黃少先 陳志藝 李卓毅
【關(guān)鍵詞】 Ⅰ期非小細(xì)胞肺癌 局限性切除術(shù) 完全肺葉切除術(shù) 復(fù)發(fā) 生存率
[Abstract] Objective: To investigate the effect of limited resection and complete lobectomy on the prognosis of patients with stage Ⅰ non-small cell lung cancer. Method: A total of 95 patients with stage Ⅰ non-small cell lung cancer admitted to the hospital from January 2018 to January 2019 were selected, they were divided into control group (n=50) and observation group (n=45) according to the treatment method. The control group was treated with complete lobectomy, and the observation group was treated with limited resection. The surgical conditions, safety, 2-year survival rate, recurrence rate were compared between two groups, and the lung function before and 1 week after surgery were compared between two groups. Result: The amount of intraoperative blood loss, length of hospital stay and postoperative VAS scores of observation group were lower than those of control group, the difference were statistically significant (P<0.05); there was no significant difference in surgical time between two groups (P>0.05). Before surgery, there were no significant differences in FVC%pred, FEV1%pred, MVV%pred between two groups (P>0.05); 1 week after surgery, FVC%pred, FEV1%pred, MVV%pred of two groups were significantly lower than before operation, but the observation group were significantly higher than those of the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The incidence of complications of observation group was lower than that of control group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The recurrence rate of observation group was higher than that of control group 2 years after surgery, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in 2-year survival rate between two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: Limited resection and complete lobectomy have equivalent clinical effects and short-term prognosis in patients with stage Ⅰ non-small cell lung cancer. Although the latter can effectively reduce the long-term recurrence rate, the former has the advantages of less intraoperative bleeding, shorter hospital stay, good safety and protection of lung function.
[Key words] Stage Ⅰ non-small cell lung cancer Limited resection Complete lobectomy Recurrence Survival rate
First-author’s address: Taishan People’s Hospital, Taishan 529200, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2021.18.011
肺癌是目前我國(guó)病死率較高的惡性腫瘤之一,發(fā)病人群以中老年居多,流行數(shù)據(jù)提示約有80%為非小細(xì)胞肺癌,外科手術(shù)切除仍是早期非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者的首選治療方案[1-2]。近年來(lái),肺癌患病率逐年增長(zhǎng)且日趨年輕化,早期臨床多采用傳統(tǒng)開(kāi)胸根治性切除術(shù),雖取得一定臨床療效,但存在創(chuàng)傷較大、遠(yuǎn)期復(fù)發(fā)率高等不足[3]。隨著CT、高分辨率CT以及正電子發(fā)射計(jì)算機(jī)斷層顯像技術(shù)應(yīng)用的普及,早期肺癌檢出率日益增加,而現(xiàn)階段臨床主要采用手術(shù)治療Ⅰ期非小細(xì)胞肺癌,其中肺葉切除術(shù)是當(dāng)前Ⅰ期非小細(xì)胞肺癌的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療術(shù)式,局限性切除術(shù)因具有降低術(shù)中創(chuàng)傷、減少并發(fā)癥且縮短住院時(shí)間等優(yōu)勢(shì),而逐漸應(yīng)用于早期肺癌患者治療中[4-5]。有研究證實(shí)Ⅰ期非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者可通過(guò)局限性切除術(shù)獲得與完全肺葉切除術(shù)相近的療效[6-7]。但現(xiàn)階段有關(guān)局限性切除與完全肺葉切除治療對(duì)Ⅰ期非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者復(fù)發(fā)及生存率的影響研究并不多見(jiàn),為此筆者于本文展開(kāi)臨床對(duì)照性研究,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料 選取2018年1月-2019年1月本院收治的95例Ⅰ期非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者。(1)納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①術(shù)前經(jīng)病理活檢、CT等影像學(xué)技術(shù)診斷確診為非小細(xì)胞肺癌;②符合肺癌TNM分期有關(guān)Ⅰ期非小細(xì)胞肺癌的評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[8];③未接受過(guò)放、化療等抗癌治療;④有手術(shù)治療適應(yīng)證。(2)排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①妊娠期或哺乳期女性;②合并嚴(yán)重心、肝、腎等重要臟器功能障礙;③影像學(xué)檢查提示有縱隔淋巴結(jié)、肺內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)移等;④合并其他系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤。依據(jù)治療方案不同分為對(duì)照組(n=50)和觀察組(n=45)。本研究經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),患者及其家屬自愿簽署知情同意書(shū)。
1.2 方法 術(shù)前評(píng)估患者重要臟器功能情況,對(duì)其手術(shù)原則和禁忌證進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格把握,術(shù)前行深呼吸和咳痰鍛煉,充分做好術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備工作,術(shù)中患者均采用全麻,取健側(cè)臥位,雙腔氣管內(nèi)插管,必要時(shí)行纖維支氣管鏡定位,以期獲得滿意的左右肺隔離,單肺模式通氣。
1.2.1 對(duì)照組 實(shí)施完全肺葉切除治療,健側(cè)臥位,觀察孔以患側(cè)腋中線6~8肋間行1.5 cm的切口,置入套管針后,沿30°方向?qū)⑿厍荤R置入,患側(cè)腋前線3~4肋間行切口(約4 cm)作為操作孔,沿前鋸肌纖維方向進(jìn)行鈍性分離,在胸腔鏡引導(dǎo)下經(jīng)操作孔,對(duì)肺葉病灶進(jìn)行切除,清掃患者左側(cè)5~12組以及右側(cè)第2~4、7、9~12組淋巴結(jié),后采用生理鹽水沖洗胸腔,徹底止血,確保肺部無(wú)漏氣后,行胸腔閉式引流,將切口縫合,手術(shù)完畢。
1.2.2 觀察組 實(shí)施局限性切除術(shù)治療。(1)19例行楔形切除術(shù):取腋中線第7肋間作為觀察孔,探查腫物位置,選擇不同操作孔,采用電鉤將粘連分離,將腫瘤及部分肺組織局部切除,若腫瘤過(guò)大,可將腫瘤周?chē)啬ず头谓M織懸吊腫瘤切開(kāi),腫瘤切除后,將殘余肺組織修補(bǔ)縫合,確保楔形術(shù)切下的標(biāo)本滿意且切緣干凈;(2)26例行肺段切除術(shù):在腋中線第7或第8肋間行切口(1~2 cm)為觀察孔,在聽(tīng)診三角區(qū)行2 cm切口作為副操作孔,主操作孔定位于腋前線偏前第4或5肋間,依據(jù)患者胸腔深淺以及腫瘤位置適當(dāng)調(diào)整,切口2~4 cm,順序由肺門(mén)向肺實(shí)質(zhì)內(nèi)推進(jìn),對(duì)肺動(dòng)靜脈采用5 mm的Hem-o-lok處理,當(dāng)血管直徑較大時(shí)采用直線型切割縫合器處理、支氣管至切除肺段的分支采用胸腔鏡直線型切割縫合器進(jìn)行解剖,術(shù)中根據(jù)不同肺段和肺裂發(fā)育情況,按照肺段動(dòng)靜脈、支氣管的順序行肺段切除術(shù)。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)與判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (1)比較兩組手術(shù)一般情況,包括手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、住院時(shí)間、術(shù)后視覺(jué)模擬疼痛(VAS)評(píng)分,VAS評(píng)分0~10分,分值越高表明疼痛越嚴(yán)重[9]。(2)比較手術(shù)前后兩組肺功能,采用肺功能儀(生產(chǎn)廠家:日本捷斯特,型號(hào):CHESTAC-8800D)測(cè)定并計(jì)算FVC、FEV1、MVV,并計(jì)算FVC、FEV1、MVV分別占預(yù)測(cè)值的百分比(FVC%pred、FEV1%pred、MVV%pred),兩組分別于術(shù)前、術(shù)后1周進(jìn)行測(cè)定。(3)比較兩組手術(shù)安全性,比較圍術(shù)期兩組手術(shù)相關(guān)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況,包括心律失常、支氣管胸膜瘺、肺炎、肺部感染、低氧血癥。(4)兩組術(shù)后2年總生存率及復(fù)發(fā)率比較。采用復(fù)診形式對(duì)兩組患者進(jìn)行隨訪,兩組患者均得到有效隨訪,統(tǒng)計(jì)術(shù)后2年兩組總生存率,復(fù)發(fā)包含局部復(fù)發(fā)(指相同肺葉內(nèi)的復(fù)發(fā)或肺門(mén)及縱隔淋巴結(jié)復(fù)發(fā))及遠(yuǎn)處復(fù)發(fā)(指其他肺葉的復(fù)發(fā)或同側(cè)胸腔以外的復(fù)發(fā))。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 19.0軟件處理數(shù)據(jù),計(jì)數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,比較采用字2檢驗(yàn);計(jì)量資料用(x±s)表示,組間比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),組內(nèi)比較采用配對(duì)樣本t檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組一般資料比較 對(duì)照組男31例,女19例;年齡38~65歲,平均(51.13±2.06)歲;病理類(lèi)型:鱗癌19例,腺癌28例,其他3例;TNM臨床分期:Ⅰa期38例,Ⅰb期12例。觀察組男29例,女16例;年齡40~65歲,平均(52.09±2.05)歲;病理類(lèi)型:鱗癌13例,腺癌31例,其他1例;TNM臨床分期:Ⅰa期35例,Ⅰb期10例。兩組一般資料比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
2.2 兩組手術(shù)一般情況比較 觀察組術(shù)中出血量、住院時(shí)間、術(shù)后VAS評(píng)分均少于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組手術(shù)時(shí)間比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。
2.3 兩組術(shù)前及術(shù)后1周肺功能比較 術(shù)前,兩組FVC%pred、FEV1%pred、MVV%pred比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);術(shù)后1周,兩組FVC%pred、FEV1%pred、MVV%pred較術(shù)前明顯降低,但觀察組均高于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。
2.4 兩組手術(shù)安全性比較 觀察組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(字2=5.084,P<0.05),見(jiàn)表3。
2.5 兩組術(shù)后2年總生存率及復(fù)發(fā)率比較 觀察組術(shù)后2年復(fù)發(fā)率高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組術(shù)后2年總生存率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表4。
3 討論
自1933年國(guó)外學(xué)者首次成功實(shí)施肺癌肺葉切除術(shù)后,肺葉切除術(shù)在很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間被認(rèn)為是治療肺癌的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)術(shù)式[10]。隨著醫(yī)學(xué)技術(shù)及外科水平不斷提高,國(guó)外一項(xiàng)文獻(xiàn)[11]顯示,分別為Ⅰ期非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者實(shí)施楔切除術(shù)和肺葉切除術(shù),兩組患者術(shù)后均可獲得良好生存期。目前國(guó)內(nèi)檢查手段不斷提升,Ⅰ期非小細(xì)胞肺癌檢出率逐漸增加,為肺癌患者行局限性切除還是完全肺葉切除術(shù)成為臨床研究熱點(diǎn)[12]。Tzu等[13]指出胸腔鏡下肺段切除術(shù)治療肺隔離癥患者的效果與肺葉切除術(shù)相近,但前者具有術(shù)中失血量少、住院時(shí)間短等優(yōu)勢(shì)。但現(xiàn)階段臨床有關(guān)局限性切除術(shù)、完全肺葉切除術(shù)在Ⅰ期非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者應(yīng)用中對(duì)其復(fù)發(fā)及生存率影響的研究仍較少。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn):觀察組術(shù)中出血量、住院時(shí)間、術(shù)后VAS評(píng)分均少于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組手術(shù)時(shí)間比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。術(shù)前,兩組FVC%pred、FEV1%pred、MVV%pred比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);術(shù)后1周,兩組FVC%pred、FEV1%pred、MVV%pred較術(shù)前明顯降低,但觀察組均高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。觀察組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。觀察組術(shù)后2年復(fù)發(fā)率高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組術(shù)后2年總生存率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。初步證實(shí)了局限性切除術(shù)和完全肺葉切除術(shù)治療Ⅰ期非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者時(shí),兩者隨訪生存率相當(dāng),局限性切除術(shù)創(chuàng)傷更小、恢復(fù)更快、疼痛較輕、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥更少且對(duì)肺功能的保護(hù)作用更明顯,但完全肺葉切除術(shù)的遠(yuǎn)期復(fù)發(fā)率低于局限性切除術(shù)。其中術(shù)中出血量及術(shù)后疼痛反映手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷程度,住院時(shí)間則反映了患者恢復(fù)情況,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況同時(shí)也提示手術(shù)安全性[14]。本研究提示在上述各方面,觀察組更具優(yōu)勢(shì),主要是因?yàn)榕c完全肺葉切除術(shù)相較,局限性切除術(shù)過(guò)程中可切除肺段內(nèi)動(dòng)靜脈、肺門(mén)、縱隔淋巴結(jié),屬于解剖學(xué)切除,較完全肺葉切除術(shù)更符合外科手術(shù)的原則,且可同時(shí)保存正常肺組織,因而其創(chuàng)傷更小、手術(shù)安全性更高[15-17]。在改善患者肺功能及術(shù)后隨訪總生存率方面,兩組結(jié)果相當(dāng),主要是因?yàn)閮煞N手術(shù)均可徹底清除腫瘤病灶,術(shù)后兩組患者肺功能均得到明顯提高,兩者隨訪總生存率相當(dāng),與文獻(xiàn)[18-19]報(bào)告相符。在術(shù)后隨訪復(fù)發(fā)率方面,本研究提示完全肺葉切除術(shù)復(fù)發(fā)率低于局限性切除術(shù),主要是因?yàn)榫窒扌郧谐g(shù)過(guò)程中常需留意保護(hù)肺門(mén)血管,淋巴結(jié)清掃過(guò)程中,尤其是肺門(mén)淋巴結(jié)清掃存在不徹底情況,此外因術(shù)中切除范圍有限,存在腫瘤切除不徹底的可能性較大,而完全肺葉切除術(shù)中對(duì)腫瘤病灶切除較為徹底,因此局限性切除術(shù)后遠(yuǎn)期隨訪復(fù)發(fā)率更高[20]。
綜上所述,局限性切除術(shù)與完全肺葉切除術(shù)在Ⅰ期非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者治療中臨床效果相當(dāng),但前者可明顯降低術(shù)中出血少、縮短住院時(shí)間,有效保護(hù)肺功能,且手術(shù)安全性好等。
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(收稿日期:2021-05-27) (本文編輯:張明瀾)
中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新2021年18期