chǎn)動(dòng)物，綏芬河絨螯蟹被認(rèn)為是日本海的日本絨螯蟹溯河洄游到綏芬河而形成的地理群體。2003年黑龍江省水產(chǎn)技術(shù)推廣總站開(kāi)展科技攻關(guān)，設(shè)立“綏芬河河蟹人工繁育及養(yǎng)殖技術(shù)研究”科研項(xiàng)目，初次實(shí)現(xiàn)綏芬河絨螯蟹苗種的人工繁育，并成功孵化出80 kg的大眼幼體(張志華等, 2005)。近些年，隨著遼寧盤(pán)錦中華絨螯蟹種質(zhì)退化嚴(yán)重，“牛奶病”病害頻發(fā)，而綏芬河絨螯蟹因規(guī)格相對(duì)較大，部分孵化企業(yè)從業(yè)者到黑龍江收集綏芬河絨螯蟹進(jìn)行苗種繁育。在苗種繁育之前，首先要系統(tǒng)調(diào)查綏芬河水系野生絨螯蟹的種質(zhì)資源狀況，并闡述其優(yōu)異性狀，這樣才能為新種質(zhì)開(kāi)發(fā)利用提供重要支撐，而綏芬河水系野生絨螯蟹種質(zhì)資源評(píng)估內(nèi)容卻一直未見(jiàn)報(bào)道，這對(duì)全面評(píng)估絨螯蟹新種質(zhì)十分不利。2021年《農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部關(guān)于開(kāi)展全國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)種質(zhì)資源普查》的文件中提出：“農(nóng)業(yè)種質(zhì)資源是保障國(guó)家糧食安全和重要農(nóng)產(chǎn)品有效供給的戰(zhàn)略性資源，是農(nóng)業(yè)科技原始創(chuàng)新與現(xiàn)代種業(yè)發(fā)展的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)”，對(duì)打贏我國(guó)水產(chǎn)種業(yè)翻身仗具有重要的意義。楊雨虹等(2022)研究表明，中華絨螯蟹是高鹽堿耐受性水產(chǎn)動(dòng)物，適宜在低中堿度鹽堿水中開(kāi)展養(yǎng)殖。而新絨螯蟹種質(zhì)開(kāi)發(fā)利用對(duì)我國(guó)絨螯蟹產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展及鹽堿水養(yǎng)殖均具有重要意義，為此，團(tuán)隊(duì)利用2年時(shí)間分別收集了綏芬河水系野生絨螯蟹，并對(duì)其性成熟比例、平均體重、體重分布、色澤和常規(guī)營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分進(jìn)行測(cè)定和分析，以期為絨螯蟹新種質(zhì)資源評(píng)估及開(kāi)發(fā)利用提供基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)。

1 材料與方法

1.1 樣品來(lái)源

本研究所用絨螯蟹為2020和2021年9月采用地籠捕捉自綏芬河水系的野生絨螯蟹，捕捉江段為綏芬河水系東寧段(44.01°N, 131.14°E)。兩年共捕捉雌體156只，雄體143只。活體運(yùn)輸至中國(guó)水產(chǎn)科學(xué)研究院黑龍江水產(chǎn)研究所黑龍江省冷水性魚(yú)類種質(zhì)資源及增養(yǎng)殖重點(diǎn)開(kāi)放實(shí)驗(yàn)室進(jìn)行分析測(cè)定。

1.2 性成熟個(gè)體及體重分布統(tǒng)計(jì)

根據(jù)王武等(2013)判別所捕獲綏芬河水系野生絨螯蟹性成熟狀況，并計(jì)算未性成熟與性成熟個(gè)體百分比含量。生殖蛻殼的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：雌體主要依據(jù)腹臍形狀和腹臍絨毛長(zhǎng)度；雄體主要依據(jù)交接器是否突出和硬化、大螯絨毛覆蓋面積和長(zhǎng)度(王世會(huì)等, 2019a)。用電子天平(型號(hào)：JA2002, 精確度為0.01 g, 上海浦春計(jì)量?jī)x器有限公司)逐一稱量所有捕獲絨螯蟹個(gè)體，計(jì)算未性成熟與性成熟的平均體重，并統(tǒng)計(jì)各規(guī)格所占總個(gè)體數(shù)的百分比含量。

1.3 性成熟絨螯蟹可食組織比例及肥滿度測(cè)定

選取性成熟且百分比含量最高的絨螯蟹組雌雄體各15只，用電子天平準(zhǔn)確稱量，并用游標(biāo)卡尺(型號(hào)：605，精確度為0.01 mm，哈爾濱量具刃具有限責(zé)任公司)測(cè)量甲殼長(zhǎng)和甲殼寬，計(jì)算肥滿度(condition factor, CF)。解剖取出全部肝胰腺和性腺精確稱重，計(jì)算肝胰腺指數(shù)(hepatosomatic index, HSI, %)和性腺指數(shù)(gonadosomatic index, GSI, %)。精刮絨螯蟹一半肌肉，計(jì)算出肉率(muscle yield, MY, %)和總可食率(total edible yield, TEY, %)(王世會(huì)等, 2019a)。

CF =/3;

HSI (%) = 100×W/;

GSI (%) = 100×W/;

MY (%) = 100×W/;

TEY (%) = GSI+HSI+MY

式中，為甲殼長(zhǎng)(cm)，W為肝胰腺重(g)，W為性腺重(g)，W為肌肉重(g)，為體重(g)。

1.4 色澤及常規(guī)營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)測(cè)定

選取解剖后獲得的甲殼、肝胰腺和性腺樣品，用高精度分光測(cè)色儀(型號(hào)：CR-400，日本柯尼卡美能達(dá)控股公司)分別測(cè)定濕樣和凍干樣的色澤，每個(gè)樣品隨機(jī)測(cè)量3個(gè)點(diǎn)取平均值作為其色澤的參考值，測(cè)量參數(shù)包括亮度值(*)、紅度值(*)和黃度值(*) (Long, 2017)。

采用真空冷凍干燥法(趙恒亮, 2016)測(cè)定絨螯蟹可食組織(肝胰腺、性腺和肌肉)的水分含量(–50℃真空冷凍至恒重)；采用AOAC(1995)方法測(cè)定絨螯蟹可食組織中的粗蛋白(凱氏定氮法)和灰分(550℃灼燒至恒重)；參考GB 5009.6-2016《食品中脂肪的測(cè)定》索氏抽提法提取絨螯蟹可食組織中粗脂肪并測(cè)定其含量。

1.5 數(shù)據(jù)分析

應(yīng)用SPSS 22.0軟件處理實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)并統(tǒng)計(jì)分析，所有數(shù)據(jù)均采用平均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤(Mean±SE)表示。采用Levene法進(jìn)行方差齊性檢驗(yàn)，當(dāng)不滿足齊性方差時(shí)，對(duì)百分比數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行反正弦或平方根處理。采用獨(dú)立檢驗(yàn)檢查各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)間的差異性，<0.05為差異顯著。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 性成熟比例及平均體重分布

9月末黑龍江省綏芬河水系(東寧段)野生絨螯蟹存在未性成熟和性成熟兩種狀態(tài)，比例如圖1所示。雌體未性成熟比例為(24.36±2.56)%，性成熟比例為(75.64±3.97)%，性成熟比例顯著高于未性成熟比例(<0.05)；雄體未性成熟比例為(65.03±3.08)%，性成熟比例為(34.97±2.46)%，性成熟比例顯著低于未性成熟比例(<0.05)。未性成熟和性成熟絨螯蟹平均體重如圖2所示。雌體未性成熟絨螯蟹平均體重為(70.28± 4.03) g，性成熟絨螯蟹平均體重為(110.51±2.42) g，性成熟絨螯蟹平均體重顯著高于未性成熟絨螯蟹(<0.05)；雄體未性成熟絨螯蟹平均體重為(75.25± 2.95) g，性成熟絨螯蟹平均體重為(147.79±5.94) g，性成熟絨螯蟹平均體重顯著高于未性成熟絨螯蟹(<0.05)。

圖1 綏芬河絨螯蟹雌雄成熟比例

數(shù)據(jù)上標(biāo)中含有不同字母表示差異顯著(<0.05)，下同。

Values with different superscripts are significantly different (<0.05), the same as below.

圖2 綏芬河絨螯蟹雌雄平均體重

綏芬河絨螯蟹不同規(guī)格分布比例如圖3所示。就雌體而言(圖3)，未性成熟絨螯蟹平均體重主要集中于50.00～99.99 g范圍內(nèi)，且不同規(guī)格組間存在顯著性差異(<0.05)。性成熟絨螯蟹平均體重主要集中于75.00～149.99 g范圍內(nèi)，除50.00～74.99 g規(guī)格和175.00～199.99 g規(guī)格間無(wú)顯著性差異外，其余各規(guī)格組間均存在顯著性差異(<0.05)，同時(shí)≥100.00 g的個(gè)體數(shù)比例達(dá)到了55.94%。就雄體而言(圖3)，未性成熟絨螯蟹平均體重主要集中于30.00～124.99 g范圍內(nèi)，除125.00～149.99 g規(guī)格和150.00～174.99 g規(guī)格無(wú)顯著性差異外，其余各規(guī)格組間均存在顯著性差異(<0.05)。性成熟絨螯蟹平均體重分布較為分散，除175.00～199.99 g、200.00～224.99 g和≥225.00 g規(guī)格無(wú)顯著性差異外，其余各規(guī)格組間均存在顯著性差異(<0.05)，同時(shí)≥125.00 g的個(gè)體數(shù)比例達(dá)到了60.00%。

圖3 綏芬河絨螯蟹不同規(guī)格分布比例

2.2 可食組織比例及肥滿度

綏芬河絨螯蟹雌體和雄體可食組織比例及CF比較見(jiàn)表1所示。雌體平均體重、MY和CF顯著低于雄體(<0.05)，而HSI和GSI則顯著高于雄體(<0.05)，其余指標(biāo)甲殼長(zhǎng)、甲殼寬和TEY則無(wú)顯著性差異(>0.05)。

2.3 色澤及常規(guī)營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)

綏芬河絨螯蟹成體色澤參數(shù)見(jiàn)表2所示。雌體甲殼濕樣及干樣的和均顯著低于雄體(<0.05) (圖4)，肝胰腺濕樣的顯著低于雄體(<0.05)，其余甲殼和肝胰腺雌雄性別間色澤參數(shù)均無(wú)顯著性差異(>0.05)。

表1 綏芬河絨螯蟹可食組織比例及肥滿度比較

Tab.1 Edible tissue ratio and condition factor of adult Suifenhe mitten crab (n=15)

注：同行數(shù)據(jù)上標(biāo)中含有不同字母表示差異顯著(<0.05)，下同。

Notes: Values in the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (<0.05), the same as below.

綏芬河絨螯蟹常規(guī)營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)如表3所示。就性腺而言，雌體水分含量顯著低于雄體(<0.05)，而粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量則顯著高于雄體(<0.05)，灰分含量無(wú)顯著性差異(>0.05)；就肝胰腺而言，雌雄性別間均無(wú)顯著性差異(>0.05)；就肌肉而言，雌體粗蛋白含量顯著高于雄體(<0.05)，其余指標(biāo)無(wú)顯著性差異(>0.05)。

表2 綏芬河絨螯蟹成體色澤比較

Tab.2 The comparison of color quality of adult Suifenhe mitten crab (n=9)

3 討論

種質(zhì)資源(又稱為遺傳資源)是親代傳遞給子代的遺傳物質(zhì)，往往存在于物種之中(Primack, 1992)，包括野生物種、培育推廣的新品種以及重要的遺傳材料等(劉英杰等, 2015)。野生土著種的開(kāi)發(fā)利用是增加水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖新品種的重要途徑，而種質(zhì)資源調(diào)查則是了解野生種質(zhì)資源狀況的重要手段。本研究表明， 9月末綏芬河水系野生絨螯蟹性成熟雌體平均體重為(110.51±2.42) g，雄體為(147.79±5.94) g，這顯著高于閩江水系(徐建峰等, 2020)和南流江水系野生絨螯蟹體重(2019年度調(diào)研)。通常來(lái)講，長(zhǎng)江流域中華絨螯蟹個(gè)體平均體重最大，隨著緯度升高或降低，絨螯蟹個(gè)體平均體重均逐漸減小。例如，由于二齡遼河水系中華絨螯蟹長(zhǎng)成規(guī)格較小，故養(yǎng)殖區(qū)域主要限制在東北及華北部分地區(qū)。目前，南流江水系絨螯蟹由于并未開(kāi)發(fā)利用，但通過(guò)調(diào)研可知其平均體重較小。但在黑龍江省，綏芬河野生絨螯蟹的平均體重卻顯著高于人工養(yǎng)殖中華絨螯蟹，與通常認(rèn)知有悖。與人工池塘養(yǎng)殖或稻田養(yǎng)殖環(huán)境相比較而言，綏芬河野生絨螯蟹生長(zhǎng)于綏芬河天然水域中，推測(cè)可能水體平均深度較大，水溫較低，同時(shí)動(dòng)物性餌料資源較為匱乏等因素，導(dǎo)致2年生長(zhǎng)期不能性成熟，故生活史延長(zhǎng)到3年或4年，多1～2年的生長(zhǎng)期直接影響了綏芬河野生絨螯蟹雌雄個(gè)體平均體重。這與劉艷春(2014)提及的黃河三角洲天然水域中也存在大規(guī)格個(gè)體的成因相似。綏芬河野生絨螯蟹未性成熟雌體平均體重為(70.28±4.03) g，雄體則為(75.25±2.95) g，而在水溫、水草和餌料資源均很豐富的前提下，一年人工養(yǎng)殖扣蟹的平均體重僅約為4.00～10.00 g左右(王世會(huì)等, 2019b)，通過(guò)這個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)也能從側(cè)面反映綏芬河天然水域中絨螯蟹的生活史不太可能是2年。目前關(guān)于蟹類年齡鑒定文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道較少，僅從蟹類眼柄組織切片觀察生長(zhǎng)紋細(xì)紋與寬紋等(蔣瑞等, 2018; 倪震宇等, 2019)角度探討過(guò)，這為蟹類年齡鑒定提供了新的方法，但對(duì)在生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐中蟹類年齡鑒定指導(dǎo)意義有限，并未廣泛應(yīng)用。

圖4 綏芬河絨螯蟹頭胸甲濕樣及干樣色澤比較

表3 綏芬河絨螯蟹常規(guī)營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分比較(%, 濕重)

Tab.3 The proximate composition of adult Suifenhe mitten crab (%, wet weight) (n=15)

就性別差異而言，雌體平均體重要小于雄體，這在許多水產(chǎn)動(dòng)物體現(xiàn)出較為明顯的生長(zhǎng)速度差異(王世會(huì)等, 2019b)，同時(shí)雄體規(guī)格大于雌體，也有利于繁殖群體中雌體保持生殖潛力(杜楠等, 2021)。本研究表明，雌體HSI、GSI和TEY高于雄體，而MY和CF則低于雄體，這與以往公開(kāi)報(bào)道文獻(xiàn)結(jié)果一致(王世會(huì)等, 2020; Wang, 2021)，說(shuō)明野生絨螯蟹與人工養(yǎng)殖中華絨螯蟹在可食組織比例和CF等指標(biāo)參數(shù)上是一致的。但由于野生絨螯蟹的生物餌料不足等原因，其GSI數(shù)值略低于人工養(yǎng)殖絨螯蟹，性腺發(fā)育速度較慢。

色澤是絨螯蟹感官評(píng)價(jià)的重要指標(biāo)參數(shù)，也是影響消費(fèi)者購(gòu)買(mǎi)欲的重要因素(Tume, 2009; Long, 2017)。通常來(lái)講，絨螯蟹的甲殼及可食組織紅度值越高，則相對(duì)市場(chǎng)價(jià)格越高(Chien, 1992)，、和是評(píng)價(jià)水產(chǎn)動(dòng)物色澤的重要指標(biāo)參數(shù)，數(shù)值高低與其中的類胡蘿卜素(尤其是蝦青素)含量密切相關(guān)(Long, 2017)。本研究中，雄體甲殼的和值均顯著高于雌體，這與西雙版納池塘養(yǎng)殖中華絨螯蟹的甲殼色澤數(shù)據(jù)相似(王世會(huì)等, 2019c)。雄體肝胰腺值高于雌體，可能原因是由于在性腺發(fā)育過(guò)程中，雌蟹肝胰腺中的大量類胡蘿卜素營(yíng)養(yǎng)被轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)至卵巢性腺發(fā)育，而雄體肝胰腺中營(yíng)養(yǎng)則無(wú)需轉(zhuǎn)移至精巢(王世會(huì)等, 2019c)。

可食組織中常規(guī)營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分是評(píng)價(jià)水產(chǎn)品營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值的重要指標(biāo)(Kause, 2002)。絨螯蟹營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分組成受遺傳、養(yǎng)殖環(huán)境和餌料等多種因素影響(成永旭等, 1998; Wu, 2011)。本研究表明，綏芬河野生絨螯蟹肝胰腺和肌肉的常規(guī)營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分因性別差異影響不大，而性腺中常規(guī)營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分則因性別差異影響較大，這與王世會(huì)等(2019a、2020)報(bào)道結(jié)果一致。就不同可食組織比較而言，性腺和肌肉中粗蛋白含量較高，而肝胰腺中粗脂肪含量較高，這可能與性腺中蛋白積累為性腺發(fā)育提供營(yíng)養(yǎng)及能量有關(guān)，而肝胰腺則是甲殼動(dòng)物脂質(zhì)存儲(chǔ)和代謝的重要器官(Vogt, 1994)。尤其值得關(guān)注的數(shù)據(jù)是，綏芬河野生絨螯蟹卵巢中粗蛋白/粗脂肪的含量比值為2.68，而山東東營(yíng)、青海海西蒙古族藏族自治州、上海崇明島和云南西雙版納(王世會(huì)等, 2019a; Wang, 2021)養(yǎng)殖中華絨螯蟹卵巢中粗蛋白/粗脂肪的比值僅為1.80、2.11、1.84和1.94。綏芬河野生絨螯蟹雌體和雄體肌肉中粗蛋白/粗脂肪的比值高達(dá)25.85和26.51，而山東東營(yíng)、青海海西蒙古族藏族自治州、上海崇明島和云南西雙版納(王世會(huì)等, 2019a; Wang, 2021)養(yǎng)殖絨螯蟹雌體比值僅為14.28、16.32、18.31和15.48，雄體比值僅為15.98、17.32、16.44和19.33。以上數(shù)據(jù)說(shuō)明，與其他地區(qū)養(yǎng)殖或野生絨螯蟹比較而言，綏芬河野生絨螯蟹可食組織(卵巢和肌肉)是一種高蛋白低脂肪的食物，符合人們對(duì)高蛋白低脂肪食物的需求。

綜上所述，綏芬河野生絨螯蟹性成熟個(gè)體平均體重較大，且大規(guī)格個(gè)體百分比含量較高，可食組織比例、CF指標(biāo)、色澤及常規(guī)營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)與現(xiàn)已開(kāi)發(fā)利用的遼河和長(zhǎng)江水系中華絨螯蟹無(wú)明顯差異，但卵巢和肌肉中粗蛋白與粗脂肪比例更加符合人體對(duì)高蛋白低脂肪食物的需求，是一種具有較大開(kāi)發(fā)潛力的絨螯蟹新種質(zhì)。

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Body Weight Profile and Proximate Composition of Adult Suifenhe

WANG Shihui1, LUO Liang1, ZHANG Rui1, GUO Kun1,ZHANG Xubin2, KONG Lingjie2, ZHAO Zhigang1①

(1. Key Open Laboratory of Cold Water Fish Germplasm Resources and Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150070, China; 2. Heilongjiang Province Fisheries Technology Extension Center, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150010, China)

Mitten crab () is an important aquaculture species in China, with three main species: Chinese mitten crab (), Japanese mitten crab (), and Hepu mitten crab (). Mitten crabhas a catadromous life cycle. Paired mitten crabs mate and spawn in estuaries, and the progeny migrate upriver into freshwater rivers to grow. Mitten crab is widely distributed in major basins along the coast of China. Wild mitten crab populations are distributed from the Suifenhe River in the Heilongjiang Province in the north to the Nanliujiang River in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in the south. Suifenhe mittencrab is an indigenous wild mitten crab population distributed in the Suifenhe River basin of Dongning City, Mudanjiang City, Heilongjiang Province. It is a highly salt-tolerant aquatic animal, and the current mittencrabgermplasm is severely degraded. Therefore, the development of a new mitten crabgermplasm is of great significance for crab industry development and salt-alkali aquaculture in China. In September 2020 and 2021, ground cages were used to capture 299 wild crabs (156 females and 143 males) from the Suifenhe River basin of Heilongjiang to investigate the parameters of sexual maturity, body weight (BW) profile, color, total edible yield, and proximate composition.

The sexual maturity of wild Suifenhe mitten crabwas determined by puberty molting, and BW was measured using an electronic balance. The hepatosomatic index (HSI, %) and gonadosomatic index (GSI, %) were calculated from their respective weights and the ratio of BW. A high-precision spectrophotometer was used to determine the color of the wet and dry samples. Vacuum freeze-drying was used to determine the moisture content of the edible tissues (hepatopancreas, gonads, and muscles). Protein, lipid, and ash were analyzed by the AOAC and Soxhlet extractor method.

In late September, wild crabs in the Suifenhe River basin (Dongning Section) in Heilongjiang Province comprised of two stages: immature and sexually mature. The ratio of immature females was significantly lower than that of sexually mature ones (<0.05); however, it was the opposite for males. Regardless of sex, the average BW of sexually mature individuals was significantly higher than that of immature individuals (<0.05). The average BW of mature females was (110.51±2.42) g, and the average BW of mature individuals was (147.79±5.94) g. The average BW of sexually mature female crabs was mainly concentrated in the range of 75.00～149.99 g, and the percentage of mature female individuals (≥100.00 g/ind) was 55.94%. The average BW distribution of sexually mature male crabs was relatively scattered, and the percentage of mature male individuals (≥125.00 g/ind) was 60.00%. On September 29, the HSI and GSI of females were significantly higher than those of males, whereas the rates of muscle yield (MY) and condition factor (CF) were higher in males than those in females (<0.05). The brightness (*) and yellowness (*) values of the female carapace were significantly lower than those of the males (<0.05). The crude protein content in female gonads and muscles was significantly higher than that in male carapace, whereas the moisture content in male gonads was significantly higher than that in females (<0.05). The results of this study provide basic data for the development and utilization of Suifenhe mitten crab germplasm resources.

Wild adult Suifenhe mitten crabhad larger BW and a higher percentage of large-sized individuals than pond-rearedin the north of China. The proportion of edible tissues, condition factor, color, and proximate composition of Suifenhe mitten crab were not significantly different from those offrom the Liao River and Yangtze River. Meanwhile, the ratio of crude protein to crude lipid in ovaries and muscles was in accordance with the human body’s need for high-protein and low-fat foods. Hence, Suifenhe mitten crab is a new crab germplasm with significant development potential. These results provide basic data for the development and utilization of Suifenhe mitten crabgermplasm resources.

Suifenhe; Body weight; Color; Quality

ZHAO Zhigang, E-mail: Zhaozhigang@hrfri.ac.cn

10.19663/j.issn2095-9869.20211228004

S932.52

A

2095-9869(2022)04-0061-09

*中央級(jí)公益性科研院所基本科研業(yè)務(wù)費(fèi)專項(xiàng)(HSY202008Q)、中國(guó)水產(chǎn)科學(xué)研究院基本科研業(yè)務(wù)費(fèi)項(xiàng)目(2021XT05; 2020TD56)和國(guó)家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃(2020WED0900402)共同資助[This work was supported by Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund, HRFRI (HSY202008Q), Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund, CAFS (2021XT05; 2020TD56), and National Key Research and Development Program of China (2020WED0900402)]. 王世會(huì), E-mail: firstwsh@163.com

趙志剛, 副研究員, E-mail: Zhaozhigang@hrfri.ac.cn

2021-12-28,

2022-01-21

http://www.yykxjz.cn/

王世會(huì), 羅亮, 張瑞, 郭坤, 張旭彬, 孔令杰, 趙志剛.綏芬河水系野生絨螯蟹體重分布及常規(guī)營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì). 漁業(yè)科學(xué)進(jìn)展, 2022, 43(4): 61–69

WANG S H, LUO L, ZHANG R, GUO K, ZHANG X B, KONG L J, ZHAO Z G. Body weight profile and proximate composition of adult Suifenhe. Progress in Fishery Sciences, 2022, 43(4): 61–69

(編輯 陳 輝)