侯云潔 王文芳
編者按:英語(yǔ)課堂上最為常見的教學(xué)活動(dòng)就是問(wèn)與答,問(wèn)題設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)至關(guān)重要。在閱讀理解中,有效的設(shè)問(wèn)不僅能引導(dǎo)學(xué)生關(guān)注語(yǔ)篇的語(yǔ)言知識(shí),還能引領(lǐng)學(xué)生通過(guò)有效閱讀增強(qiáng)閱讀能力和思維能力,實(shí)現(xiàn)更多、更好的輸出。本期,我們想通過(guò)更加具體、聚焦的問(wèn)題來(lái)引發(fā)老師們思考閱讀課堂上應(yīng)該如何設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題。
我們特邀侯云潔、王文芳老師從如何優(yōu)化現(xiàn)有提問(wèn)模式的角度出發(fā),通過(guò)大問(wèn)題、深問(wèn)題和寬問(wèn)題打開設(shè)問(wèn)的思路。周琳、王秋穎和李可馨、冀小婷老師從如何設(shè)問(wèn)能加深學(xué)生的理解入手,希望老師的設(shè)問(wèn)能在聚焦語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的同時(shí),進(jìn)一步激發(fā)學(xué)生對(duì)更多問(wèn)題的深度思考、熱烈討論、持續(xù)探究,進(jìn)而產(chǎn)生新的理解。陳彥竹、文軒和姚彬老師則關(guān)注如何設(shè)問(wèn)能幫助學(xué)生進(jìn)行口頭產(chǎn)出,獲得更多表達(dá)的機(jī)會(huì)。
摘? ?要:課堂提問(wèn)是英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中最常用的一種方法,是落實(shí)學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)的必要手段。筆者在多次教研觀課中發(fā)現(xiàn),教師通常使用“what, how, why”模式進(jìn)行提問(wèn)。為此,本文提出優(yōu)化此模式,設(shè)計(jì)大問(wèn)題、深問(wèn)題和寬問(wèn)題。這三個(gè)維度的問(wèn)題能訓(xùn)練學(xué)生的綜合語(yǔ)言表達(dá),發(fā)展深度語(yǔ)言分析和文本解讀的能力以及自主學(xué)習(xí)和探究的能力。最后,文章提出優(yōu)化課堂提問(wèn)應(yīng)注意遵從的原則,以更好地落實(shí)英語(yǔ)學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)。
關(guān)鍵詞:提問(wèn);“what, how, why”模式;優(yōu)化;核心素養(yǎng)
引言
國(guó)內(nèi)外的教學(xué)實(shí)踐一致表明,提問(wèn)(Questioning)作為一種教學(xué)方法或手段,是教師在課堂教學(xué)過(guò)程中使用最普遍的教學(xué)行為(Nunan,1991)。提問(wèn)作為課堂教學(xué)中的一種教學(xué)形式,主要體現(xiàn)在教師結(jié)合教材、學(xué)情、教學(xué)目的等需求創(chuàng)設(shè)問(wèn)題, 以便對(duì)教學(xué)的過(guò)程進(jìn)行調(diào)控, 對(duì)教學(xué)內(nèi)容予以強(qiáng)化,最終實(shí)現(xiàn)教學(xué)目標(biāo)。學(xué)生在此過(guò)程中獲取英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言信息并積極思考,從而提升語(yǔ)言表達(dá)能力以及概括和分析能力。
提問(wèn)在實(shí)際課堂上還有更多、更廣泛的功能,如Wragg和Brown(2003)認(rèn)為教師提問(wèn)共有11項(xiàng)功能:激發(fā)學(xué)生對(duì)所學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容的興趣和好奇心;把學(xué)生的注意力聚焦在某個(gè)問(wèn)題或者觀念上;發(fā)展積極的學(xué)習(xí)方法;激發(fā)學(xué)生提出關(guān)于文本內(nèi)容或者與自己關(guān)聯(lián)的問(wèn)題;搭建支架以增加學(xué)習(xí)機(jī)會(huì);診斷影響學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)問(wèn)題;促進(jìn)小組的課堂參與;給學(xué)生提供機(jī)會(huì)以吸收和反思所學(xué)內(nèi)容;讓學(xué)生使用認(rèn)知技能發(fā)展思維能力;發(fā)展學(xué)生針對(duì)其他組員和同學(xué)回答的評(píng)價(jià)能力;讓學(xué)生在討論中有獲得感。
筆者最近在幾次高中英語(yǔ)教研中發(fā)現(xiàn),教師大量使用“what, how, why”設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題以解析語(yǔ)篇,推進(jìn)閱讀教學(xué)。這個(gè)模式似乎已經(jīng)成為教師撰寫教案、繪制思維導(dǎo)圖和引領(lǐng)學(xué)生思考的固定做法。但實(shí)際上,根據(jù)語(yǔ)篇的多樣性以及課堂的實(shí)際需要,甚至是學(xué)生思維能力和學(xué)習(xí)能力發(fā)展的需要,只使用此模式來(lái)提問(wèn)較為局限。為此,本文優(yōu)化“what, how, why”模式,并提出課堂提問(wèn)結(jié)構(gòu)的三個(gè)維度。教師可以用大問(wèn)題引領(lǐng),增加學(xué)生的話語(yǔ)量;深問(wèn)題引導(dǎo),促進(jìn)學(xué)生的深度閱讀;寬問(wèn)題拓展,發(fā)展學(xué)生的自主學(xué)習(xí)能力。
大問(wèn)題引領(lǐng),增加學(xué)生的話語(yǔ)量
大問(wèn)題的設(shè)計(jì)旨在培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的整體閱讀能力,因此教師不宜設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)于細(xì)節(jié)性的問(wèn)題,可設(shè)計(jì)一些體現(xiàn)文章主旨大意和體裁結(jié)構(gòu)的大問(wèn)題,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生總體把握文本。由于大問(wèn)題里包含細(xì)節(jié)信息,因此學(xué)生可以在提取細(xì)節(jié)信息的基礎(chǔ)上聚焦體現(xiàn)文本主旨和主線的問(wèn)題,減少基于細(xì)節(jié)提問(wèn)的教師話語(yǔ),增加發(fā)展學(xué)生概括分析能力和邏輯思維的機(jī)會(huì),同時(shí)提升學(xué)生的課堂話語(yǔ)量。此外,學(xué)生基于自己的閱讀和回答還能梳理出文章的思維導(dǎo)圖。這一步驟是閱讀課較為普遍和基礎(chǔ)的互動(dòng),教學(xué)中的“破”就是將教師設(shè)計(jì)的細(xì)節(jié)問(wèn)題改為大問(wèn)題,學(xué)生通過(guò)回答這些事先設(shè)定的大問(wèn)題展開初步的語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)。在實(shí)際教學(xué)中,教師很容易把過(guò)多時(shí)間花在細(xì)節(jié)信息理解層面,導(dǎo)致大量課堂時(shí)間被細(xì)節(jié)問(wèn)題占用,學(xué)生思維發(fā)展的空間被壓縮。因此,設(shè)計(jì)整體問(wèn)題是解決英語(yǔ)課堂缺乏學(xué)生思維發(fā)展空間的途徑和開端。而要優(yōu)化“what, how, why”模式,教師可以根據(jù)教材中不同體裁的文本,采取以下三種不同的設(shè)計(jì)思路。
1. 基于文章主旨
例如,人教版高中《英語(yǔ)》(2019年版)選擇性必修第二冊(cè)Unit 1 Reading and Thinking板塊的課文講的是John Snow如何鎖定霍亂疫源,并針對(duì)污染源阻止疫情傳播的故事。教材在讀前設(shè)計(jì)了閱讀理解的排序練習(xí),讓學(xué)生通過(guò)讀課文為Snow的研究步驟排序。這個(gè)練習(xí)其實(shí)就是梳理本文的主要信息,教師可以以此作為一個(gè)大問(wèn)題讓學(xué)生找到答案,從而理解課文。該排序練習(xí)設(shè)計(jì)如下:____ analyse the results _____ ask a question _____ draw a conclusion _____ collect data _____ find a problem _____ find supporting evidence _____ think of a method
教師根據(jù)這個(gè)練習(xí)可以提問(wèn):What are the steps of finding the reason and solutions to diarrhoea by John Snow? Please find the order of the following steps and locate the evidence from the text.
如果按常規(guī)教學(xué),在本課中,教師往往會(huì)對(duì)每一段(本文共五段)都設(shè)計(jì)幾個(gè)問(wèn)題,這樣不僅會(huì)使學(xué)生花費(fèi)大量時(shí)間回答課文的基本信息問(wèn)題,還容易讓他們迷失在細(xì)節(jié)中,只見樹木,不見森林,無(wú)法體會(huì)本文的主旨,即John Snow采用的傳染病學(xué)研究方法和嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)目茖W(xué)態(tài)度。而以大問(wèn)題的設(shè)問(wèn)方式讓學(xué)生自己探究,就能優(yōu)化課堂提問(wèn)結(jié)構(gòu),增加學(xué)生的話語(yǔ)參與量。課堂上師生對(duì)話如下:
S1: John Snow first of all asked a question, then thought of a method, next collected data, and then…
T: Yes. You are right. Can you tell me where you found these details from the text?
S1: “Ask a question” is in Paragraph 1. The text says Snow wanted to know what caused cholera. The third line of Paragraph 2 reads that “Snow subscribed to the second theory. It was correct, but he still needed proof.” So this is “think of a method” and “collect data”.
T: Very good. What about the other steps? Anyone else likes to share?
在提問(wèn)過(guò)程中,教師的主要任務(wù)就是引導(dǎo)學(xué)生概括課文里提到的研究步驟,并用完整的句子回答問(wèn)題,從而提升語(yǔ)言表達(dá)能力。
2. 基于故事主線
人教版高中《英語(yǔ)》(2019年版)必修第一冊(cè)Unit 4 Reading and Thinking板塊的文章是關(guān)于唐山地震前后的描述。筆者在教研中觀察到教師同樣用了“what, how, why”模式進(jìn)行提問(wèn)。關(guān)于“what”問(wèn)題,課上教師問(wèn)了很多地震前后的細(xì)節(jié),并用第一遍閱讀、第二遍閱讀的方式推進(jìn)教學(xué)。至于“how”的問(wèn)題則是關(guān)于地震后的重建,“why”則是為什么唐山得以很快重建和恢復(fù)。這樣的提問(wèn)方式把課文中的所有細(xì)節(jié)包含在三類問(wèn)題中,表面上似乎很合理,但容易陷入課文理解型問(wèn)題太多,不能給學(xué)生留出時(shí)間來(lái)拓展思維,語(yǔ)言教學(xué)低效率的困境。
改進(jìn)的方法是整體問(wèn)題設(shè)計(jì),即教師根據(jù)文本體裁,基于故事主線來(lái)提問(wèn),如問(wèn)題可以是地震前的征兆、地震造成的損失以及地震后的營(yíng)救和重建工作。學(xué)生可以基于本文的主線時(shí)間節(jié)點(diǎn),圍繞地震前、地震中以及地震后的細(xì)節(jié),以搶答的方式給出有關(guān)文本的基本信息,在節(jié)省課堂時(shí)間的同時(shí)發(fā)展學(xué)生綜合概括的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)能力。例如,教師可以提問(wèn):“Can you find the information around the three stages of earthquake?”課堂中的師生對(duì)話示例如下:
T: What are the warning signs before the earthquake?
S1: The water in the village wells rose and fell, rose and fell. There were deep cracks that appeared in the well walls…
T: Yes. Many strange things happened. And what was the damage during the earthquake?
S2: 75 percent of the city’s factories and building, 90 percent of its homes, and all of its hospitals were gone.
T: Right! What about our government’s rescue and reconstruction work after the earthquake?
3. 基于寫作要素
例如,同一單元Reading and Writing板塊的文章是關(guān)于亞洲海嘯的新聞報(bào)道,寫作要求是概要寫作。筆者在教研活動(dòng)中,再次看到教師使用“what, how, why”模式來(lái)提問(wèn)。教師牽強(qiáng)地把本文中有關(guān)海嘯的細(xì)節(jié)放在了“what”的提問(wèn)中,而災(zāi)難損失和營(yíng)救放在“how”中,最后“why”是學(xué)生對(duì)災(zāi)難的感悟。教師在教學(xué)中還制作了基于“what, how, why”模式的思維導(dǎo)圖,但這一歸納很難讓學(xué)生對(duì)災(zāi)難新聞報(bào)道的關(guān)鍵詞一目了然。實(shí)際上,教師應(yīng)根據(jù)概要寫作體裁的文本特點(diǎn)設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生找出關(guān)鍵詞,如災(zāi)難新聞報(bào)道的主要內(nèi)容應(yīng)該包括災(zāi)難名稱、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、傷亡情況、災(zāi)后救援五個(gè)要素。如果使用主題詞匯及表達(dá)如disaster、time、place、damage and rescue work等,學(xué)生就能在閱讀中鎖定與這幾個(gè)要素相關(guān)的信息,再進(jìn)行概括表述及寫作。教師沒有必要對(duì)每個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)都提問(wèn),而可以讓學(xué)生自己找到寫作中包含的這五個(gè)主要信息。例如,教師可以設(shè)計(jì)關(guān)鍵信息的表格(見表),并提問(wèn):“Can you find the information and fill in the blanks in the following form?”學(xué)生填完表格就能夠回答這個(gè)基于災(zāi)難新聞的概要寫作的五要素論文了。
課堂上師生對(duì)話示例如下:
T: Now I guess you have filled out all the details in the form. Can you tell me about the tsunami in your own words according to the form?
S1: The tsunami in Asia happened around 7:00 a.m.
S2: The tsunami took place in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India and Thailand.
S3: About 6,500 people died in the tsunami, and the death toll is different in different countries.
S4: There were foreign aids organised after the tsunami.
學(xué)生通過(guò)簡(jiǎn)要回答問(wèn)題,能夠圍繞五個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行概要寫作,這樣教師就可以在讀寫課上留出更多的時(shí)間組織學(xué)生寫作并開展師生互評(píng)環(huán)節(jié)。如果教師在細(xì)節(jié)提問(wèn)上花費(fèi)過(guò)多的時(shí)間,學(xué)生就難以準(zhǔn)確、快速地抓住災(zāi)難新聞報(bào)道的關(guān)鍵詞,更不用說(shuō)在此基礎(chǔ)上理解語(yǔ)篇并進(jìn)行概要寫作了。所以,基于寫作要素的大問(wèn)題設(shè)計(jì)是較為有效的問(wèn)題組織方式。
深問(wèn)題引導(dǎo),促進(jìn)學(xué)生深度閱讀
深問(wèn)題旨在培養(yǎng)學(xué)生細(xì)讀能力以及深度分析和解讀閱讀文本的能力,同時(shí)這類問(wèn)題也能進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)語(yǔ)言的綜合理解和應(yīng)用。指向文本深度理解的問(wèn)題通常是對(duì)文本價(jià)值的解析,教師可以從語(yǔ)言、文化和育人價(jià)值三方面對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行引導(dǎo)。深問(wèn)題可以優(yōu)化“what, how, why”模式,幫助教師根據(jù)文本體裁特點(diǎn)提問(wèn)。
例如,教師可以從修辭角度解析人教版高中《英語(yǔ)》(2019年版)必修第一冊(cè)Unit 4中有關(guān)唐山大地震的文章。為了使描述更生動(dòng),文章采用了很多修辭手法,如第一段描述地震前的一些征兆時(shí)用到了重復(fù)(repetition):“For several days, the water in the village wells rose and fell, rose and fell.”;再如,第二段和第三段在描述大地震的恐怖景象時(shí)用到了比喻(simile):“It seemed as if the world were coming to an end!” “Bricks covered the ground like red autumn leaves, but no wind could blow them away.”;文章在最后兩段關(guān)于震后重建唐山的描述中用到了擬人(personification):“Slowly, the city began to breathe again.” “Tangshan began to revive itself and get up on its feet again.”
師生對(duì)話如下:
T: I am glad that you found the sentence “Slowly, the city began to breathe again.”. Can you explain what it means?
S1: The city began to come back to life.
S2: People began to live a normal life.
S3: The city starts to look nice.
T: That’s good. You have different understandings and you are all correct. And now I would like you to translate it into Chinese. Let us see how we use Chinese to say the same thing.
教師還可以從文本的文化價(jià)值方面的自我成長(zhǎng)意義來(lái)挖掘問(wèn)題。例如,新中國(guó)成立以來(lái)發(fā)生的大地震除了唐山地震(7.8級(jí)),還有汶川地震(8.0級(jí))、玉樹地震(7.1級(jí))等,但唐山由于是一個(gè)工業(yè)城市,人口密度較高,地震死亡人數(shù)高達(dá)24萬(wàn)。在近代發(fā)生的世界范圍內(nèi)的幾次大地震中,唐山大地震的破壞程度是極高的。日本的地震頻率較多、震級(jí)較高,但死亡人數(shù)卻相對(duì)較少,這與日本完善的防震措施和較好的安全教育有關(guān)。教師可以設(shè)置深問(wèn)題,給學(xué)生拓展相關(guān)知識(shí),借鑒先進(jìn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)普及防震防災(zāi)教育,提高學(xué)生的自我保護(hù)能力和意識(shí)。
師生對(duì)話如下:
T: What other earthquakes do you know that happened in the recent decades?
S1: Wenchuan earthquake and Yushu earthquake.
T: Yes. We know lots of people died in these serious earthquakes. But the death toll is relatively less in Japan even the earthquake is also serious. Do you know why?
S2: They have strong buildings?
T: Maybe. And their education about how to survive in the earthquake and other disasters is good. Now you tell me what knowledge about earthquake we should know to protect ourselves.
從文本的課程思政角度挖掘育人價(jià)值來(lái)說(shuō),教師可提問(wèn)唐山的重建工作,通過(guò)“Why can the reconstruction of Tangshan be realised? ”“And what is the Chinese wisdom in the face of disaster?”兩個(gè)問(wèn)題加強(qiáng)學(xué)生對(duì)祖國(guó)的認(rèn)同,認(rèn)識(shí)到中國(guó)人只有團(tuán)結(jié)奮斗才能實(shí)現(xiàn)中華民族的復(fù)興。這兩個(gè)問(wèn)題是一以貫之的,學(xué)生需要細(xì)讀文本的最后一段。教師可引導(dǎo)學(xué)生概括唐山得以重建的原因:“With strong support from the government and the tireless efforts of the city’s people, a new Tangshan was built upon the earthquake ruins.”以及唐山重建中的中國(guó)智慧:“Tangshan city has proved to China and the rest of the world that in times of disaster, people must unify and show the wisdom to stay positive and rebuild for a brighter future.”
教師接下來(lái)還可以進(jìn)一步提問(wèn):“What achievements have we made since Tangshan earthquake? Can we now predict earthquake better than before? What other things can our scientists do to better prevent the deadly damage of earthquake in the future?”,建立學(xué)生的文化知識(shí)與思維想象之間的聯(lián)系,在文本教學(xué)結(jié)束后適當(dāng)“留白”,激發(fā)學(xué)生關(guān)注和學(xué)習(xí)更多有關(guān)災(zāi)難的知識(shí),鼓勵(lì)有興趣的同學(xué)今后能夠致力于科學(xué)研究,為人類造福,更為祖國(guó)的強(qiáng)國(guó)夢(mèng)貢獻(xiàn)自己力量。這樣做也有助于進(jìn)一步落實(shí)文化意識(shí)與思維品質(zhì)的核心素養(yǎng)發(fā)展目標(biāo)。
寬問(wèn)題拓展,發(fā)展學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)能力
寬問(wèn)題通常是在讀后環(huán)節(jié)設(shè)計(jì)的,旨在發(fā)展學(xué)生的積極思維和自主學(xué)習(xí)能力,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的好奇心、觀察力和想象力。這一類問(wèn)題可以是教師提問(wèn),也可以是學(xué)生自己提問(wèn),但建議教師盡量選擇后者,因?yàn)閷W(xué)生自己提問(wèn)能更好地激發(fā)學(xué)生深入思考文本。例如,人教版高中《英語(yǔ)》(2019年版)選擇性必修第二冊(cè)Unit 1是關(guān)于科學(xué)家和科學(xué)精神的。教材在讀后環(huán)節(jié)設(shè)計(jì)了兩個(gè)問(wèn)題,一個(gè)是John Snow最重要的研究工具是什么,這個(gè)問(wèn)題在文中已經(jīng)討論過(guò);另一個(gè)是John Snow對(duì)現(xiàn)代人的影響是什么,文中最后一段也已經(jīng)指出他不僅找到霍亂的病因,而且還創(chuàng)立了流行病學(xué)的研究方法和范式。由于這些問(wèn)題在讀中階段已經(jīng)回答過(guò),在這個(gè)階段應(yīng)該引發(fā)學(xué)生更多的思考,因此教師在學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)完文本之后,可對(duì)文本留出的空間提問(wèn):“In what areas the seven steps are also used?”學(xué)生提出,生物課上所學(xué)的遺傳學(xué)等也是采用同樣的研究方法。教師接著引導(dǎo)學(xué)生對(duì)本文自主提問(wèn):“What do you want to ask about the text? Or what area do you think the text doesn’t answer but you are interested in?”學(xué)生提出了幾個(gè)疑問(wèn):
S1: In which place people are more likely to suffer from cholera? How do we prevent it and protect ourselves?
S2: What tools would John Snow use instead of maps if he had modern technology?
S3: What methods Snow used are still used today by scientists to overcome COVID-19?
再比如,在學(xué)習(xí)到本單元最后一個(gè)板塊Video Time時(shí),教師問(wèn)學(xué)生:“What do you want to explore in the future?”這是一個(gè)開放的問(wèn)題,不同于教材設(shè)計(jì)的問(wèn)題。例如,教材中的一個(gè)問(wèn)題“Why is it important to explore, in your opinion?”是讓學(xué)生說(shuō)出探索的意義,但視頻中的科學(xué)家已經(jīng)從多個(gè)維度詮釋了探索的意義,學(xué)生實(shí)際上很難再產(chǎn)生別的觀點(diǎn)。教材中的另一個(gè)問(wèn)題“How would you like to explore our world? Why?”是問(wèn)學(xué)生如何進(jìn)行探索,而關(guān)于John Snow進(jìn)行研究的步驟,在這之前也討論得較為充分了,學(xué)生說(shuō)出的答案往往大同小異。因此,教師只有設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)較有寬度和更為開放的問(wèn)題才能引發(fā)學(xué)生的思想碰撞。如在該節(jié)課上,師生對(duì)話如下:
T: what do you want to explore in the future?
S1: In my opinion, what I want to explore is AI technology. We have watched a video about superheroes, and I suppose if we do enough research in this area, we can be the superheroes like them.
T: OK. You want to be a superhero. Good dream!
S2: I want to explore dialect. I have read a book about language used in China. Although most of the people use the same words and most of the people write in the same way, we actually have different dialects in different areas. So I want to learn why these dialects are different and why different dialects appear in the same area but people can’t understand each other. I think it’s interesting so I want to explore it.
T: Great! I think maybe in the university, you can choose linguistic as your major.
在優(yōu)化課堂提問(wèn)結(jié)構(gòu)中落實(shí)核心素養(yǎng)
在提問(wèn)設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)施過(guò)程中,教師應(yīng)注意遵循以下四條原則,有效優(yōu)化課堂提問(wèn),落實(shí)核心素養(yǎng)。
第一,問(wèn)題的設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生進(jìn)行完整的概括表達(dá)。教師應(yīng)盡量讓學(xué)生有機(jī)會(huì)進(jìn)行語(yǔ)言的綜合表達(dá),以提高他們的語(yǔ)言能力。筆者在教研中時(shí)常發(fā)現(xiàn),學(xué)生往往只需讀出文中的短語(yǔ)或者句子就能回答教師的提問(wèn)。如果教師沒有引導(dǎo)學(xué)生完成完整的表達(dá)和概述,那么他們的語(yǔ)言發(fā)展是有限的。而問(wèn)題如果是讓學(xué)生完全脫離文本去討論文本的內(nèi)容和主題意義時(shí),英文表達(dá)就會(huì)成為基礎(chǔ)性難題,將會(huì)阻礙學(xué)生思維的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展和語(yǔ)言的綜合應(yīng)用。
第二,問(wèn)題的設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)致力于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言分析能力,即分析語(yǔ)言的修辭以及語(yǔ)篇的銜接、體裁和用詞特點(diǎn)等。這其中還包括通過(guò)翻譯對(duì)比中英文的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)特點(diǎn)、文化背景差異等。因此,教師對(duì)文本中語(yǔ)法和詞匯的分析不應(yīng)只停留在表面,而要用更深層的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)引領(lǐng)學(xué)生開展學(xué)習(xí),更好地記憶和應(yīng)用所學(xué)習(xí)的語(yǔ)言。另外,教師還應(yīng)引領(lǐng)學(xué)生挖掘文本的社會(huì)文化價(jià)值和自我成長(zhǎng)價(jià)值,培養(yǎng)深度解讀文本的能力。
第三,問(wèn)題的設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)給學(xué)生留有思維空間,讓學(xué)生基于所學(xué)主題進(jìn)行個(gè)性化解讀、提問(wèn)和表達(dá)。一節(jié)課如果只是進(jìn)行機(jī)械的文本學(xué)習(xí)而沒有展現(xiàn)學(xué)生的個(gè)性,就不能進(jìn)行個(gè)體知識(shí)的內(nèi)化,死記硬背的知識(shí)很快就會(huì)被忘記。因此,教師可以在提問(wèn)環(huán)節(jié)巧妙地給予不同個(gè)性和能力的學(xué)生展現(xiàn)自己思想和情感的機(jī)會(huì),促使學(xué)生深度學(xué)習(xí)文本,促進(jìn)語(yǔ)言輸入和輸出的和諧統(tǒng)一。
第四,打破固定模式,在三個(gè)維度問(wèn)題的層次遞進(jìn)中遵循核心素養(yǎng)培養(yǎng)的宗旨。在大問(wèn)題中實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)語(yǔ)言能力的基礎(chǔ)培養(yǎng)。教材是語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)的載體,教師可以針對(duì)文本中的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)巧妙地設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生理解、重復(fù)和表達(dá),充分落實(shí)語(yǔ)言的基礎(chǔ)性學(xué)習(xí)。在深問(wèn)題中綜合培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言能力,提高文化意識(shí)。深問(wèn)題要指向文本深度解析能力和文化拓展能力的培養(yǎng),使學(xué)生能夠基于主題習(xí)得更多的中外文化知識(shí),并在綜合性表達(dá)中發(fā)展語(yǔ)言能力,在主題意義關(guān)照下實(shí)現(xiàn)舊知識(shí)與新知識(shí)的融合統(tǒng)一。教師還需在寬問(wèn)題中培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的自主學(xué)習(xí)能力和探究能力,在落實(shí)思維品質(zhì)培養(yǎng)的同時(shí)激發(fā)學(xué)生對(duì)外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的興趣和動(dòng)機(jī)。寬問(wèn)題是師生共建的課堂提問(wèn),教師把提問(wèn)的機(jī)會(huì)更多地留給學(xué)生,引導(dǎo)其進(jìn)行個(gè)性化思考,從而引發(fā)他們進(jìn)一步探究的愿望,實(shí)現(xiàn)蘇格拉底所說(shuō)的教育是為了“點(diǎn)燃”以及葉圣陶所說(shuō)的“教是為了不教”的最終目的。這也是內(nèi)化課堂語(yǔ)言知識(shí)和技能,發(fā)展學(xué)生核心素養(yǎng)的關(guān)鍵。
總之,教師要打破固定的提問(wèn)模式,優(yōu)化提問(wèn)結(jié)構(gòu),遵循發(fā)展學(xué)生核心素養(yǎng)的培養(yǎng)宗旨,從大問(wèn)題、深問(wèn)題和寬問(wèn)題三個(gè)維度著手,精心規(guī)劃課堂時(shí)間,根據(jù)學(xué)情設(shè)計(jì)多元化的問(wèn)題,真正有效提問(wèn),落實(shí)英語(yǔ)學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)。
參考文獻(xiàn)
Nunan, D. 1991. Language Teaching Methodology[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wragg, E. C. & Brown, G. 2003. Questioning in the Secondary School [M]. London and New York: Routledge Falmer.