北京首都國際機場T3航站樓

業(yè)主單位：北京首都國際機場有限公司

項目地點：中國北京

建筑設計：福斯特建筑事務所

合作單位：北京建筑設計院

結構設計/機電設計：奧雅納

景觀設計：Michel Desvigne

照明設計：Speirs and Major

設計/建造：2003 / 2008 年

攝影：Nigel Young / 福斯特建筑事務所

Client: Beijing Capital International Airport Company Ltd.

Location: Beijing, China

Architectural Design: Foster + Partners

Local collaborating architect: BIAD (Beijing Institute of Architectural Design)

Structural & Mechanical Engineers: Arup

Landscape Architect: Michel Desvigne

Lighting Consultant: Speirs and Major

Design / Completion: 2003 / 2008

Photography: Nigel Young / Foster + Partners

世界上最大的建筑——北京首都國際機場的新設航站樓——為2008 年奧運會提前開放。北京首都國際機場三號航站樓僅用了四年的時間便設計和建設完成，現已開放使用。作為世界上最大的建筑和最先進的機場，該航站樓無論是在科技上，還是在運作效率、乘客舒適度、可持續(xù)性和自然采光上，都提供給旅客無與倫比的飛行體驗。作為第29 屆奧運會參賽運動員進入北京的門戶，其設計備受歡迎、振奮人心。高聳的空氣動力屋頂和龍形結構是北京的象征，像是在贊頌飛行中的驚險和詩意。金色屋頂與紫禁城交相輝映，從紅色到橙色再到黃色的內部調色引人注目，喚起了中國人的傳統(tǒng)色彩歸屬。

三號航站樓和地面運輸中心（GTC）位于現存東跑道和即將建立的第三跑道之間，占地約130 萬平方米，大部分區(qū)域處于同一棟建筑中。作為突破100 萬平方米關卡的第一座建筑，截至2020 年，預計每年可輸送5000 萬名旅客。這座建筑的規(guī)?？涨?，而其設計旨在解決現代航空旅行的復雜性，將空間清晰性與高服務標準結合起來。新航站樓和地面運輸中心將為以友好、向上的態(tài)度服務旅客，同時提供更為便利的導航。建筑呈一個簡單的對稱圖形分布，由三個相連的充滿光照的T3A、T3B 和T3C 組成，兩端呈扇形散開，以容納T3A（連接航站樓和國內登機口）和T3B（國際登機口）的到達大廳和候機室。衛(wèi)星T3C（國內登機口）處在對稱圖形的中心。這種布局是最大限度地擴大周長的一種有效手段，能夠增加飛機停機坪的容量，同時保持高度緊湊的結構和可持續(xù)的承載面積。

The world’s largest building - the new Terminal at Beijing Capital International Airport -opens ahead of schedule for the 2008 Olympics. Designed and completed in only four years, Terminal 3 at Beijing Capital International Airport has opened. The world’s largest building and most advanced airport, the new terminal offers an unparalleled travelling experience, not only technologically, but also in terms of operational efficiency, passenger comfort, sustainability and access to natural light. Completed as the gateway to Beijing for athletes participating in the twenty-ninth Olympiad, it is designed to be welcoming and uplifting. A symbol of place, its soaring aerodynamic roof and its dragon-like form celebrate the thrill and poetry of flight. Its gold roof resonates with the Forbidden City,while the striking interior palette of red through orange to yellow evokes traditional Chinese colours.

Located between the existing eastern runway and the future third runway, Terminal 3 and the Ground Transportation Centre (GTC) together enclose a floor area of approximately 1.3 million m2, mostly under one roof. The first building to break the one million square meter barrier, it will accommodate an estimated 50 million passengers per annum by 2020.Although conceived on an unprecedented scale, the building’s design aims to resolve the complexities of modern air travel, combining spatial clarity with high service standards.It will be friendly and uplifting for the passenger as well as easy to navigate. Comprising three connected, light-filled volumes - T3A, B and C - the simple, symmetrical diagram fans out at either end to accommodate the arrivals and departure halls for T3A(processing terminal and domestic gates) and T3B (international gates).The satellite T3C (domestic gates) occupies the centre of the diagram. This arrangement is an efficient means of maximizing the perimeter, so increasing the capacity for aircraft stands, while maintaining a highly compact and sustainable footprint.

雖然從北到南的長度僅為3.25 公里，但這三個要素之間的視覺聯系是由強大的視準線，以及低層與上層一個開放的夾層之間的視覺連接維持的。所有的空間依靠天然采光，大片的玻璃和天窗讓人能時刻了解外面的情況以及天氣變化。中軸線上的立有獨特的紅色柱子，這些柱子沿著建筑的外部邊緣一直延伸到遠處，讓人聯想到傳統(tǒng)的中國寺廟。

? Ma Wenxiao

總平面 Site Plan

候機樓的環(huán)抱式彎曲懸臂梁擺出簡單的歡迎手勢，歡迎乘坐公路交通工具或從地面運輸中心而來的乘客。登機處和到達處分布于不同樓層。傳統(tǒng)的機場圖在T3B 處被顛倒過來，到達大廳位于上層，這樣一來，來京游客可以從最佳的有利地形感受這一巨大空間的宏偉壯觀。

單一的一體屋頂天篷嵌有天窗以幫助定向，且能讓陽光照射進建筑內部。建筑橫跨16 個色調，T3A 入口由紅色過渡到橙色，再過渡到T3B 遠端的黃色。這種布局建立了一個微妙的分區(qū)式系統(tǒng)，對建筑規(guī)模進行分解，易于尋路。而這種色調也應用于候機大廳和到達大廳上方的天花板上，順序為由北到南，加強了屋頂平面的曲面感。

T3A 和T3B 航站樓之間的連接使用高速旅客捷運系統(tǒng)（APM），時速可達80 千米，行車時間僅為兩分鐘。高速旅客捷運系統(tǒng)由出發(fā)樓層進入，處于經過“綠色”切削的景觀中，暴露在日光下，旅客可以向上望向天空，或透過建筑物向外看，所有這些設計都有助于旅客保持一種方向感。

屋頂設計為一個帶有三角形采光天窗和彩色金屬面板的鋼制立體框架?？蚣艹蕪澢鸂?，在中點上升，打造出一個巨大的如中央大教堂般的空間，而其在建筑邊緣的方向逐漸變窄，以便為旅客在前往大門和登機處時提供更加私密的空間。支撐玻璃窗的桁架與屋頂不斷變化的顏色系統(tǒng)相呼應——從紅色到橙色再到黃色。幕墻的高透明度是通過超大的木框來實現的，這些木框的超大間距可使懸空玻璃產生更大跨度。航站樓是世界上最具可持續(xù)發(fā)展性質的建筑之一，其采用了一系列被動的環(huán)境設計理念，例如，東南方向的天窗可最大限度地利用清晨陽光獲得熱量，而綜合環(huán)境控制系統(tǒng)可最大限度地減少能源消耗。航站樓并非由多個單獨的建筑組成，而是將所有的結構緊密地連接在一起，以便在一個高效的結構中流動，從而減少了用地，但其總占地面積仍比希思羅機場的1、2、3、4 號航站樓和新設立的5 號航站樓大17%。在建筑方面，其設計優(yōu)化了材料的性能，這些材料基于當地的可獲得性、功能性、當地技術的應用和低成本采購原則而進行選擇。

剖面 Section

? Fu Xing

Although the length from north to south is three and a quarter kilometres, the visual links between the three elements are maintained by strong sight lines as well as visual connections between the lower level and an open mezzanine level above. All spaces are naturally lit and the generous glazing and skylights maintain a link with the outside and its changing sky. Views along the central axis are marked by the distinctive red columns,which continue along the external edges of the building into the distance, evocative of traditional Chinese temples.

The embracing curved cantilever of the terminal greets passengers arriving by road or from the GTC in a single welcoming gesture. Departures and arrivals are on separate levels. The traditional airport diagram has been inverted at T3B, with arrivals on the upper level, to allow visitors to Beijing to experience the thrill of this dramatic space from the best vantage point.

The single unifying roof canopy is perforated with skylights to aid orientation and bring daylight deep into the building. The colour palette moves through 16 tones from red at the entrance at T3A through to orange and finally yellow at the far end of T3B. This establishes a subtle zoning system that breaks down the scale of the building and enables easy way finding. This palette is also applied north to south in the ceiling above the arrivals and departures halls, heightening the sense of curvature in the roof plane.

Connections between T3A and T3B take place on a high speed automated people mover(APM) which travels at up to 80kph, with a journey time of just two minutes. The APM is easily accessed from the main departure level and set within a landscaped ‘green’ cutting,exposed to daylight and views up and through the building, all of which helps to maintain a sense of orientation.

The roof is a steel space frame with triangular roof lights and coloured metal decking.It curves, rising at the midpoint to create a dramatic central cathedral-like space, and tapering towards the edges of the building to provide more intimate areas as passengers travel towards the gates and the aircraft piers. The trusses that support the glazing echo the changing colour system in the roof - shifting from red to orange to yellow. The high transparency of the curtain walling is made possible by extra large mullions, which are generously spaced to allow larger spans of suspended glazing. The terminal building is one of the world’s most sustainable, incorporating a range of passive environmental design concepts, such as the south-east orientated skylights, which maximise heat gain from the early morning sun, and an integrated environment-control system that minimises energy consumption. Rather than the sprawl of many separate buildings, it uses less land by bringing everything closer together for ease of communication in one efficient structure,yet it is still 17% bigger than the combined floor space of all of Heathrow’s terminals 1, 2, 3,4 and the new Terminal 5. In construction terms, its design optimised the performance of materials selected on the basis of local availability, functionality, application of local skills,and low cost procurement.