林曉研
高考英語(yǔ)七選五文本通常是說(shuō)明文。說(shuō)明文抽象度高,邏輯關(guān)聯(lián)性強(qiáng),考生常因?qū)ι舷挛牡睦斫獠坏轿?,而?dǎo)致猶豫不決或選錯(cuò)答案。其原因是只關(guān)注局部,不注重語(yǔ)篇分析,沒(méi)把握主旨。因此,為幫助考生正確判斷設(shè)空句與前后句的邏輯關(guān)系,提高準(zhǔn)確率,本文探討解答七選五的另一做題技巧——邏輯關(guān)系法。
一、修辭結(jié)構(gòu)理論
修辭結(jié)構(gòu)理論指出,篇章的各個(gè)方面(句與句、段與段)都是彼此聯(lián)系的。每個(gè)句子都像篇章的附屬零件,零件間有著許多從屬關(guān)系。這些從屬關(guān)系使得文章結(jié)構(gòu)緊密且富有邏輯連貫性。修辭結(jié)構(gòu)理論的修辭關(guān)系有二十余種,其中常見(jiàn)的修辭關(guān)系有并列關(guān)系、遞進(jìn)關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系、因果關(guān)系、條件關(guān)系等。本文從結(jié)構(gòu)理論的視角出發(fā),以2016~2021年高考英語(yǔ)七選五真題為例,闡述五類(lèi)邏輯關(guān)系,以及如何利用兩類(lèi)提示詞判斷上下文的關(guān)聯(lián)。
二、五類(lèi)修辭關(guān)系
1. 因果關(guān)系
表示因果關(guān)系的提示詞,常見(jiàn)的有because, so, thus, therefore, consequently, as a result, so...that...等。
[例1](2021年新高考I卷)
My husband and I just spent a week in Paris.? ? ?36? ? ? So the first thing we did was rent a fantastically expensive sixth-floor apartment the size of a cupboard. It was so tiny that we had to leave our suitcases in the hallway.
C. There was a nice kitchen and a comfortable bed.
F. Our aim was to see if we could live, in some way, like real Parisians.
解析:空前句說(shuō),“我和丈夫剛在巴黎呆了一周?!笨蘸蟮木渥佑杀硎窘Y(jié)果的so引出,“因此我們做的第一件事是……”可見(jiàn),空格句應(yīng)是說(shuō)明租公寓的原因。因此,F(xiàn)選項(xiàng)“Our aim was to see if we could live, in some way, like real Parisians. (我們的目的是看看我們能否在某種程度上,過(guò)上地道巴黎人的生活)”最符合本空。
2. 遞進(jìn)關(guān)系
表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的提示詞有also, even, besides, furthermore, in addition, whats more等。
[例2](2021年新高考I卷)
The place wasnt entirely authentic, though. Unlike a normal Parisian apartment, the plumbing(水管)worked.? ? ?37? ? ?Our building even had a tiny lift with a female voice that said,“Ouverture des portes,”in perfect French.
B. The quality of life in France is equally excellent.
C. There was a nice kitchen and a comfortable bed.
解析:由前空的“the plumbing worked(水管能用)”,空后“even had a tiny lift(甚至有一個(gè)小電梯)”,特別是表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的even可知,空格句和空前、空后句都是說(shuō)明住所的配備條件的。只有C項(xiàng)“There was a nice kitchen and a comfortable bed”最契合此處。
3. 條件關(guān)系
表示條件關(guān)系的提示詞有if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that...等。
[例3](2019年全國(guó)I卷)Is Fresh Air Really Good for You?
We all grew up hearing people tell us to“go out and get some fresh air.”? ? ?36? ? ? According to recent studies, the answer is a big YES,if the air quality in your camping area is good.
B. So what are you waiting for?
E. But is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said?
解析:由空后句中的answer 和YES(回答是肯定的)可知,設(shè)空處應(yīng)為疑問(wèn)句。再者,由if引導(dǎo)的條件句“如果露營(yíng)的地方空氣質(zhì)量好的話”可知,E選項(xiàng)“But is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said?(但新鮮空氣是否真的如你媽媽說(shuō)的那樣好?)”為最佳選項(xiàng)。
4. 轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系
表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的提示詞有but, however, while, yet, though, nevertheless, otherwise等。
[例5](2017年全國(guó)I卷)
I was, nevertheless, talked into going on another fun-filled holiday in the wilderness(荒野).? ? ? 38? ? ? Instead, we had a pop-up camper with comfortable beds and an air conditioner. My nature-loving friends had remembered to bring all the necessities of life.
A. This time there was no tent.
B. Things are going to be improved.
解析:由空后的Instead(相反)可知,設(shè)空處與之后的句子的是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,從空格后中的a pop-up camper(彈出式露營(yíng)車(chē))、comfortable beds(舒服的床)、an air conditioner(空調(diào))、all the necessities of life(所有的生活必需品)可知,此次露營(yíng)條件較為優(yōu)越舒適。故A選項(xiàng)“This time there was no tent(這次沒(méi)有帳篷)為最佳選項(xiàng)。
5. 并列關(guān)系
并列邏輯關(guān)系的提示詞,通常有first, second...next, then, not only...but also,neither...nor, both...and..., some...others..., for one thing...for another...等。
[例6](2016年新課標(biāo)II卷)
If youd like to build a powerful bond with your garden, start by taking some time to recall the gardens of your youth.? ? ? 20? ? ?. Then go outside and work out a plan to translate your childhood memories into your grown-up garden. Have fun.
B. Find a good place for your own garden
G. For each of those gardens, writer down the strongest memory you have
解析:空前句子闡述本段主旨“如果你想和花園建立牢固的關(guān)系”,應(yīng)該怎么做。首先,“花些時(shí)間回憶一下你年輕時(shí)的花園?!笨蘸蟮木渥佑蓆hen引出,“然后走出去,制定一個(gè)計(jì)劃,把兒童時(shí)對(duì)花園的記憶轉(zhuǎn)化為成人的花園?!庇纱丝梢?jiàn),空處的句子,是對(duì)空格前一句的注釋,后面的then...一句與前面內(nèi)容并列;故G選項(xiàng)“For each of those gardens, write down the strongest memory you have(寫(xiě)下每個(gè)花園你印象最深刻的部分)”為最佳選項(xiàng)。
除因果、遞進(jìn)、并列、轉(zhuǎn)折、條件關(guān)系外,七選五語(yǔ)篇有時(shí)還有例證關(guān)系,對(duì)比關(guān)系等。綜上所述,做好七選五,首先要通讀全文,把握文章的結(jié)構(gòu)。其次,在設(shè)空處上下句子中尋找兩種關(guān)鍵詞(1)表達(dá)作者觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度的關(guān)鍵詞,如動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、名詞等;(2)修辭結(jié)構(gòu)中提示讀者邏輯關(guān)系的關(guān)鍵詞,如so, even, instead, if, then等。這樣,我們可以更加清晰地把握句子之間、段落之間的邏輯關(guān)系,提高七選五的正解率。
責(zé)任編輯 蔣小青