中共中央南方局在重慶成立 為新中國外交事業(yè)奠定重要基礎(chǔ)

中國近代，歷經(jīng)幾多滄桑，幾多磨難，幾多屈辱，幾多抗?fàn)?。在這苦難深重的時(shí)期，一個(gè)偉大的政黨誕生—中國共產(chǎn)黨，從此翻開中國歷史的新篇章。

2021年，是中國共產(chǎn)黨百年華誕。100年來，在中國共產(chǎn)黨的指引下，中華民族譜寫了自強(qiáng)不息、頑強(qiáng)奮進(jìn)的壯麗史詩，神州大地?zé)òl(fā)勃勃生機(jī)，人民生活幸福安寧。

2021年，也是“十四五”規(guī)劃實(shí)施、開啟全面建設(shè)社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化國家新征程的第一年，本刊將陸續(xù)推出“學(xué)黨史 悟思想 辦實(shí)事 開新局”系列報(bào)道，將巴渝大地波瀾壯闊的紅色歷史娓娓道來，再現(xiàn)中國共產(chǎn)黨昂首闊步走向世界的堅(jiān)定步伐，以此激勵(lì)我們不忘初心、牢記使命，行而不輟、開拓奮進(jìn)。

抗日戰(zhàn)爭時(shí)期，中國共產(chǎn)黨審時(shí)度勢，及時(shí)制定了建立國際統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線以反對日本法西斯主義的對外工作方針。但中共中央及其領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的抗日根據(jù)地被國民黨政府“封鎖得鐵桶似的”，敵后抗戰(zhàn)情形外界很難獲悉。中國共產(chǎn)黨為適應(yīng)抗戰(zhàn)相持階段的新形勢而建立中共中央南方局，其根本任務(wù)就是維護(hù)國共合作抗戰(zhàn)大局、鞏固發(fā)展抗日民族統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線、推動(dòng)抗戰(zhàn)民主、爭取抗戰(zhàn)勝利。

1939年1月16日，中共中央南方局在重慶正式成立，以周恩來、博古、凱豐、吳克堅(jiān)、葉劍英、董必武六人為常委，任命周恩來為書記，直接領(lǐng)導(dǎo)外事組積極開展外事活動(dòng)。為尋求廣泛的國際合作和支持，在中共中央的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，以周恩來為首的中共南方局利用在國統(tǒng)區(qū)工作的便利條件，廣泛開展國際統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線活動(dòng)，搭建與國際社會(huì)聯(lián)系、交往的橋梁，爭取國際反法西斯力量的同情和援助，開拓了中共對外交往的新局面。在發(fā)展國際統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線、奪取抗戰(zhàn)勝利的過程中，中共也由此走向世界。

在惡劣艱險(xiǎn)的環(huán)境中，中共中央南方局創(chuàng)造性地貫徹執(zhí)行黨中央正確的路線、方針、政策，進(jìn)行了長達(dá)8年艱苦卓絕的斗爭，為中華民族獨(dú)立和中國人民解放事業(yè)建立了不朽功勛。中共中央南方局的歷史見證了中國共產(chǎn)黨主張建立的抗日民族統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線的曲折發(fā)展道路，也為新中國的外交事業(yè)奠定了重要基礎(chǔ)。

南方局是秘密機(jī)關(guān)，依托在八路軍（又稱“第十八集團(tuán)軍”）駐重慶辦事處內(nèi)，對外稱“重慶八辦”。南方局成立前，1938年初，長江局派周怡到重慶建立八路軍重慶通訊處，任處長，在機(jī)房街70號(hào)設(shè)立機(jī)關(guān)。武漢失陷前夕，八路軍武漢辦事處和長江局大多數(shù)工作人員撤離，經(jīng)水陸兩路先后到達(dá)重慶，遂成立八路軍駐重慶辦事處，就設(shè)在原通訊處住址，南方局機(jī)關(guān)人員也住在這里。因人員增多、機(jī)房街房屋窄小，又在棉花街30號(hào)租了一所房子，仍不敷使用。且處市內(nèi)鬧區(qū)，日軍飛機(jī)轟炸，隨時(shí)有危險(xiǎn)。辦事處在近郊化龍橋附近紅巖嘴大有農(nóng)場找到一處適合的地方，開始建房。

1939年5月3日、4日，日軍飛機(jī)數(shù)十架次輪番轟炸重慶，山城一片火海。重慶八辦和《新華日報(bào)》在城內(nèi)的房屋都被炸毀。這時(shí)紅巖嘴13號(hào)的房屋已基本建成，當(dāng)年夏，重慶八辦和南方局遷到這里，一直到1946年5月。因?yàn)榧t巖嘴13號(hào)位于一座小山的半山腰上，中共黨員和各界朋友秘密到這里來，都習(xí)慣地稱“上山”。

南方局在城內(nèi)還有一處機(jī)關(guān)，設(shè)在曾家?guī)r50號(hào)，與國民黨行政院和蔣介石的城內(nèi)公館相距不過一二百米。因周恩來是政治部副部長，對外就稱為“周公館”。周恩來和鄧穎超，以及董必武、葉劍英等常住在這里。當(dāng)時(shí)南方局的黨派組、文化組、軍事組、外事組、婦女組的工作人員也大都在這里工作。實(shí)際上，這里是對外接待活動(dòng)最多的地方。

抗日戰(zhàn)爭期間，中共密切注視國際形勢的變化，并不斷根據(jù)這種變化調(diào)整對外政策。在國際政治風(fēng)云變幻的復(fù)雜情況下，周恩來帶領(lǐng)中共南方局準(zhǔn)確判斷和把握局勢，對不同帝國主義國家、對同一帝國主義國家的不同時(shí)期政治態(tài)度加以區(qū)別，在堅(jiān)持獨(dú)立自主的原則立場，捍衛(wèi)民族的根本利益的前提下，及時(shí)制定、調(diào)整國際統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線的戰(zhàn)略方針，為實(shí)現(xiàn)中共在抗日民族戰(zhàn)爭中的作用搭建了國際政治舞臺(tái)。? ? ? ? ? ? （部分資料由中共重慶市委黨史研究室提供）

編輯/楊艷

During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression， the Communist Party of China sized up the situation and promptly formulated the foreign policy of establishing an international united front to oppose Japanese fascism. As the CPC Central Committee and the resistance bases under its leadership were nevertheless "blocked like iron barrels" by the Kuomintang government， it was difficult for the outside world to pry into the situation of the War of Resistance behind the enemy's rear area. In order to adapt to the new circumstance at the Stalemate Stage of the War， South Bureau of the CPC Central Committee was established with the fundamental task of maintaining the overall cooperation between KMT and CPC in resistance against Japanese aggression， consolidating and developing the Chinese united front against Japanese aggression， promoting the democracy of resistance against Japanese aggression， and striving for the victory of resistance against Japanese aggression.

On January 16， 1939， the South Bureau of the CPC Central Committee was offcially established in Chongqing with Zhou Enlai， Bo Gu， Kai Feng， Wu Kejian， Ye Jianying and Dong Biwu appointed as the Standing Committee members， and Zhou Enlai as the secretary to directly lead the Foreign Affairs Group to actively carry out foreign affairs activities. In order to seek extensive international cooperation and support， under the leadership of the CPC Central Committee， the Southern Bureau of the CPC Central Committee， headed by Zhou Enlai， made use of the convenience of working in the KMT-controlled areas to widely carry out international united front activities， build bridges with the international community， and strive for compassion and assistance from international anti-fascist forces to open up a new outlook for the CPC's foreign exchanges. In the process of developing international united front and winning the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression， the Communist Party of China also took a step to the world.

In the harsh and perilous environment， the South Bureau of the CPC Central Committee creatively implemented the correct route， principles， and policies of the CPC Central Committee， went through eight years of arduous struggle， and made imperishable historical contributions to the cause of the independence of the Chinese nation and the liberation of the Chinese people. The history of the South Bureau of the CPC Central Committee witnessed the tortuous development path of the Chinese united front against Japanese aggression advocated by the CPC， and laid a key foundation for the diplomatic undertaking of New China.

The South Bureau， a secret organ， was attached to the Chongqing Office of the Eighth Route Army （also known as the "18th Group Army"）， and known to the public as the "Chongqing Eighth Office". Before the establishment of the South Bureau， in early 1938， the Changjiang Bureau sent Zhou Yi to Chongqing to set up the Chongqing Communication Office of the Eighth Route Army as director with an organ at No. 70， Jifang Street. On the eve of the fall of Wuhan， most of the staff of Wuhan Office of the Eighth Route Army and the Changjiang Bureau withdrew and successively arrived in Chongqing by land and water. The Chongqing Office of the Eighth Route Army was established and located at the address of the original Communication Office with the organ of the Southern Bureau set here as well. Due to the increase of staff and the narrow space in Jifang Street， another building was rented at No. 30 Mianhua Street， but the space was still insufficient. In addition， the downtown area of the city often suffered from Japanese aircraft bombing with imminent danger any time. The Office found a suitable place at Dayou farm in Hongyanzui near Hualongqiao in the suburb and initiated building construction.

On May 3 and 4， 1939， dozens of Japanese aircraft took turns to bomb Chongqing， setting the mountainous city on fire. Buildings of the Chongqing Office of the Eighth Route Army and Xinhua Daily in the downtown areas were all blown up. By this time， the buildings in Hongyanzui No. 13 had been basically completed. In the summer of that year， the Chongqing Office of the Eighth Route Army and the South Bureau moved here until May 1946. As Hongyanzui No. 13 was located halfway on a small hill， when CPC members and friends from all walks of life came here secretly， they usually said they were "going uphill".

The South Bureau had another organ in the city， No. 50 of Zengjiayan， only one or two hundred meters away from the Kuomintang Executive Yuan and Chiang Kai Shek's residence in the city. As Zhou Enlai was the Vice Minister of the Political Department， the organ was known as "Zhou's Mansion" to the outside world. Zhou Enlai and Deng Yingchao， as well as Dong Biwu and Ye Jianying dwelt here from time to time. At that time， most of the staff of the Party Group， Cultural Group， Military Group， Foreign Affairs Group and Women's Group of the South Bureau also worked here. In fact， it was the place that held external reception activities most then.

During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression， the CPC paid close attention to the changes in the international situation and constantly adjusted its foreign policy according to these changes. Amid the complex landscape of changing international politics， the South Bureau of the CPC Central Committee， led by Zhou Enlai， accurately judged and grasped the situation， distinguished the political attitudes of different imperialist countries and the same imperialist country in different periods， formulated and adjusted the strategic guidelines of the international united front in a timely manner with the premise of adhering to the independence principle and safeguarding the people's fundamental interests so as to set up an international political stage for the realization of the CPC's role in the resistance against Japanese aggression by the whole nation.

（Partially provided by Party History Research Center of the CPC Chongqing Committee）

Editor/ Yang Yan