溫度升高和干旱對農(nóng)田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)水碳交換動態(tài)影響的研究進展

李 倩，高陽，王洪博，王興鵬*，楊瑩攀

溫度升高和干旱對農(nóng)田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)水碳交換動態(tài)影響的研究進展

李 倩1，高陽2，王洪博1，王興鵬1*，楊瑩攀1

（1.塔里木大學(xué) 水利與建筑工程學(xué)院，新疆 阿拉爾 843300；2.中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院 農(nóng)田灌溉研究所，河南 新鄉(xiāng) 453002）

氣候變化是威脅全球農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的重要因素之一。溫度升高和干旱等極端天氣頻發(fā)是全球氣候變化的主要體現(xiàn)方式。溫度升高顯著影響土壤-作物系統(tǒng)的表現(xiàn)和功能。深入理解溫度升高和干旱對農(nóng)田水碳動態(tài)的影響機理，需要揭示農(nóng)田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)功能與環(huán)境因子間的互作關(guān)系及其尺度轉(zhuǎn)化效應(yīng)。本文從以下幾個方面綜述了升溫和干旱脅迫對農(nóng)田生態(tài)水碳動態(tài)的影響：①全球氣候變化及其影響因素分析；②溫度升高、干旱脅迫以及其他氣候變化因子對農(nóng)田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)水碳動態(tài)的影響；③存在問題與未來研究方向。文獻顯示，世界人口增加、化石燃料燃燒碳排放量增加等致使氣候變暖，在此背景下，引發(fā)的氣溫上升以及干旱頻率增加都會對農(nóng)田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)水碳動態(tài)有一定程度的影響。溫度升高改變農(nóng)田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的生物量積累，同時影響作物生長和水分利用過程。此外，溫度升高加快了土壤活性有機碳的轉(zhuǎn)化和固存。干旱條件下會降低植物光合速率、呼吸速率以及蒸騰速率，同時，在極端干旱條件下水分利用效率也會隨之降低；干旱還顯著影響土壤碳轉(zhuǎn)化過程與排放通量。氣候變化也會伴隨降水格局變化，進一步會影響土壤呼吸作用，降水增加會抑制土壤呼吸，從而減緩農(nóng)田水碳循環(huán)過程。然而，目前關(guān)于增溫和干旱條件下農(nóng)田水碳動態(tài)的研究等方面仍存在一些不足，如對單一環(huán)境因子的研究較多，而對多重脅迫的研究較少。在今后的研究中，需加強多因素（如水分、溫度等）對農(nóng)田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)水碳動態(tài)方面的研究，以期為深入認(rèn)識溫度和干旱對農(nóng)田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的影響機理提供理論支撐。

增溫；干旱；生物量；水碳循環(huán)；農(nóng)田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)

0 引言

世界人口從1990年的52.82億增加到2020年的75.0億，增長率從1.74下降為1.18[1]。盡管全球人口增長率有所下降，但還是呈增加的趨勢。預(yù)計到2050年，世界人口將會增加到89.1億[1]。由于人口的增長使得人類活動產(chǎn)生的CO2排放量也隨之增加。人類活動所產(chǎn)生的CO2是引起氣候變化的因素之一，這對全球變暖的影響是不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的[2]。

1880—2012年全球陸地平均氣溫升高了0.85 ℃，北半球陸地則為0.64 ℃/100 a[3-4]。中國的升溫趨勢為0.76 ℃/100 a，據(jù)國家氣象站網(wǎng)獲取河南省1967—2016年50年氣象數(shù)據(jù)顯示，當(dāng)?shù)貧鉁爻蔬f增趨勢。溫度升高不利于作物生產(chǎn)，其帶來的負(fù)面作用會抵消大氣CO2量升高對產(chǎn)量的促進作用[5]。相關(guān)研究指出，在低緯度地區(qū)，升溫對水稻干物質(zhì)的形成會有抑制作用，而在溫度和CO2量升高條件下，對高緯度地區(qū)水稻生產(chǎn)起到雙重促進作用[5]。增溫對玉米產(chǎn)量的影響效應(yīng)與水稻相類似，例如，歐洲地區(qū)玉米在增溫環(huán)境下產(chǎn)量有隨溫度升高而增加的趨勢[6]。

大氣環(huán)境質(zhì)量與全球氣候的變化情況極為密切。譚雪紅等[7]研究指出：在1996、1999年和2003年，人類活動對大氣環(huán)境影響的綜合評價指數(shù)分別為0.556、0.565和0.568，整體呈遞增趨勢。隨著化石燃料的使用增加，CH4、N2O等有害氣體的排放量也隨之增加，使得大氣環(huán)境的污染指數(shù)遞增，這些不可避免的因素使得溫室效應(yīng)愈演愈烈，從而導(dǎo)致全球變暖[8]。

全球氣候變化引起了氣溫升高、干旱災(zāi)害頻繁、CO2量升高和降水格局變化，是威脅農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的重要因素。Wigley等[9]根據(jù)IPCC-TAR的預(yù)測結(jié)果結(jié)合其他有關(guān)資料綜合分析指出，全球平均溫度從1990年到2100年將上升1.7～4.9 ℃；降水格局將發(fā)生變化，變幅為±10 %[10]。中國西部的年平均氣溫將升高1.7～2.3 ℃，降水增加5%～23%。據(jù)分析，CO2體積分?jǐn)?shù)已經(jīng)由19世紀(jì)末的280 μL/L-1增加到當(dāng)今的360 μL/L-1，預(yù)計到21世紀(jì)中后期將倍增[11]。

世界人口增加、人類活動等引起氣候變暖從而使CO2量、降水格局等發(fā)生變化，在此背景下，利用溫度升高和干旱來分析農(nóng)田系統(tǒng)水碳交換動態(tài)的影響，進一步為氣候變暖對農(nóng)田作物的影響提供支撐。

1 溫度升高對農(nóng)田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)水碳動態(tài)的影響

1.1 溫度升高對農(nóng)田生物量的影響

溫度是改變農(nóng)田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)生物量的因素之一。與未增溫處理相比，增溫提升了小麥營養(yǎng)、生殖生長并進期和收獲期的地上生物量，但未顯著影響地下部生物量；小麥在營養(yǎng)與生殖生長并進期增溫處理的總生物量顯著高于未增溫處理[12]。田間水分充足的條件下，增溫在有效范圍內(nèi)可增強土壤的微生物活性[13]；但在土壤水分不足條件下, 增溫可能會抑制其活性升高, 反而會使得其活性下降[14-15]。另外，有試驗得出，作物生育期會因升溫而縮短，地上部生物量的積累會隨溫度的升高而增加，另外，增溫也加快作物對地下營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的吸收和利用[16]。

升溫促進了作物地上部分的生長發(fā)育[17]，作物生產(chǎn)干物質(zhì)的能力也會相應(yīng)地增強，植物同化CO2的能力主要受葉面積的影響[18]。因此，溫度升高對植物葉片數(shù)目、面積大小以及生長速率會產(chǎn)生一定程度的促進作用[19]。如Wang等[20]的研究得出，增溫處理會優(yōu)先促進植物進行光合作用器官的生長發(fā)育?？梢?，溫度升高可以通過促進植物的代謝和微生物的活性，來進一步增加農(nóng)田生物量[12-16]。吳楊周等[21]研究表明，增溫與不增溫相比，冬小麥各個生育期增溫顯著增加了地上部生物量，同時也增加了總生物量。溫度變化對植物生物量分配多少可能與同一種植物不同器官代謝速率的異同相關(guān)[22]。通常認(rèn)為，升溫能夠加快植物的周轉(zhuǎn)速率，并減少光合產(chǎn)物向地下的分配[23]。溫度對植物生物量分配的影響大于降水影響[24]，因植物水分條件變化較快，生物量分配的能力會受到植物水分條件的限制[25]。丁樂樂等[26]和吳楊周等[27]以3 a和1 a的試驗得出增溫對冬小麥地上生物量的影響不一致，這主要由于增溫年限不同所致?？梢?，在增溫條件下會增加農(nóng)田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)生物量。

1.2 溫度升高對農(nóng)田系統(tǒng)水循環(huán)的影響

溫度升高是全球氣候變化的一個主要體現(xiàn)方式，顯著影響農(nóng)田系統(tǒng)的水循環(huán)過程[28]。溫度升高改變作物物候期、加劇土壤蒸發(fā)、降低冠層水汽壓差（），影響作物生長和水分利用過程[29]。毛明翠等[30]指出增溫會加快田間水分騰發(fā)，加大農(nóng)田蒸散量。王石立等[31]認(rèn)為在泰安和鄭州2個地區(qū)溫度升高1.5 ℃時，冬小麥生育期內(nèi)潛在蒸發(fā)量分別增加24 mm和32 mm，比當(dāng)前氣候下多5.5%和8.5%，表明溫度升高加快了農(nóng)田土壤的水循環(huán)過程[32-35]。當(dāng)溫度升高對農(nóng)田水分騰發(fā)量產(chǎn)生顯著影響，研究其原因是溫度升高改變作物物候期、土壤含水率等[29]。另外，溫度控制對農(nóng)田水循環(huán)的研究相對較少，極有必要深入開展關(guān)于溫度升高對農(nóng)田系統(tǒng)水循環(huán)過程的研究。

1.3 溫度升高對農(nóng)田系統(tǒng)碳循環(huán)的影響

農(nóng)田碳循環(huán)系統(tǒng)的邊界不僅限于土壤呼吸、生物量還有如肥料、殺蟲劑等的使用帶來的排放，另外還包括土壤CO2和CH4的排放以及秸稈還田后帶來的土壤固碳，即考慮到各個環(huán)節(jié)溫室氣體排放及固碳的整個生命周期過程[36]。隨著溫度的升高，土壤CO2和CH4的排放量都呈明顯增加趨勢，但它們的排放量的多少還受到增溫速率、幅度、土壤和微生物等其他條件的限制[37-40]。另外，Wan等[41]發(fā)現(xiàn)，氣候變暖會改變試驗因子（增溫）對土壤碳排放的影響效應(yīng)。增溫會通過影響群落結(jié)構(gòu)特征使得土壤有機碳的礦化過程發(fā)生變化以及使得土壤呼吸作用增強，進一步改變麥田中CO2的釋放量[42-43]。Lu等[44]和Shi等[45]的增溫試驗得出，通過短期增溫增加大氣和土壤溫度進一步促進了土壤微生物活性，同時也增加其數(shù)量，進而使土壤孔隙中的CO2排放量明顯上升。Hou等[46]在華北地區(qū)農(nóng)田的試驗指出，在增溫條件下農(nóng)田土壤呼吸效應(yīng)較不增溫相比不顯著，但延長增溫時間土壤呼吸會表現(xiàn)出遞增的趨勢。

Kirschbaum等[47]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，氣溫每上升1 ℃，土壤有機碳成分損失約10%。孔雨光等[48]研究指出，利用適度升溫增強酶活性進而促進了土壤有機質(zhì)的分解，加快了土壤CO2產(chǎn)生速率。增溫使得土壤微生物代謝速率加快，酶活性增強，促進了有機碳的轉(zhuǎn)化和分解，排放出更多的CO2[49-50]。李俊等[51]利用5～6 a對小麥的增溫處理研究得出，在增溫條件下甲烷菌種對CH4的吸收能力降低。劉艷等[52]通過模擬增溫試驗研究表明，在冬小麥生長季和大豆生長季增溫均促進土壤CO2產(chǎn)生速率，但對大豆田的促進作用高于冬小麥田。增溫會使葉綠素量減少、光合速率降低[53]、縮短作物生育期[54-55]、減少作物產(chǎn)量[54,56-59]。綜上所述，溫度升高對農(nóng)田碳循環(huán)有促進作用。

2 干旱脅迫對農(nóng)田系統(tǒng)水碳動態(tài)的影響

2.1 干旱脅迫對農(nóng)田系統(tǒng)水循環(huán)的影響

氣候變化條件下，干旱頻率會顯著增加，尤其是在干旱/半干旱地區(qū)。在農(nóng)田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)水平上，干旱會影響群落生理特性以及結(jié)構(gòu)組成，從而使得相應(yīng)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的光合固碳過程、蒸散耗水過程及水分利用過程發(fā)生改變[60-62]。雖然關(guān)于水分虧缺對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)不同層次水碳循環(huán)過程影響的研究較多，但在不同時空尺度下不同界面水碳耦合過程的系統(tǒng)性研究比較缺乏。

張文英[63]的試驗表明，植物密度隨著降水呈線性減少的趨勢，農(nóng)田水動態(tài)的循環(huán)及消耗速率也會減慢。干旱通過降低植物葉片氣孔導(dǎo)度來進一步增加水分傳輸阻力等以減少水分損失[64]，與此同時葉片的光合速率也會隨氣孔導(dǎo)度的降低而下降[64-65]。土壤水分狀況是反應(yīng)農(nóng)田蒸發(fā)蒸騰大小及變化的一個重要因素[66-69]。夏玉米的蒸發(fā)蒸騰研究[70-73]表明：田間土壤水分通過影響植株生長進而影響植株的棵間蒸發(fā)，在水分不足時，葉片氣孔會自動關(guān)閉使得植株蒸騰速率下降，從而減少組織內(nèi)部的水分散失[74-75]，此時，土壤蒸發(fā)消耗的水分也會隨之減少[76]。作物會因適度缺水而保持較高的水分利用效率，而干旱較嚴(yán)重的條件下水分利用效率會隨之降低[77-78]。干旱脅迫下葉片氣孔關(guān)閉氣孔導(dǎo)度降低，以此來減少作物植株水分損失提高蒸騰效率[79]。

綜上可見，干旱會使光合固碳過程、蒸散耗水過程以及水分利用過程發(fā)生改變[60-61]，另外，減少水量會引起植物密度隨著降水呈現(xiàn)線性減少的趨勢，農(nóng)田水動態(tài)的循環(huán)及消耗速率也會隨之減慢[63,74-76]。

2.2 干旱脅迫對農(nóng)田系統(tǒng)碳循環(huán)的影響

當(dāng)土壤中水分不足時會影響植物體內(nèi)營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的合成和運輸，也會阻礙植物對礦質(zhì)養(yǎng)分的吸收，而進一步抑制作物產(chǎn)量形成[80]。在農(nóng)田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中，水分不足將會阻礙作物對土壤養(yǎng)分的獲取，影響土壤有機物的轉(zhuǎn)化速率，土壤緩效養(yǎng)分向速效養(yǎng)分的轉(zhuǎn)化速率也會隨之減慢[81]。降水對植物生物量分配的影響與干旱的嚴(yán)重程度有關(guān)，在嚴(yán)重干旱條件下，植物響應(yīng)較為強烈。呂曉敏等[82]以降水和溫度為研究條件來分析其對植物碳物質(zhì)和生物量的影響，發(fā)現(xiàn)在同一溫度水平下，降水量比常規(guī)情況下減少30%，生物量會明顯減小，碳物質(zhì)循環(huán)也會隨之減緩，而降水減少15%以內(nèi)對生物量以及碳物質(zhì)沒有顯著影響。Deng等[83]指出在水分虧缺程度不同時植物葉片生物量也有所差異，農(nóng)田系統(tǒng)生物量的分配對短期的干旱沒有明顯的響應(yīng)[84]。另外，降水頻率和降水量的多少也會影響生物量和生產(chǎn)力[85]。干旱也會阻礙作物對養(yǎng)分的獲取，影響土壤有機物的轉(zhuǎn)化速率[81]，同時也會影響農(nóng)田系統(tǒng)的生物量積累[82-84]。

一般來說，當(dāng)外界環(huán)境處于正常狀態(tài)且土壤水分為最大田間持水量時，土壤呼吸量會達到最大，當(dāng)土壤水分過高或過低時會抑制土壤呼吸作用[86]。蔡祖聰?shù)萚87]的研究表明，農(nóng)田系統(tǒng)中含水率對CH4氧化菌活性有一定程度的影響，當(dāng)土壤含水率超過田間持水量時，其活性會隨含水率的增加而受到抑制[88]。通過長期增溫（5 a及以上）發(fā)現(xiàn)，農(nóng)田土壤微生物分解能力會隨著土壤含水率降低而下降，進而抑制了土壤中CO2的釋放[89-91]。在水分虧缺條件下土壤有機碳量較高，無機固碳能力增強[92]。

3 其他氣候因子對農(nóng)田系統(tǒng)水碳動態(tài)的影響

3.1 CO2對農(nóng)田系統(tǒng)水碳動態(tài)的影響

CO2是植物進行光合作用的基礎(chǔ)，增加其濃度有利于促進植物產(chǎn)量和生物量的形成。隨著CO2量升高，植物光合速率增加，農(nóng)田系統(tǒng)作物耗水速率、耗水量也隨之增加[93]。已有的研究表明，CO2量增加對作物生產(chǎn)力起促進作用[94]，例如Jablonski等[94]利用Meta分析總結(jié)了大氣CO2量升高對多種植物生殖生長指標(biāo)的影響，結(jié)果表明大氣CO2摩爾分?jǐn)?shù)升高到510～790 μmol/mol，植物在生育期內(nèi)的開花數(shù)量平均增加了19%，籽實數(shù)量平均增加了16%～18%。

CO2量升高，作物葉片固碳量增加，土壤呼吸增加，但是會導(dǎo)致葉片氣孔密度下降，氣孔密度對CO2的響應(yīng)存在一定的閾值效應(yīng)[93]。植物光合作用隨著CO2量升高而增強，在一定的量處達到峰值[95]，與此同時土壤呼吸也會隨CO2量增加而增加；也有研究表明CO2量增加有利于CO2分子不斷地被光合反應(yīng)吸收利用，從而讓更多的CO2進入葉片，來促進作物產(chǎn)量等[96]。植物對大氣CO2量升高的響應(yīng)不僅包括生物量或產(chǎn)量的變化，還包括糖及其他碳水化合物量變化，比如蔗糖、麥芽糖等量預(yù)計平均增加27%[97-98]。此外，當(dāng)大氣中CO2量增加后，與碳物質(zhì)貯存和能量代謝轉(zhuǎn)化相關(guān)的指標(biāo)也會隨之增加[99]。由相關(guān)CO2量的研究表明大氣CO2摩爾分?jǐn)?shù)升高到550 μmol/mol后，C3作物小麥和水稻籽粒蛋白質(zhì)含量下降趨勢相近，均在7.8%左右；C4作物玉米下降5%左右[100]。也有模型研究表明，大氣CO2量升高對植物根系生物量多少有促進作用[101]。增加大氣CO2量會提高農(nóng)田作物對碳水化合物的合成、積累速度以及對礦質(zhì)元素的吸收速度。有關(guān)樹木的研究也指出，楊樹在高CO2量環(huán)境下光合C固定能力將會增加55%左右[102]。這主要是以最大限度保證大氣CO2量升高對光合C固定能力的促進作用[103]。顯見，CO2量升高對農(nóng)田水碳動態(tài)也有一定響應(yīng)，在CO2量升高的條件下作物對碳水化合物的積累會增多，另外，碳貯存和能量代謝以及農(nóng)田系統(tǒng)作物耗水速率也會隨之增加[93,99]。

3.2 降水對農(nóng)田系統(tǒng)水碳動態(tài)的影響

降水格局改變可通過影響作物生理生態(tài)、土壤微生物和土壤溫濕度進而影響農(nóng)田土壤呼吸和N2O的產(chǎn)生與排放。干旱區(qū)降水稀少[104]，但降水格局較非干旱區(qū)變異較大[105-106]。隨著溫度升高，干旱區(qū)將形成單次降水量增多、缺水間隔期延長的降水格局[107]。陳隆勛[108]和翟盤茂[109-110]等采用統(tǒng)計分析指出我國平均年降水量呈遞減趨勢。作物受到降水減少的影響，其氮代謝過程和相關(guān)酶活性的改變也會影響土壤呼吸和N2O的產(chǎn)生與排放[111]。Jalota等[112]發(fā)現(xiàn)降水可以促進棉花的作物水分生產(chǎn)力，但是降水過多又會破壞作物生產(chǎn)力；姬興杰等[113]通過對我國北方冬小麥生育期的研究表明，除成熟期外，其他均與降水量顯著負(fù)相關(guān)；張明捷等[114]研究表明，冬小麥產(chǎn)量與1月、6—9月降水量顯著相關(guān)；陳書濤等[115]研究長三角地區(qū)溫度和降水對冬小麥生育期的影響表明，試驗地區(qū)降水比較充沛，所以降水不是影響該地區(qū)冬小麥生育期的關(guān)鍵因子。徐新創(chuàng)等[116]對中國近幾十年來降雨強度變化趨勢研究表明，在全球變暖的背景下，中國東部和南部暖濕地區(qū)強降雨事件將會增多[117]，降水還對土壤溫濕度產(chǎn)生顯著影響，進而影響土壤呼吸。綜上，在氣候變暖的背景下，降水格局也會發(fā)生變化，進一步會影響土壤呼吸作用，降水增加會抑制土壤呼吸，從而減緩農(nóng)田水碳循環(huán)過程[111,117]。

4 存在問題與未來研究方向

由于全球氣候變化影響以及試驗因素的增加，進一步來研究增溫和干旱對農(nóng)田水碳動態(tài)的影響。增溫會加劇農(nóng)田系統(tǒng)的水循環(huán)過程，進一步加快田間水分騰發(fā)速率，加大田間蒸散量。通過升高溫度以及干旱條件的試驗表明，農(nóng)田系統(tǒng)的生物量、水碳以及其他指標(biāo)都會隨之產(chǎn)生不同的影響。文獻綜述顯示，國內(nèi)外有關(guān)溫度升高和干旱對農(nóng)田水碳動態(tài)的影響研究已有很多，并取得了一定成果，但仍存在一些不足之處。

1）關(guān)于增溫和干旱對農(nóng)田土壤水碳（如何通過影響土壤微生物與土壤結(jié)構(gòu)，來改變碳動態(tài)和水分運動？）以及植株水碳（如何影響氣孔的碳輸入和水分蒸騰間的耦合關(guān)系？）影響的研究比較欠缺。

2）雖然單因素條件下有詳細(xì)的研究，但雙因素（溫度升高和干旱脅迫）以及多因素條件下小麥農(nóng)田系統(tǒng)水碳動態(tài)的研究仍然缺乏。應(yīng)加強多因素條件下農(nóng)田土壤、作物水碳動態(tài)等方面的研究，揭示多因素條件下對農(nóng)田系統(tǒng)水碳動態(tài)的影響。

3）關(guān)于升溫和干旱對農(nóng)田水碳動態(tài)影響的研究多是在單一尺度下開展的，缺乏單株-群體-區(qū)域不同尺度間的系統(tǒng)研究。

未來，應(yīng)以分析不同地區(qū)氣候變化特征和規(guī)?；?jié)水來開展溫度、水分等因子對作物各個生育期生長發(fā)育以及作物產(chǎn)量的影響研究，進而可以通過氣候特征以及作物前期的生長狀況更加準(zhǔn)確判斷農(nóng)田水碳循環(huán)對環(huán)境的響應(yīng)過程和作物生產(chǎn)變化趨勢。

1）應(yīng)多集中于多因素條件下對農(nóng)田作物水碳的研究，如，增溫和干旱條件下作物光合和蒸騰的耦合關(guān)系的響應(yīng)機制等。

2）應(yīng)加強未來農(nóng)田水碳循環(huán)的研究，以便對區(qū)域水循環(huán)、碳循環(huán)以及地下水平衡有定量的把握，為農(nóng)田系統(tǒng)作物生長發(fā)育進一步提供有力的支撐和依據(jù)。

3）多關(guān)注升溫和干旱對農(nóng)田水碳動態(tài)在單株-群體-區(qū)域不同尺度間的系統(tǒng)性研究，為節(jié)水高產(chǎn)農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展提供理論參考。

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Changes in Water and Carbon in Farmland Ecosystems Due to the Combined Impact of Temperature Rise and Drought: A Review

LI Qian1, GAO Yang2, WANG Hongbo1, WANG Xingpeng1*, YANG Yingpan1

(1. College of Water Resource and Architecture Engineering,Tarim University,Alar 843300,China;2. Farmland Irrigation Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Xinxiang 453002,China)

Climate change would increase the frequency of extreme weather events threatening sustainable agricultural production as a warmed atmosphere has significant effects on functions of soil-crop systems. Although moderate drought is known to improve plant water use efficiency (), how warming combined with drought affects terrestrial ecosystems remains largely unknown. Evolutionally, different plants have developed different strategies to facilitate water acquisition, and their physiological and morphological traits respond to drought in different ways. In this paper, we reviewed the combined effects of warming and drought on water and carbon dynamics in cropped lands in three aspects: ①global climate change and its underlying drivers; ②effects of warming, drought and other climate change factors on water/carbon dynamics; ③unknown/known problems and future research directions. Global warming induced by the increased population, carbon emissions from fossil fuel and increase in drought frequency will all pose a significant impact on water and carbon in farmland. Warming will change the amount of biomass thereby affecting crop growth and water use efficiency, in addition to the accelerated soil organic carbon (SOC) loss. In the above-ground, drought will reduce photosynthetic rate and transpiration, while in the below-ground, it will reduce microbial activity and slow down SOC decomposition, thereby inhibiting soil CO2emissions. Climate change is likely to change the precipitation pattern, which in turn will alter soil respiration. Apparently, there is a lack of studies on water and carbon cycles under combined influence of drought and increasing temperature. This should be strengthened as water and carbon cycles in soil-crop systems are likely to be affected by multiple biotic and abiotic factors including soil water, temperature, carbon and nutrient concentration, in order to provide a mechanistic understanding of their combined effects on functions of farmland ecosystems as well as their feedback interaction with global warming.

global warming; drought; biomass; water and carbon cycle; farmland ecosystem

S181

A

10.13522/j.cnki.ggps.2021285

1672 - 3317（2021）12 - 0110 - 09

李倩, 高陽, 王洪博, 等. 溫度升高和干旱對農(nóng)田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)水碳交換動態(tài)影響的研究進展[J]. 灌溉排水學(xué)報, 2021, 40(12): 110-118.

LI Qian, GAO Yang, WANG Hongbo, et al. Changes in Water and Carbon in Farmland Ecosystems Due to the Combined Impact of Temperature Rise and Drought: A Review[J]. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage, 2021, 40(12): 110-118.

2021-07-07

國家自然科學(xué)基金項目（51879267）；財政部、農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部：現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系建設(shè)專項（CARS-03）；塔里木大學(xué)校長基金項目（TDZKSS202146）；兵團財政科技計劃項目（2021AA003）

李倩（1996-），女。碩士研究生，主要從事灌溉排水理論與節(jié)水灌溉技術(shù)研究。E-mail:910021332@qq.com

王興鵬（1978-），男。教授，博士，碩士生導(dǎo)師，主要從事作物高效用水技術(shù)研究。E-mail: 13999068354@163.com

責(zé)任編輯：趙宇龍