專注可持續(xù)發(fā)展：福斯特建筑事務(wù)所

福斯特建筑事務(wù)所是一個(gè)富有創(chuàng)造性的團(tuán)體，團(tuán)體成員來自使用70 多種不同語言的地區(qū)，事務(wù)所業(yè)務(wù)范圍遍及六大洲各個(gè)時(shí)區(qū)。事務(wù)所業(yè)務(wù)涉及多種文化以及多個(gè)學(xué)科；在團(tuán)隊(duì)中，我們匯聚了建筑師和聲學(xué)家、模型制造者和城市規(guī)劃家、計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)家和數(shù)學(xué)家、結(jié)構(gòu)和環(huán)境工程師以及工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)師等人才。從合作伙伴到剛?cè)肼毜漠厴I(yè)生——對(duì)卓越的追求激勵(lì)著我們所有人。我們致力于共同創(chuàng)造豐富生活、愉悅精神的美好場(chǎng)所和空間。

我們的主要理念是追求探究、發(fā)現(xiàn)以及理解。我們相信通過討論可以產(chǎn)生最佳的設(shè)計(jì)解決方案，而傾聽正是這個(gè)過程的核心。每個(gè)項(xiàng)目都以研究未切入點(diǎn)，確保設(shè)計(jì)符合所在地點(diǎn)的氣候及文化，并滿足不同使用者的需求。我們的研究小組始終秉承創(chuàng)新原則幫助設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)?wèi)?yīng)對(duì)這些挑戰(zhàn)。

個(gè)性化是我們處理項(xiàng)目的一大特征。設(shè)計(jì)通常由一組由個(gè)人組成的組織嚴(yán)密的小型團(tuán)隊(duì)負(fù)責(zé)，團(tuán)隊(duì)能夠提供在我們這種規(guī)模的搭配中方可擁有的各項(xiàng)技能。項(xiàng)目啟動(dòng)后，我們的責(zé)任團(tuán)隊(duì)將負(fù)責(zé)項(xiàng)目的全流程，提供從一而終的連續(xù)性服務(wù)，這是我們一貫的原則。我們還竭盡所能平衡大型項(xiàng)目和小規(guī)模項(xiàng)目——兩者的挑戰(zhàn)不同，但回報(bào)相同。例如，我們新近完成位于美國(guó)加利福尼亞州庫比蒂諾蘋果公司總部大樓的建造項(xiàng)目，這座大樓是一個(gè)可容納12 000 人的創(chuàng)新型工作場(chǎng)所。2016 年，我們還在英國(guó)曼徹斯特建造了一個(gè)瑪吉癌癥中心（Maggie's Cancer Centre），這是一所處在花園建筑中的居住房屋，也是一處庇護(hù)所，深受癌癥困擾的人可以在其中找到情感支撐和實(shí)際支持。

設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)踐活動(dòng)由六個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)工作室進(jìn)行組織。每個(gè)工作室由一位負(fù)責(zé)人領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，負(fù)責(zé)人均是在創(chuàng)造力、細(xì)節(jié)以及交付和管理技能方面表現(xiàn)出色的人員。工作室負(fù)責(zé)人均涉獵多個(gè)不同行業(yè)、地區(qū)和項(xiàng)目。給予這一核心群體以支持的是年輕一代的合作伙伴，他們是福斯特建筑事務(wù)所得以持續(xù)發(fā)展的核心。

自實(shí)踐開始以來，我們一直就集成設(shè)計(jì)效益進(jìn)行推廣：理解建筑的更廣泛背景，并將建筑、結(jié)構(gòu)和環(huán)境設(shè)計(jì)作為一個(gè)整體。設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)本身的特質(zhì)體現(xiàn)出這一追求，工程師從一開始就與建筑師密切合作，相互學(xué)習(xí)，并結(jié)合自身的技能，設(shè)計(jì)出完全一體化的、可持續(xù)的設(shè)計(jì)解決方案。我們有兩個(gè)內(nèi)部工程團(tuán)隊(duì)：結(jié)構(gòu)工程小組與環(huán)境工程小組。小組為設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)和客戶提供一系列的服務(wù)，范圍涉及從最初的設(shè)計(jì)概念發(fā)展到全面的工程服務(wù)。結(jié)構(gòu)工程師會(huì)綜合多個(gè)領(lǐng)域的專業(yè)知識(shí)，包括高層建筑、動(dòng)力及抗震設(shè)計(jì)，以及非線性和幾何復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)等。環(huán)境工程師專門設(shè)計(jì)高效、可持續(xù)建筑系統(tǒng)，重點(diǎn)是被動(dòng)技術(shù)。

這六個(gè)工作室還輔以其它多種學(xué)科，包括材料及環(huán)境研究、城市設(shè)計(jì)、產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)、空間規(guī)劃、室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)、通訊、圖形、視覺化、電影、模型制作及三維電腦造型等。我們還具備在信息技術(shù)、項(xiàng)目管理、合同管理和建造方面擁有專長(zhǎng)的專家團(tuán)隊(duì)。

通過保持對(duì)研究的承諾——作為我們一大優(yōu)勢(shì)的實(shí)踐——我們不僅能夠跟上新發(fā)展和新技術(shù)的步伐，而且能夠充分評(píng)估它們相對(duì)于單個(gè)項(xiàng)目的關(guān)聯(lián)情況及表現(xiàn)情況。我們的理念在實(shí)踐的基礎(chǔ)上保持著創(chuàng)新探索精神。盡管我們面臨的挑戰(zhàn)日益復(fù)雜，但未來從未像現(xiàn)在這樣激動(dòng)人心。

2017 年，福斯特建筑事務(wù)所慶祝成立五十周年，映射了一個(gè)持續(xù)推動(dòng)技術(shù)創(chuàng)新和不斷提高卓越設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的時(shí)代。這些成就反映了對(duì)用戶感受的一貫關(guān)注以及事務(wù)所的業(yè)績(jī)表現(xiàn)，這些正是工作室工作的核心。工作室取得的成果就是打造出在形式和細(xì)節(jié)上經(jīng)過高度打磨的建筑，這是經(jīng)過持續(xù)精煉與品評(píng)的產(chǎn)物。

同年，通過對(duì)《巴黎協(xié)定》的研究，福斯特建筑事務(wù)所得出了令人震驚的結(jié)論：即使所有新項(xiàng)目都符合可持續(xù)認(rèn)證的最高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，也不足以將全球氣溫的平均上升趨勢(shì)控制在1.5 攝氏度的目標(biāo)之內(nèi)。因此，當(dāng)務(wù)之急必須是超越可持續(xù)建筑的當(dāng)前效力。依靠技術(shù)創(chuàng)新和減少消費(fèi)的方法不足以扭轉(zhuǎn)甚至阻止所造成的損害。必須與一種持續(xù)的愿望相結(jié)合，即把建筑扎根于人們和地球的需求之中（物質(zhì)需求與精神需求、有形需求與無形需求），并為健康、互連以及社交充實(shí)的生活方式而進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。

今天，福斯特建筑事務(wù)所致力于解決目前被視為有助于可持續(xù)性的日益廣泛的問題。在這項(xiàng)工作中，事務(wù)所會(huì)繼續(xù)從自身掌握的大量資源中獲得幫助，這些資源既有內(nèi)部資源也有其咨詢?nèi)藛T和合作者網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的資源，既有事務(wù)所對(duì)深入研究的一貫宗旨也有客戶的嚴(yán)要求與高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，這些對(duì)于任何項(xiàng)目的成功都至關(guān)重要。

我們一直是可持續(xù)設(shè)計(jì)的堅(jiān)定倡導(dǎo)者。我們認(rèn)為自己有責(zé)任努力說服客戶和市政當(dāng)局采取可持續(xù)的戰(zhàn)略——在正確方向上的一小步也能有非凡的意義。我們的專業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展小組直接與設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)進(jìn)行合作、提供見解、指導(dǎo)方向并衡量目標(biāo)，以針對(duì)實(shí)踐所執(zhí)行的項(xiàng)目制定可持續(xù)發(fā)展愿景。我們的團(tuán)隊(duì)與來自工程、材料研究和設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)科的專家一同為我們參與的項(xiàng)目提供了一份可持續(xù)性發(fā)展概況。如此，設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)從一開始就可以確定目標(biāo)和方法，并對(duì)性能展開基準(zhǔn)測(cè)試。在整個(gè)實(shí)踐中，我們還擁有80 多名獲LEED（美國(guó)綠色建筑評(píng)估體系）認(rèn)證的建筑師和工程師。

我們的可持續(xù)設(shè)計(jì)方法包括學(xué)習(xí)當(dāng)?shù)氐膫鹘y(tǒng)，考察當(dāng)?shù)氐牡匦魏蜌夂?，并擴(kuò)展到我們面臨的全球性生態(tài)和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施挑戰(zhàn)。必須認(rèn)識(shí)到，由城市化加快和人口增長(zhǎng)加快所帶來的復(fù)雜的社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)和生態(tài)挑戰(zhàn)單靠技術(shù)手段是無法解決的；我們必須運(yùn)用集成設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)的熱情和知識(shí)、客戶和團(tuán)體來創(chuàng)造可持續(xù)的解決方案。

在過去的五十年里，這一實(shí)踐開發(fā)了一種定制框架，以整體的方式幫助評(píng)估從城市總體規(guī)劃到私人住宅的項(xiàng)目。該框架基于與可持續(xù)性相關(guān)的十個(gè)主題——安居樂業(yè)、社區(qū)影響、能源和碳、流動(dòng)性和連通性、資源、水、土地和生態(tài)、社會(huì)公平、變革規(guī)劃和反饋，不僅超越了像LEED 和BREEAM（英國(guó)建筑研究院環(huán)境評(píng)估方法）這樣的常規(guī)可持續(xù)性評(píng)估方法對(duì)環(huán)境的關(guān)注，還蘊(yùn)含了社會(huì)正義和公平的理念。這些因素必須在建筑物的整個(gè)生命周期中一起進(jìn)行分析和研究。

《巴黎協(xié)定》指出，地球大氣溫度上升2 攝氏度（最好限制在1.5 攝氏度），是避免地球上所有生命發(fā)生不可挽回變化所允許的最大升幅。如果整個(gè)世界仍“一如往?！保覀儗⒚媾R4.2 攝氏度的溫度升幅。在達(dá)到不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的形勢(shì)之前，我們有一段有限的時(shí)間： 2030 年。因此，碳減排至關(guān)重要。

人造環(huán)境的碳排放含量占大氣中碳含量的近40%。經(jīng)證明，250 個(gè)現(xiàn)有無償綠色建筑評(píng)價(jià)體系（如LEED 或BREEAM）遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠。如果新建筑和對(duì)現(xiàn)有建筑的改造符合這些評(píng)價(jià)體系規(guī)定的最高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，全球氣溫仍將上升3 攝氏度，而最新指出的目標(biāo)是1.5 攝氏度。

我們的研究表明，人們關(guān)注在用能源或運(yùn)行能耗的同時(shí)，鮮少注意到與建筑物相關(guān)的大部分碳在制造、采購和建筑過程中被“隱藏”的現(xiàn)象——這被稱為“隱含碳”。在過去兩年中，福斯特建筑事務(wù)所與其它組織合作開發(fā)了一種方法以量化總產(chǎn)生的碳，包括運(yùn)行能耗和實(shí)際能源產(chǎn)生的碳。這使得我們能夠在設(shè)計(jì)方面考慮替代方案，以降低項(xiàng)目的碳排放含量。通過為客戶提供新的福斯特建筑事務(wù)所在用建筑物售后服務(wù)方案，我們可以在建筑物的設(shè)計(jì)、建造和使用過程中持續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)具體的碳排放，以確定其最終的碳排放。即使采用最高效的低碳設(shè)計(jì)，也不可能將碳排放降至為零。因此，必須抵消殘存碳。我們需要通過不同的系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行抵消，例如利用可再生能源產(chǎn)生更多能源或增加重新造林面積以吸收更多的碳。

設(shè)計(jì)作為積極環(huán)境變化催化劑的潛力從未如此強(qiáng)大。我們今天的許多工程遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出了建筑的傳統(tǒng)應(yīng)用。我們現(xiàn)在處理的項(xiàng)目涵蓋了從個(gè)人建筑規(guī)模到主要的交通和能源基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，再到家具和門把手的細(xì)節(jié)。我們已經(jīng)到了要把建筑環(huán)境作為一個(gè)整體來考慮的階段——采用一種真正整體全面的方法來進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。我們竭盡全力對(duì)地球所做的保護(hù)尤為重要，因?yàn)榈厍颦h(huán)境是我們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)方法的核心。

氣候變化是我們所有人面臨的最關(guān)鍵挑戰(zhàn)之一?？沙掷m(xù)性不是時(shí)尚的問題，而是關(guān)乎生存，影響到每一個(gè)級(jí)別的建筑，無論是機(jī)場(chǎng)還是小公寓；可持續(xù)性要求我們從全局著眼進(jìn)行思考。建筑物的位置和功能、靈活性和壽命、朝向和材料、形式和結(jié)構(gòu)以及供暖和通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)都影響到建造、運(yùn)行和維護(hù)建筑物所需的能源，并影響往返建筑物的過程。建筑師無法解決世界上所有的生態(tài)問題，但是我們可以通過設(shè)計(jì)使建筑物僅以當(dāng)前能源水平的一部分進(jìn)行運(yùn)行；我們可以推廣利用能源而不是無休止地消耗能源的解決辦法；我們可以通過城市規(guī)劃和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施來改變運(yùn)輸模式。我們相信我們能夠做到這一點(diǎn)，而且我們能夠在改善所有人生活質(zhì)量的同時(shí)做到這一點(diǎn)。

? Nigel Young / Foster + Partners

? Nigel Young / Foster + Partners

? Nigel Young / Foster + Partners

? Nigel Young / Foster + Partners

? Nigel Young / Foster + Partners

? Nigel Young / Foster + Partners

? Nigel Young / Foster + Partners

? Nigel Young / Foster + Partners

The Foster + Partners studio is a creative community that speaks over seventy different languages and works across six continents in virtually every time zone. We are multicultural and multidisciplinary; in a single team we might have architects and acousticians, model makers and urbanists, computer scientists and mathematicians,structural and environmental engineers and industrial designers. It is the pursuit of excellence that motivates us all, from the partners to the recently arrived graduates.Our common aim is the creation of timeless places and spaces that enrich people’s lives and lift their spirits.

Central to our ethos is an appetite for enquiry, discovery and understanding. We believe that the best design solutions are achieved through discussion - listening is at the heart of this process. Every project begins with research to ensure that the design will suit the climate and culture of its location as well as meeting the needs of its many different users. Our research groups help design teams to answer these challenges in the spirit of innovation.

The way that we approach a project is highly personalised. Design is typically undertaken by a small, close-knit team of individuals, yet this team is able to draw on the wide range of skills that only a practice of our size can offer. As a matter of principle, we ensure that the team that starts a project sees it through to completion,thus providing continuity throughout. We also deliberately balance large projects with those of a more modest scale - the challenges of both are different, but equally rewarding. Recently, for example, we completed Apple Park in Cupertino, California,USA, an innovative workplace for 12,000 people. In 2016, we also built a Maggie’s Cancer Centre in Manchester, England, a domestic-scaled building in a garden setting and a place of refuge where people affected by cancer can find emotional and practical support.

The practice is organised into six design studios. Each is led by a head of studio,who has been chosen for their proven track record in combining creativity and attention to detail with delivery and management skills. The studio heads combine a broad understanding of a number of different sectors, regions and projects. Allied with this core group is a younger generation of partners, who are central to the continuing evolution of Foster + Partners.

Since the practice’s inception, we have promoted the benefits of integrated design:understanding the wider context of a building and treating architectural, structural and environmental design as one. The nature of the design teams themselves reflects this quest, with engineers working closely with architects from the outset,learning from one another and combining their skills to devise fully integrated,sustainable design solutions. We have two in-house engineering teams: a structural engineering group, and an environmental engineering group. These groups offer a range of services for both the design teams and our clients, from the development of initial design concepts through to a full engineering service. The structural engineers combine expertise in a variety of fields, embracing tall buildings, dynamic and seismic design, as well as non-linear and geometrically complex structures. Our environmental engineers specialise in the design of efficient, sustainable building systems, with an emphasis on passive techniques.

The six studios are complemented by a wide variety of other disciplines, including material and environmental research, urban design, product design, space planning,interior design,communications, graphics, visualisation, film, model making, and threedimensional computer modelling. We also have specialist teams with expertise in information technology, project management, contract management and construction.

By maintaining a commitment to research - one of our great strengths as a practice- we are not only up to date with new developments and techniques but can also thoroughly evaluate their relevance and performance for individual projects. Our philosophy maintains the spirit of creative endeavour on which the practice was founded. Although the challenges we face are becoming more complex, the future has never been more exciting.

In 2017, Foster + Partners celebrated its fifth decade, reflecting on an era that saw a continued drive for technical innovation and ever-improving standards of design excellence. These achievements mirrored a consistent concern for the sensibilities of the user that, as well as performance, are central to the studio’s work. The result is an architecture always highly resolved in form and detail, the product of constant distillation and discriminating judgement.

In the same year, Foster + Partners’ research into the Paris Agreement came to some chastening conclusions: even if all new projects meet the highest standards of sustainable accreditations, it will not be enough to restrict the average rise of global temperatures to the 1.5-degree-Celsius target. The imperative must therefore be to go beyond the current effectiveness of sustainable architecture. Relying on technical innovations and a consumption-reduction approach is not going to be enough to reverse or even stall the damage done. It must be combined with an ongoing desire to root architecture in the needs of people and the planet - material and spiritual,measurable and intangible - and to design for a healthy, connected and socially fulfilling lifestyle.

Today, Foster + Partners is committed to confronting the ever-wider range of issues now seen as contributing to sustainability. In this effort, it will continue to be aided by the extraordinary array of resources it can command, both in-house and in its network of consultants and collaborators, by its ongoing commitment to intense research and by the demanding and discriminating nature of clients, so central to the success of any project.

We have always been committed advocates for sustainable design. We believe that we have a responsibility to try to persuade clients and civic authorities to adopt sustainable strategies - even small steps in the right direction can prove significant.Our specialist Sustainability Group, working directly with the design teams, delivers insight, informs direction and measures targets to develop a sustainable vision for projects carried out by the practice. This team, together with experts from a range of engineering, materials research and design disciplines, produces a sustainability profile for our projects. This allows design teams to determine targets and methods from the outset, and to benchmark performance. Across the practice, we also have over eighty LEED-accredited architects and engineers.

Our approach to sustainable design includes learning from vernacular traditions and examining the local topography and climate and extends to addressing the ecological and infrastructure challenges facing us globally. It is important to recognise that the complex social, economic and ecological challenges posed by rapid urbanisation and population growth cannot be solved by technological means alone; it is vital that we harness the skills, enthusiasm and knowledge of integrated design teams, clients and communities to create sustainable solutions.

Over the past fifty years, the practice has developed a bespoke framework that helps evaluate projects, from urban masterplans to private homes, in a holistic manner. Based on ten sustainability related themes - wellbeing, community impact,energy and carbon, mobility and connectivity, resources, water, land and ecology,social equity, planning for change and feedback - the framework goes beyond the environmental focus of commonly used sustainability assessment methods, such as LEED and BREEAM, by also including ideas of social justice and equity. These must be analysed together and studied over the whole life cycle of the building.

The Paris Agreement states that a two-degree-Celsius, or preferably 1.5-degree-Celsius, increase in the planet’s atmospheric temperature is the maximum increase permissible to avoid irrevocable change to all life on Earth. If the whole world remains ‘business as usual,’ we are heading for a 4.2-degree-Celsius increase.We have a limited period before we reach an irreversible position: 2030. Therefore,carbon reduction is critical.

The built environment accounts for nearly 40 per cent of carbon in the atmosphere.All 250 current voluntary green building rating systems, such as LEED or BREEAM,are proving inadequate. If new buildings and modifications to existing buildings complied to the highest standards that these rating systems propose, the global temperature would still rise by three degrees Celsius, compared to the most recent target of 1.5 degrees Celsius.

Our research has revealed that by focusing on in-use, or operational energy, less attention is given to the fact that a significant portion of the carbon associated with buildings is ‘hidden’ in the manufacturing, procurement and construction processes- this is called embodied carbon. Over the last two years, Foster + Partners, in collaboration with other organisations, has developed a methodology to quantify how much total carbon is produced, including that produced by both operational and embodied energy. This enables us to consider alternatives in terms of design to reduce the carbon content of our projects. By offering our clients a new Foster+ Partners aftercare programme for buildings in use, we can continuously monitor embodied carbon emissions throughout the design, construction and occupation of buildings, in order to determine their final carbon production. Even with the most efficient low-carbon design, it is impossible to reduce the carbon to zero. The residual carbon therefore must be offset. It must be compensated for with different systems, such as generating more energy using renewable sources or increasing reforestation to absorb more carbon.

The potential for design to be a catalyst for positive environmental change has never been greater. Much of our work today goes far beyond the way that architecture has been practised traditionally. We are now addressing projects that encompass everything from the scale of the individual building to major transport and energy infrastructure and then back down to the details of furniture and door handles. We are at the point where it is possible to consider the built environment as a totality -to apply a truly holistic approach to design. This is particularly important when every effort has to be made to protect the Earth’s environment, which is central to our design approach.

Climate change is one of the most crucial challenges facing all of us. Sustainability is not a matter of fashion but of survival, affecting architecture at every level, be it an airport or a small apartment; sustainability requires us to think holistically. A building’s location and function, flexibility and life-span, orientation and materials, form and structure and heating and ventilation systems all impact upon the amount of energy required to build, run and maintain it, and the travel to and from it. Architects cannot solve all the world’s ecological problems, but we can design buildings to run at a fraction of current energy levels; we can promote solutions that harvest energy rather than endlessly consume it; and we can influence transport patterns through urban planning and infrastructure. We believe we can do this, and we can do it while at the same time improving the quality of life for all.

? Nigel Young / Foster + Partners

? Nigel Young / Foster + Partners