王成嵐 張建
在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中,省略結(jié)構(gòu)是一種常見(jiàn)現(xiàn)象。所謂省略,就是句子結(jié)構(gòu)省去某些句子成分或者連詞,保持句意不發(fā)生改變,其本質(zhì)就是省略重復(fù)的部分或者不必要的部分。對(duì)于省略結(jié)構(gòu)的處理,我們要快速識(shí)別句子中省略的成分,準(zhǔn)確理解句意。下面是英語(yǔ)復(fù)合句中的常見(jiàn)省略現(xiàn)象。
1. 賓語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞的省略
(1)引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的連詞(連接主句和從句)that,不充當(dāng)任何成分,常常被省略。如:
He told me (that) we have passed the exam.
需要注意的是,如果出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè) that 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句,只可以省略第一個(gè) that,之后的 that 要保留。如:
He told me (that) we have passed the exam and that we would gocamping on the weekend. ( 第二個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句“that we would go camping on the weekend”中的 that 就不能省略。)
(2)在以某些形容詞或過(guò)去分詞,如在 sure、glad、certain、pleased、happy、afraid、surprised、satisfied 等詞所引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句中,連詞 that 也可省略。如:
We arent sure (that) which the best is.
I was very pleased (that) my best friend had passed the exam.
2. 定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞的省略
(1)在定語(yǔ)從句中,如果引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ),該引導(dǎo)詞 that/which/who/whom 可以省略。如:
This is the place (which/that) I live in.
Tom is my best friend (whom/who/that) I can talk with freely.
以上兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞在從句中分別作賓語(yǔ),可以省略。
(2)as 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中,關(guān)系代詞 as 后面的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)也可省略。如:
He gave the same answer as (he had given) before.
3. 狀語(yǔ)從句中的省略
(1)在時(shí)間、原因、條件、方式、讓步等狀語(yǔ)從句中,如果主句的主語(yǔ)和從句的主語(yǔ)相同,常常省略主語(yǔ)和助動(dòng)詞,使用“連詞 + 分詞”形式。如:
When (I am) lying on the sofa, I feel completely relaxed.
She wont come unless (she is) invited.
No child shall be allowed out of the school during the day, unless (thechild is) accompanied by an adult.
(2)在以 than 和 as 引導(dǎo)的比較結(jié)構(gòu)的狀語(yǔ)從句中,省略某些與主句相同的成分或在特定上下文中有某些不言而喻的成分時(shí),可省掉整個(gè)as/than 從句。如:
The pianos in the other shop will be cheaper (than those in thisshop), but (they are) not as good (as those in this shop).
(3)狀語(yǔ)從句中并列結(jié)構(gòu)的省略。兩個(gè)并列的狀語(yǔ)從句只是從屬連詞不同,其他相同時(shí),則可省略一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句,而把兩個(gè)從屬連詞連接起來(lái)。如:
They will be arriving either before (the film begins) or after the filmbegins.
(4)在以 which、when、where、how 和 why 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句中,其謂語(yǔ)與主句謂語(yǔ)相同時(shí)省略全部謂語(yǔ),有時(shí)甚至主語(yǔ)也可省略,只保留一個(gè) w-/h- 的詞。如:
He cant go to school, but I dont know why (he cant go to school).
4.If 引導(dǎo)虛擬條件句中的省略
在 if 從句中,如果含 were、should、had 時(shí),可省去 if,而將 were、should、had 置于句首,構(gòu)成倒裝句。如:
Were I in your position (= If I were in your position), I would go.
Had you arrived five minutes earlier (= If you had arrived five
minutes earlier),you could have caught the train.
Should he come (= If he should come), tell him to ring me up.
總的說(shuō)來(lái),“省略”不僅是一種表達(dá)習(xí)慣,更是一種簡(jiǎn)潔文字、雖無(wú)勝有的修辭手段。在英語(yǔ)閱讀中,要注意識(shí)別省略并正確理解句意。在寫(xiě)作中可以適當(dāng)運(yùn)用省略,從而提高英語(yǔ)表達(dá)的地道性。
單句語(yǔ)法填空練習(xí)
1.When (it is)___________ (complete), the museum will be open to the public next year.
2.You must attend the meeting unless(it is) ___________(convenient) to you.
3.The concert was a great success than(it was)___________ (expect).
4. ___________(have) you come earlier, you would have caught the bus.
5.He said he would come and ___________he would help us.