張巖
現(xiàn)行的人教版普通高中英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)實驗教科書每個單元生詞量45至65個不等,大多出現(xiàn)在閱讀課文之中。閱讀課是英語教學(xué)的重要環(huán)節(jié),是學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)詞匯,積累詞匯量的重要途徑,但是當(dāng)前閱讀課堂中的詞匯教學(xué)依然存在很多問題。如何合理地設(shè)計閱讀活動以提高閱讀課堂中詞匯教學(xué)效率是本文的探究重點。
學(xué)習(xí)詞匯不只是記憶詞的音、形、義,更重要的是在語篇中通過語言活動理解和表達(dá)與各種主題相關(guān)的信息與觀點。因此,教師在設(shè)計閱讀活動時要結(jié)合主題語境不斷復(fù)現(xiàn)有關(guān)詞匯,有意識地促使學(xué)生通過觀察、比較、分類和總結(jié)等手段,不同程度地掌握目標(biāo)詞匯。
一、根據(jù)主題語境,確定目標(biāo)詞匯
人教版高中英語教材每個單元生詞量45至65個不等。在閱讀課堂中,過多、過細(xì)、過全地講解生詞都會影響到學(xué)生對于語篇整體性的把握,不利于學(xué)生在課文的語境中去理解和記憶核心詞匯。在課前教師應(yīng)確定本節(jié)課的目標(biāo)詞匯,切記不可貪多,通常應(yīng)該包括:1.與感知、理解該主題語境或表達(dá)相關(guān)話題的信息和意義密切相關(guān)的詞匯;2.給學(xué)生理解文本造成障礙的詞匯;3.在該文本中有特殊意義的詞匯。
以人教版必修4 Unit 2 Working the land Reading:A pioneer for all people為例。文章主要介紹了“雜交水稻之父”袁隆平以及他在水稻種植上取得的突出貢獻(xiàn)與成就。根據(jù)目標(biāo)詞匯的選擇原則,與主題語境緊密相關(guān)的struggle,crop, output, hunger, disturb,expand,circulate,thanks to,rid of,be content with,would rather,equip被選為目標(biāo)詞匯。在感知、理解該主題語境時理解下列詞匯:crop,output,hunger,disturb,expand,circulate;在表達(dá)相關(guān)話題的信息和意義時,如談?wù)撘晃蛔约鹤罹磁宓母黝I(lǐng)域領(lǐng)軍人物時模仿運用thanks to,rid of,be content with,would rather,equip。
二、緊貼閱讀主線,適度復(fù)現(xiàn)詞匯
詞匯處理必須為閱讀服務(wù),不可以喧賓奪主,不可以打斷閱讀的進(jìn)度。因此,教師在設(shè)計活動時,應(yīng)盡力保證學(xué)生在理解文本的同時關(guān)注并使用目標(biāo)詞匯。
以人教版必修4 Unit 2 Working the land Using Language:Chemical or organic farming?為例。
Step I Students predict the main content of the passage according to the title.
根據(jù)語篇標(biāo)題Chemical or organic farming?讀前prediction部分請學(xué)生預(yù)測語篇的主題和內(nèi)容,既訓(xùn)練了學(xué)生的理解性技能又帶出chemical 和organic兩個主題詞匯。
Step II Skim the passage to find its main idea.
Chemical fertilizers can cause many problems, so organic farming is becoming more popular.
Step III Scanning for the topic sentences in each paragraph
Step IV Detailed reading — true or false statement
1.Chemical fertilizers kill the helpful bacteria and pests as well.
(? )
2.Organic fertilizers increase (build up) in peoples body? ?(? )
3.Chemical fertilizers lead to cancer or other illnesses.? ? ? ? (? )
4.Organic food contains less nutrition and vitamins and more minerals.? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?(? )
5.Organic farming keeps the soil rich, fertile and free of bacteria.
(? )
6.Organic farming keep the crops free from chemicals.? ? (? )
這幾項活動的設(shè)計與文章的主線結(jié)合緊密,幫助學(xué)生更好地理解議論文篇章結(jié)構(gòu)中論證觀點與論據(jù)之間的關(guān)系。與此同時,學(xué)生在尋找答案的過程中也注意到了目標(biāo)詞匯的詞塊搭配和使用語境。
三、基于詞匯目標(biāo),多樣設(shè)置活動
Step V Post Reading:Complete each blank with a word below.Be sure to change the form, if necessary.
Today we use? ?in almost every part of our lives, hoping to make life faster, more convenient or just better. At home we use them to kill flies and other disease-carrying? ?.Doctors give them to us in medicine to fight harmful? ?in our bodies.Factory workers use them in industrial? ?to make everything from toys to shoes to toothbrushes. Farmers also use them in the? ?to help their plants grow fast and become strong.However, the? ?of new ways to use? ?have brought difficulties as well as benefits. For example, too much use in farming leads to food that is low in? ?and other things that we need for good. What is the? ?of the problem?
Some people think it is from a wrong? ?on money and speed, while others say it is just from a lack(缺乏)of education about the problems. Who knows? Maybe it is both.
本活動基于詞匯目標(biāo),對閱讀主題進(jìn)行有益拓展,整合教材workbook部分,加深學(xué)生對于主題語境“健康生活方式、人與環(huán)境”的理解,同時復(fù)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)詞匯并要求學(xué)生對對標(biāo)詞匯進(jìn)行必要的變形。
四、梯度活動難度,強(qiáng)化詞匯運用
Step VI Dialogue
Students have a conversation in pairs, with one student as the farmer and the other as the customer. The farmer is persuading the customer to buy his/her“green food”
Target language:chemical fertilizers? ?health? ?tasty? ?nutrition? ?minerals? ?fertile? ?rich …
本活動屬于整合任務(wù),鼓勵學(xué)生思考綠色食物的優(yōu)點以及有機(jī)種植的好處。幫助學(xué)生回顧課文內(nèi)容,回憶前幾項閱讀活動中出現(xiàn)的目標(biāo)詞匯,學(xué)生聯(lián)系已有知識分享觀點。閱讀活動的設(shè)計要有層次,由淺入深,先保證目標(biāo)詞匯的簡單呈現(xiàn)與適度復(fù)現(xiàn),然后在相關(guān)語境下進(jìn)行必要的變形,最后上升到相關(guān)話題的討論與交流,層層遞進(jìn),符合學(xué)生詞匯學(xué)習(xí)的認(rèn)知規(guī)律。
詞匯的教學(xué)不能脫離語篇閱讀,合理的閱讀活動設(shè)計能夠有效提高詞匯教學(xué)效率。教師可以在閱讀課堂中依附閱讀主線借助多種形式、多模態(tài)的閱讀活動提高詞匯在主題語境中的復(fù)現(xiàn)率,優(yōu)化詞匯教學(xué)效果。
責(zé)任編輯 錢昭君