于彩霞
獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),緊湊簡(jiǎn)練,是由名詞或代詞作為邏輯主語,分詞、不定式、形容詞、副詞及介詞短語等作為邏輯謂語構(gòu)成,可以表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、方式、伴隨、目的等情況,主要用作狀語,修飾整個(gè)句子,與主句之間不用任何連接詞,而是多用逗號(hào)隔開。它是高巾英語中至關(guān)重要的語法知識(shí)之一,也是高考英語的一大考查熱點(diǎn)。
一、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成形式
(1)名詞/代詞+分詞。名詞或代詞加分詞可以構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),其中的現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)或正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,名詞或代詞表示動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,它與現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系;而過去分詞則表示被動(dòng)或已完成的動(dòng)作,名詞或代詞表示動(dòng)作的承受者,它與過去分詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系或系表結(jié)構(gòu)。如:①M(fèi)anv eYes watchingn him, he felt a bit nervous.(許多雙眼睛看著他,他感到有點(diǎn)緊張。)②The experlmentfinished,the students jumped up happily.(實(shí)驗(yàn)完成了,學(xué)生們開心地跳了起來。)
(2)名詞/代詞+動(dòng)詞不定式。名詞或代詞加動(dòng)詞不定式可以構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),其中不定式表示邏輯主語將要發(fā)出的動(dòng)作,如果動(dòng)作與邏輯主語存在主謂關(guān)系,則用主動(dòng)形式;若為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,則用被動(dòng)形式。如:①M(fèi)any trees,flowers,and grass to be planted, ournewly-built school will look even more beautiful.(被動(dòng)形式,種上許多的樹、花和草后,我們新建的學(xué)??瓷先⒏馈#赥he lastguest to arrive,our party wasstarted.(主動(dòng)形式,最后一位客人一到,我們的晚會(huì)就開始。)
(3)名詞/代詞+形容詞/副詞。名詞或代詞加形容詞或副詞可以構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),其中形容詞主要表示邏輯主語的性質(zhì)和特征;副詞則表示邏輯主語所處的狀態(tài)。如:①The road muddy,we failed to arrivethere on time.(道路泥濘,我們未能按時(shí)到達(dá)那里。)②Class over, the students gallop out of the classroom.(下課了,學(xué)生們飛快地離開了教室)。
(4)名詞/代詞+介詞短語。名詞或代詞加介詞短語也可以構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),其中介詞短語多表示伴隨狀態(tài)。如:①Our head teacher came into the class-room,papers in hand.(我們的班主任老師走進(jìn)了教室,手里拿著試卷。)②The boy stood at the door, hands inpockets.(男孩站在門口,雙手插在口袋里。)
二、應(yīng)用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的注意事項(xiàng)
(1)在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中,如果表示的動(dòng)作已經(jīng)結(jié)束,應(yīng)用過去分詞;若沒有發(fā)生或即將發(fā)生,則用不定式;正在進(jìn)行,則用現(xiàn)在分詞。如:①The boss looksrelaxed,with manv thingssettled.老板看上去很輕松,許多事情已經(jīng)處理完了。(動(dòng)作已結(jié)束)②The bosslooks anxious,with many things to settle.老板看上去很著急,還有許多事情未處理。(動(dòng)作還沒發(fā)生)③The food being COOked, Mrs. Smith was talking on thetelephone.史密斯夫人邊做飯,邊打電話。(兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行)
(2)有時(shí)為了句子的簡(jiǎn)潔性,獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的being/having been常常可以省略。但當(dāng)邏輯主語為代詞時(shí)或在“There being/having been+ no/nothing/no-body…”結(jié)構(gòu)巾,being,having been則不可省略。如:①The guestions (having been)answered, the Englishteacher went on to explain the language points in thetext.(回答完問題后,英語老師接著解釋了課文中的語言要點(diǎn)。)②It being a hot day,the children went swim-ming.(天氣很熱,孩子們?nèi)ビ斡玖?。)③There bemgnothing to do, the workers went home.(沒有什么事情可做,工人們都回家了。)
(3)在“名詞/代詞+介詞短語”構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)里,若名詞為單數(shù),可以不用冠詞,同時(shí)介詞短語里的限定詞也可以省略。如:The music teacher stood atthe door, violin in hand.(音樂老師站在門口,手里拿著一把小提琴。)
三、鞏固練習(xí)
1.單項(xiàng)選擇題
①He stood there,from her cheeks.
A.with tears rolled down B.tears rolling down
C.tears rolled down
D.tears' rolling down
②I sent you 150 dollars today, he rest
in a year.
A.following
B.followed
C.follow
D.to follow
③The children went home from their school, theircompositionsfor the day.
A.completed
B.completing
C.had completed
D.completing
④Bats are surprisingly long-lived creatures, some____a lifespan of around 20 years.
A. have B.had C.to have D.having
2.填空題:運(yùn)用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)補(bǔ)充完整下列句子
① (地板又濕又臟),we would rather stand out-side.
②He was standing here,____(嘴里刁著一根煙)
③Almost all metals are good conductors,___(銀是最好的導(dǎo)體)
④ (天氣允許),we will go on camping thisweekend.
【參考答案】1.選擇題:①B;②D;③A;④D.
2.填空題:①The floor being wet and dirty;②ciga-rette in mouth;③silver being the best of all;④Weatherpermitting.
(作者單位:江蘇省濱海中學(xué))