唐鳳 鄒天才 楊乃坤 胡光平 劉海燕
摘 要:貴州紅山茶(Camellia kweichowensis)是紅山茶組中稀有5室蒴果代表種之一,具有重要物種生物學(xué)意義和經(jīng)濟(jì)利用價(jià)值。為探索貴州紅山茶物種稀有瀕危原因,該文采用樣方法與實(shí)測(cè)法調(diào)查,通過(guò)種群年齡結(jié)構(gòu)和生存力分析,開(kāi)展種群結(jié)構(gòu)動(dòng)態(tài)量化特征和未來(lái)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)的研究。結(jié)果表明:(1)貴州紅山茶原生植被具有亞熱帶濕潤(rùn)性常綠闊葉林典型特征,常綠落葉闊葉混交林占主體林分,華山松(Pinus armandii)+樺木(Betula luminifera)+楓香(Liquidambar formosana)+藍(lán)果樹(shù)(Nyssa sinensis)+山茶(Camellia sp.)+鈴木(Eurya sp.)+木荷(Schima sp.)等針葉闊葉混交林常見(jiàn)。(2)貴州紅山茶植物種群結(jié)構(gòu)為增長(zhǎng)型,以小樹(shù)和中樹(shù)齡級(jí)階段植株為主體,占種群數(shù)量的73.02%;種群存活曲線Deevey-Ⅱ型特征明顯,種群生命期望值在幼苗期達(dá)到最大值,死亡率和消失率曲線的變化趨勢(shì)基本一致;種群幼苗庫(kù)豐富但響應(yīng)生境外的干擾敏感,幼苗存活至Ⅶ齡級(jí)植株概率陡降至36.17%,整體呈現(xiàn)“Ⅳ齡級(jí)前增長(zhǎng)-Ⅳ齡級(jí)后衰退”的特點(diǎn)。(3)貴州紅山茶在未來(lái)2、4、6、8、10個(gè)徑級(jí)的生長(zhǎng)期之后,種群動(dòng)態(tài)趨于中樹(shù)(Ⅴ~Ⅶ齡級(jí))、大樹(shù)(Ⅷ~Ⅹ齡級(jí))和老樹(shù)(Ⅺ~ⅩⅢ齡級(jí))的態(tài)勢(shì)。綜上認(rèn)為,貴州紅山茶生境資源及空間有限性導(dǎo)致種群內(nèi)部或不同物種間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)加劇,使種群幼苗存活率降低和低齡級(jí)植株數(shù)量減少,加上人類(lèi)掠奪性采伐造成的成年植株死亡率增高,致使其種群的數(shù)量增加及種群擴(kuò)散受阻,分布區(qū)狹窄,物種趨于瀕危。
關(guān)鍵詞: 貴州紅山茶, 種群結(jié)構(gòu)特征, 種群數(shù)量變化, 時(shí)間序列預(yù)測(cè), 物種瀕危機(jī)制
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):Q9458.15
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A
文章編號(hào):1000-3142(2022)03-0520-10
Population structure and dynamics analysis of rare
and endangered plant Camellia kweichowensis
TANG Feng1, ZOU Tiancai2, YANG Naikun3, HU Guangping4, LIU Haiyan5*
( 1. College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; 2. Guizhou Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550001, China; 3. Guiyang
Zhongxiong Forestry Ecological Engineering Investigation & Design Co., Ltd., Guiyang 550004, China; 4. Institute for Natural Forest and Public
Welfare Forest Protection and Restoration of Guiyang, Guiyang 550003, China; 5. Guizhou Botanical Garden, Guiyang 550004, China )
Abstract:Camellia kweichowensis is a rare 5-locular capsule-bearing representative species of the section Camellia with biological importance and economic value. In order to explore the reasons for its endangered status, we studied the quantitative characteristics of population structure dynamics and future development trend by combining the sample investigation and actual measurement methods, the analysis of population age structure and survivability. The results were as follows: (1) The primary vegetation of C. kweichowensis had typical characteristics of subtropical humid evergreen broad-leaved forests. While the mixed evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest were the main stands, and the coniferous broad-leaved mixed forest of Pinus armandii + Betula luminifera + Liquidambar formosana + Nyssa sinensis + Camellia sp. + Eurya sp. + Schima sp.? was common. (2) The growth population of C. kweichowensis dominated the growth structure. The points were mainly concentrated in the small and medium tree stages, and the sum of the proportion constituted 73.02% of the overall population. Deevey-Ⅱ type characteristic of the population survival curve was obvious, the life expectancy of C. kweichowensis was the maximum at the seedling stage. The change trend of mortality and the vanishing curves of the same plot were approximately the same. The quantitative dynamic analysis indicated that the three plots had abundant seedling pools, but were sensitive to the disturbance outside the habitat. The probability of surviving to Ⅶ age-class dropped significantly to 36.17%. On the whole, the population structure showed the characteristics of “growth in the early stage and decline in the late stage of Ⅳ age-class”. (3) After the growth period of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 diameter scales, the C. kweichowensis population dynamics tilted toward the succession of middle trees (Ⅴ-Ⅶ age-class), big trees (Ⅷ-Ⅹ age-class), and aged trees (Ⅺ-ⅩⅢ age-class). In conclusion, due to the limited habitat resources and space, intraspecific and interspecific competition intensifies, which reduces the survival rate of population seedlings and the number of young, and increased the mortality of adult plants caused by human predatory logging. As a result, the population renewal and diffusion are hindered, the distribution area is narrow, and the species tend to be endangered.
Key words: Camellia kweichowensis, population structure characteristics, population quantity change, time series prediction, species endangered mechanism
種群是物種進(jìn)化的基本單位(姜在民等,2018),種群結(jié)構(gòu)特征及其動(dòng)態(tài)變化規(guī)律是種群生態(tài)學(xué)研究的核心內(nèi)容和基礎(chǔ)科學(xué)問(wèn)題(王飛等,2022),種群生命表、生存分析、數(shù)量動(dòng)態(tài)量化和時(shí)間序列預(yù)測(cè)等是研究植物種群數(shù)量特征的重要手段和工具(張文輝等,2004;張亞芳等,2015;朱強(qiáng)等,2019)。種群年齡結(jié)構(gòu)能夠反映種群數(shù)量配置變化規(guī)律,表現(xiàn)出種群植株在各個(gè)階段的生長(zhǎng)狀況,可有效評(píng)估種群對(duì)生存環(huán)境的適應(yīng)性(韓路等,2014;王泳騰等,2021)。數(shù)量動(dòng)態(tài)量化和時(shí)間序列分析能夠揭示種群動(dòng)態(tài)變化特征及其潛在驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)制(拓鋒等,2021),是研究種群更新和擴(kuò)散機(jī)制的基礎(chǔ),可為針對(duì)性地提出有效保護(hù)措施提供參考(羅西等,2021;趙家豪等,2022)。植物種群年齡結(jié)構(gòu)及其數(shù)量動(dòng)態(tài)的研究,已成為稀有瀕危植物保護(hù)利用的科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)。
貴州紅山茶(Camellia kweichowensis)是山茶屬植物紅山茶組中少有子房5室的代表物種(張宏達(dá),1981),常綠灌木或小喬木,樹(shù)形優(yōu)美,花冠直徑4~12 cm、花色靚麗,頗具觀賞特性和經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值,分布于貴州省貴陽(yáng)市百花湖鄉(xiāng)九龍山森林植被區(qū)以及清鎮(zhèn)市站街鎮(zhèn)寶塔山天然林區(qū)的狹窄區(qū)域,貴州特有種(張宏達(dá)和任善湘,1998;鄒天才,2001)。目前,關(guān)于貴州紅山茶植物資源調(diào)查評(píng)價(jià)(安明態(tài),2005;張華海和班平原,2007)、土壤鋁離子吸收、種子內(nèi)含物檢測(cè)(劉海燕等,2018)、種苗繁殖栽培(胡光平等,2013)等方面已有報(bào)道,但在貴州紅山茶種群結(jié)構(gòu)特征、數(shù)量動(dòng)態(tài)變化規(guī)律、種群增長(zhǎng)機(jī)制、有效保護(hù)利用途徑的科學(xué)問(wèn)題認(rèn)知還嚴(yán)重缺失。本研究以貴州紅山茶自然分布區(qū)為研究區(qū)域,依托其生境特征、植物區(qū)系成分組成以及貴州紅山茶植物分布特點(diǎn)與種群結(jié)構(gòu)的現(xiàn)實(shí)狀況,采用樣方法和實(shí)測(cè)法相結(jié)合的研究方法,通過(guò)貴州紅山茶天然種群存活狀況的實(shí)地調(diào)查及其種群結(jié)構(gòu)組成與數(shù)量動(dòng)態(tài)變化的研究,分析探討了貴州紅山茶種群的結(jié)構(gòu)特征、數(shù)量動(dòng)態(tài)變化規(guī)律、響應(yīng)外界干擾適應(yīng)性機(jī)制、物種瀕危原因等科學(xué)問(wèn)題,以期為貴州紅山茶植物種質(zhì)資源的有效保護(hù)與合理利用提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。
1 研究區(qū)概況
研究區(qū)位于貴州省貴陽(yáng)市百花湖鄉(xiāng)九龍山森林公園至站街鎮(zhèn)寶塔山一帶的森林植被區(qū)(106°23′48″-106°30′13″ E,26°36′12″-26°41′51″ N),屬于亞熱帶季風(fēng)濕潤(rùn)氣候,年均降水1 317 mm,主要集中在5—8月;年平均溫度13.9 ℃,最熱月均溫22.6 ℃,最冷月均溫3.7 ℃,無(wú)霜期長(zhǎng)達(dá)278 d;年均相對(duì)濕度82%左右,年平均日照時(shí)數(shù)1 087.9 h,地勢(shì)起伏復(fù)雜多樣,山區(qū)多霧,年均日照時(shí)數(shù)1 087.9 h,在春秋季節(jié)偶有低溫冷害發(fā)生。分布區(qū)土壤主要有黃壤、黃棕壤和石灰土,黃壤為主要土壤類(lèi)型,土層厚度多為40~60 cm,土壤pH值4.5~6.0。植被以常綠落葉闊葉混交林、落葉闊葉林、針葉闊葉混交林、灌叢植被為主體,次生性較強(qiáng)。
2 研究方法
2.1 調(diào)查方法和地點(diǎn)
采用樣方法和實(shí)測(cè)法相結(jié)合開(kāi)展調(diào)查(李苑菱,2017),選擇貴州紅山茶分布較為集中的林區(qū),隨機(jī)選取3個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣地(樣地A、樣地B和樣地C,見(jiàn)圖1)。每個(gè)樣地30 m×30 m,劃分成9個(gè)10 m×10 m樣方,總共2 700 m2。以10 m×10 m的樣方為基礎(chǔ)逐一調(diào)查貴州紅山茶植株的基徑和地理位置坐標(biāo)。采用五點(diǎn)取樣法在每個(gè)樣地中取5個(gè)5 m×5 m的灌木樣方,在灌木樣方的中心位置取1 m×1 m的草本樣方。采用“目測(cè)估計(jì)法”記錄樣地內(nèi)物種喬木、灌木及草本植物種類(lèi)及數(shù)量(楊持,2008)。其中,樣地A位于高規(guī)(106°28′51″ E,26°40′12″ N,海拔1 588 m)、樣地B在爛泥溝(106°28′52″ E,26°39′57″ N,海拔1 454 m),皆位于百花湖鄉(xiāng)九龍山自然植被區(qū)內(nèi),樣地C位于寶塔山北坡天然林保護(hù)區(qū)內(nèi)(106°24′51″ E,26°39′22″ N,海拔1 636 m)。
2.2 種群齡級(jí)的劃分