玉海樓：玉成桃李 海涌波瀾

玉海樓，坐落在浙江瑞安市區(qū)道院前街，是我國(guó)江南的著名藏書(shū)樓之一，為清光緒十五年（1889年）太仆寺卿孫衣言所創(chuàng)建，孫氏因慕宋王應(yīng)麟博極群書(shū)，遂以其巨著《玉?！访箻恰Ｒ卵宰釉r讓為清末樸學(xué)大師，在此潛心著述垂三十年。玉海樓現(xiàn)為全國(guó)重點(diǎn)文物保護(hù)單位。

玉海樓原有圖書(shū)八九萬(wàn)卷，均系孫氏父子大力搜求所得，其中多鄉(xiāng)邦文獻(xiàn)、珍籍善本?，F(xiàn)藏書(shū)三萬(wàn)多冊(cè)，其中珍善本四千冊(cè)，以富名家批校本、鄉(xiāng)邦文獻(xiàn)和珍善本聞名于世。

新中國(guó)成立以來(lái)，玉海樓經(jīng)多次整修，已漸復(fù)舊觀。自從文物館駐內(nèi)辦公以后，栽松蒔花，美化了環(huán)境，并征集到大批古籍、字畫(huà)和文物，經(jīng)常舉辦各種展覽，供人觀賞。

孫氏父子建玉海

玉海樓這個(gè)具有浙南特色的建筑群由玉海藏書(shū)樓、孫詒讓故居和百晉陶齋組成，分別坐落在南北相向的三條縱軸線上，總占地面積約8000平方米。玉海樓建筑古樸，樹(shù)木蒼翠，綠蔭蔽空，庭院四季花木芬芳醉人。

沿著青青的池塘往玉海樓行進(jìn)，首先映入眼簾的是嵌在莊重的臺(tái)門(mén)上的清朝禮部侍郎李文田書(shū)寫(xiě)的“玉海樓書(shū)藏”石額，左右石聯(lián)“玉成桃李，海涌波瀾”為郭沫若所題。

穿過(guò)臺(tái)門(mén)，進(jìn)入天井，迎面矗立的就是玉海書(shū)樓。玉海樓的兩層建筑，上間大廳前，兩根粗大的立柱托著寬敞的前廊。精巧古樸的門(mén)窗均是木質(zhì)方格式，近年來(lái)雖經(jīng)過(guò)修繕，但仍保持著清代風(fēng)韻。一層和頂層的出檐深遠(yuǎn)，檐口均飾有漂亮的瓦當(dāng)，飛椽斗拱，特顯江南的獨(dú)具風(fēng)格。

樓前正方匾額“玉海樓”由清朝的工部侍郎潘祖蔭題寫(xiě)。走進(jìn)樓內(nèi)，這里清新整潔，據(jù)工作人員介紹：里面的3萬(wàn)余冊(cè)藏書(shū)井然有序地保存在這里，防潮防霉設(shè)施都很周到。

在這里，可以全面地了解孫詒讓先生的生平事跡。孫詒讓出生于1848年，同治六年舉人，官刑部主事，有“晚清經(jīng)學(xué)后殿”、“樸學(xué)大師”之稱(chēng)。與俞樾、黃以周合稱(chēng)“清末三先生”。其父孫衣言，清道光三十年進(jìn)士，官至太仆寺卿，有“晚清特立之儒”之稱(chēng)。

孫詒讓故居的臺(tái)門(mén)取名為“百晉精廬”，兩旁的對(duì)聯(lián)，“頤園松菊，玉海圖書(shū)”，是孫詒讓的手跡。孫詒讓故居具有鮮明的建筑特色，平面布局由門(mén)屋、客廳、正樓三進(jìn)構(gòu)成，并用天井分開(kāi)，排列在同一縱軸線上，左右對(duì)稱(chēng)，四柱成間，繼承了傳統(tǒng)的規(guī)制。

百晉陶齋前面有個(gè)花園，叫“頤園”。園內(nèi)種植四季花木，古樹(shù)蔥翠，是少有的古樸清幽之處。園中鑿荷花池種植白蓮，常年盛開(kāi)不衰。原來(lái)的臺(tái)門(mén)上有孫衣言的手跡，寫(xiě)著“方石額”三個(gè)字。旁邊是孫衣言所寫(xiě)的對(duì)聯(lián)“務(wù)求知古如君舉，尤喜能文似水心”，是從孫衣言的善祠塾移置到此的。

客廳是當(dāng)年孫衣言、孫詒讓接待朝廷命官和尊貴賓客的地方，當(dāng)時(shí)兩邊立著“迥避”“肅靜”旗牌。因?yàn)榭蛷d的抬梁結(jié)構(gòu)，往往雕梁畫(huà)棟，因此也叫花廳，但這里的花廳古樸大方，這也顯示了孫氏是一清平官家。

客廳的中堂上懸掛著的這塊藍(lán)地金色的大匾額，外框金色云紋，格外醒目，上面寫(xiě)有“兄弟重游泮水，光緒十九年浙江學(xué)政陳彝立”。這塊匾額講述的是孫詒讓的父親孫衣言和叔叔孫鏘鳴相繼考取進(jìn)士后又過(guò)了60年再重訪京都、參加進(jìn)士相會(huì)的盛事。

玉海樓的建筑格局是浙南地區(qū)豐富多彩的鄉(xiāng)土建筑的典范，既承載了地方文化的內(nèi)涵，又體現(xiàn)了瑞安文化的精華。據(jù)說(shuō)玉海樓的建筑風(fēng)格很有研究?jī)r(jià)值，與溫州其他民居相比，更顯出它的內(nèi)斂和獨(dú)特，是絕版的“孤本”。

永嘉學(xué)派的文化坐標(biāo)

孫詒讓以《周禮正義》《墨子間詁》《契文舉例》三部代表作，貫穿其治學(xué)一生，玉海樓也就成為他治學(xué)、研究和發(fā)揚(yáng)永嘉學(xué)派的中心和標(biāo)志。他的許多著作都是在這里完成的，如《墨子間詁》《周禮正義》等。玉海樓也成為孫詒讓晚年藏書(shū)、讀書(shū)、交游、研學(xué)的場(chǎng)所，自1888年其父孫衣言為他建樓至他1908年離世，他的活動(dòng)多以玉海樓為軸心。這20年間，是晚清東西學(xué)沖突與融合最為劇烈的時(shí)期，各種思潮風(fēng)起云涌。其間還發(fā)生了甲午戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、百日維新運(yùn)動(dòng)、義和團(tuán)運(yùn)動(dòng)等重大事件。孫詒讓密切關(guān)注事態(tài)發(fā)展，積極投身興儒救國(guó)，在尋求富國(guó)強(qiáng)民道路的實(shí)踐過(guò)程中，將永嘉學(xué)派的經(jīng)世之學(xué)傳承發(fā)展，以達(dá)到“振世救敝”和“富強(qiáng)之原，在于興學(xué)”的改良目的。

孫詒讓雖然對(duì)國(guó)學(xué)研究很深，但他卻不是個(gè)守舊的老古董，對(duì)西方先進(jìn)的學(xué)說(shuō)以及社會(huì)的新思潮同樣也很留意。在光緒初年，孫詒讓就買(mǎi)進(jìn)了2600多冊(cè)關(guān)于新學(xué)的書(shū)籍，宣統(tǒng)元年他還到上海幾家書(shū)店去選購(gòu)新書(shū)，去過(guò)的書(shū)店有文明書(shū)局、商務(wù)印書(shū)館、科學(xué)書(shū)局等，他在那里選購(gòu)了不少新的出版物，同時(shí)玉海樓也開(kāi)始訂購(gòu)報(bào)紙和雜志，以此來(lái)了解新思潮和新觀念。

光緒二十三年，孫詒讓認(rèn)識(shí)了章太炎，自此之后兩人成為了好友。章太炎在上海辦國(guó)學(xué)保存會(huì)，同時(shí)辦有《國(guó)粹學(xué)報(bào)》和《古學(xué)匯刊》，通過(guò)學(xué)刊宣揚(yáng)反清復(fù)明思想，從而推動(dòng)中國(guó)人反抗外族壓迫的思潮。而孫詒讓也寫(xiě)了兩篇文章發(fā)在這些刊物上，以此來(lái)表示自己支持朋友所進(jìn)行的排滿活動(dòng)。其實(shí)，孫家的開(kāi)放思想從孫衣言就已有之，他雖然是給兒子建起了玉海樓，但他并不反對(duì)其他人來(lái)此看書(shū)，孫衣言明確地說(shuō)：“我子孫中如有得天雋敏而加以好學(xué)，能讀終一書(shū)，而知其可好，則可以盡讀他書(shū)。能盡讀他書(shū)，則其惟我樓所藏，雖深寧所未見(jiàn)皆可以遍覽而悉通也。復(fù)取古人讀書(shū)之法，及就今日藏書(shū)之意，具為條約，揭之堂壁，鄉(xiāng)里后生，有讀書(shū)之才，讀書(shū)之志，而能無(wú)違我約，皆可以就我廬，讀我書(shū)，天下之寶，我固不欲為一家之儲(chǔ)也?！边@等開(kāi)明之士看來(lái)在在古代并不乏其人，只是少有文獻(xiàn)記錄下來(lái)，使得人們對(duì)私家藏書(shū)樓有著許多有失偏頗的認(rèn)定。

玉海樓是一座具有特殊意義的私家藏書(shū)樓。它如同一個(gè)文化坐標(biāo)，將19世紀(jì)的溫州文化推到一個(gè)前所未有的高度，而以孫衣言、孫鏘鳴、孫詒讓為代表的文化人物堪稱(chēng)當(dāng)時(shí)溫州文化的領(lǐng)軍人物。他們上接王開(kāi)祖、林石、周行己、許景衡、陳傅良、葉適等開(kāi)創(chuàng)的永嘉學(xué)派，后啟晚清東甌務(wù)實(shí)創(chuàng)新的事功學(xué)說(shuō)。特別是孫詒讓?zhuān)浜蟀肷院霌P(yáng)傳統(tǒng)學(xué)術(shù)為己任，將經(jīng)世致用廣布于世，并于國(guó)家變革之際身體力行、革故鼎新。

孫詒讓還是研究甲骨文開(kāi)山第一人，當(dāng)年郭沫若書(shū)寫(xiě)中堂的刻石：“甲骨文之學(xué)創(chuàng)始于孫仲容，繼之者為王觀堂，飲水思源，二君殊可紀(jì)念?！边@里的孫仲容就是孫詒讓先生。

孫詒讓的研究是從看到《鐵云藏龜》開(kāi)始的，《鐵云藏龜》的出版引起了國(guó)內(nèi)許多學(xué)者對(duì)甲骨文的關(guān)注，這些人中間就有孫詒讓。

1903年，《鐵云藏龜》影印出版不久，孫詒讓就獲得此書(shū)，愛(ài)不釋手，用他自己的話來(lái)說(shuō)，“不意衰年睹茲奇跡，愛(ài)玩不已，輒窮兩月之力校讀之”。第二年，孫詒讓就寫(xiě)出了自己的研究成果，那就是《契文舉例》。這部書(shū)的出版讓他成為中國(guó)第一部研究甲骨文著作的作者。實(shí)際上《契文舉例》只用了兩個(gè)月的時(shí)間，據(jù)傳在此兩個(gè)月期間，孫詒讓把自己關(guān)在樓上的書(shū)房里，足不出門(mén)，從早到晚一直伏案撰著。面對(duì)《鐵云藏龜》中印刷并不清晰的甲骨拓片，他憑借自己對(duì)彝器和古文字學(xué)的淵博知識(shí)，對(duì)卜文進(jìn)行考釋?zhuān)瓿闪宋迦f(wàn)字的《契文舉例》。全書(shū)考釋了約334個(gè)卜文，其中正確的約有185個(gè)。書(shū)稿撰著完成后，照原稿抄寫(xiě)了至少五份，分別寄給了羅振玉、劉鶚、端方等人，但一直沒(méi)有出版。1908年孫詒讓去世后，《契文舉例》的一份手稿在上海被王國(guó)維發(fā)現(xiàn)，王國(guó)維稱(chēng)贊此書(shū)，“篳路椎輪，不得不推此也”。1917年，羅振玉不惜花費(fèi)數(shù)百金，將其出版發(fā)行，此時(shí)，離孫詒讓去世已九個(gè)年頭了。

在考釋甲骨文字的領(lǐng)域里，孫詒讓無(wú)愧為“甲骨之先”，篳路藍(lán)縷的開(kāi)山之創(chuàng)是不可否認(rèn)的事實(shí)與成就。

而今依舊芬芳醉人

孫詒讓去世后，其家道日漸衰落，玉海樓和故居也作為家產(chǎn)分給他的五個(gè)兒子，藏書(shū)的第三代傳人孫孟晉，從北京法政專(zhuān)門(mén)學(xué)校畢業(yè)后，曾任職北京財(cái)政部鹽務(wù)署等處。后因?qū)O詒讓1927年歸葬永嘉慈湖（今屬甌海區(qū)），孫孟晉帶著當(dāng)時(shí)僅8個(gè)月大的兒子孫寶麟回到瑞安。

在玉海樓中，孫孟晉恪守家規(guī)，著手整理所藏珍貴歷史文獻(xiàn)。他分別于1931年和1935年對(duì)祖輩藏書(shū)進(jìn)行厘查：編有《玉海樓叢書(shū)細(xì)目》5冊(cè)，其中著錄叢書(shū)131種，6800余冊(cè);《瑞安孫氏玉海樓藏溫州鄉(xiāng)賢遺書(shū)目》，其中著錄圖書(shū)462部，其中內(nèi)有明代刻本34種，抄本210種，稿本10多種。

后來(lái)，孫氏家族中有人提議將藏書(shū)賣(mài)了，孫孟晉堅(jiān)決不同意。為了保護(hù)祖輩積攢下的寶貴遺產(chǎn)，孫孟晉在十多萬(wàn)冊(cè)藏書(shū)中，遴選出部分珍貴書(shū)籍，保存在藤箱里攜帶在身邊。

孫孟晉的兒子孫寶麟回憶說(shuō) ：“父親將妻兒留在溫州城，而自己則帶著藏書(shū)輾轉(zhuǎn)麗水龍泉青田等地逃難。有一次逃難到麗水，父親放圖書(shū)的地方有兩個(gè)防空洞，日本人空襲時(shí)，另一個(gè)防空洞被炸彈炸毀，幸虧書(shū)在另一個(gè)防空洞里，那次真的很危險(xiǎn)。在逃難期間，父親幾乎是心力交瘁，于是就打算給這些書(shū)找一個(gè)穩(wěn)妥的地方。

1947年，孫孟晉毅然擇其中之精華465部2990冊(cè)（多數(shù)為善本）、《永嘉叢書(shū)》版片2460片及文物103件，存浙江大學(xué)文學(xué)院，錄有《浙江大學(xué)文學(xué)院收藏瑞安孫氏玉海樓寄存圖書(shū)、文物商目》一冊(cè)，全歸當(dāng)時(shí)的杭州大學(xué)圖書(shū)館特藏。1951年，又將玉海樓部分藏書(shū)“四部”及“叢書(shū)”2.2萬(wàn)冊(cè)捐贈(zèng)溫州圖書(shū)館，其中明版書(shū)及各家批校本近2000種。1947年和1972年，先后又將隨身攜帶至杭州所藏的先人遺譯及自著手稿7種37冊(cè)，分別贈(zèng)送溫州圖書(shū)館和北京圖書(shū)館。

另有3600冊(cè)書(shū)籍，成為瑞安公共圖書(shū)館創(chuàng)建之時(shí)的基本藏書(shū)。玉海樓現(xiàn)有藏書(shū)珍貴，如《萬(wàn)歷溫州府志》《康熙瑞安縣志》元巾箱本《尹文子》等皆為世之孤本;明正德林長(zhǎng)繁本陳傅良《止齋集》、孫詒讓批校明萬(wàn)歷刻本《淮南鴻烈解》等皆為世所罕見(jiàn)的珍善本，殊可寶貴。先時(shí)管理嚴(yán)格，訂有《藏書(shū)規(guī)約》十六條。

新中國(guó)成立后，當(dāng)?shù)卣匾曃奈锉９?，征集流散在外的圖書(shū)以及文物、字畫(huà)，庋藏樓上，樓下辟為文物陳列室。

近些年，國(guó)家和省市政府投入數(shù)百萬(wàn)元對(duì)玉海樓進(jìn)行了七次保護(hù)維修，使玉海樓得到了更好的保護(hù)。玉海樓已開(kāi)辟孫詒讓紀(jì)念館、民俗文物陳列和舉辦各類(lèi)展覽。而今，河畔古樹(shù)蒼翠，綠蔭蔽空，庭院四季花木芬芳醉人，吸引著海內(nèi)外專(zhuān)家、學(xué)者和各界人士紛至沓來(lái)。

Yuhailou Library in Ruian

Yuhailou Library， located at Ruian in southeastern Zhejiang， is one of the famous ancient private libraries in Jiangnan or the south of the Yangtze River Delta. It was founded in 1889 by Sun Yiyan （1815-1894）， a native of Ruian and government official for decades. He retired to Ruian and built this library to house the books he had collected. The library was meant for himself and for his son Sun Yirang （1848-1908）.

The collection by the father and son amounted to about 90，000 books， including many regional literature， and rare and fine editions of ancient books. After Sun Yirang passed away， a large part of the rare and fine editions of ancient books went to the library of Hangzhou University. At present， Yuhailou has a collection of 30，000 books including 4，000 rare and fine editions of ancient books. The private library is famed for books personally annotated and edited by Sun Yiyan and Sun Yirang， regional literature， and rare and fine editions.

Today， whats known as Yuhailou is an 8，000-square-meter compound comprising Yuhailou Library， the former residence of Sun Yirang， and Bai Jin Tao Zhai， which is an independent five-row structure flanked between the library and the residence. Bai Jin Tao Zhai was originally designed as a living section for guests and visitors. Later it was used as a space for the storage and display of several hundreds of ancient bricks of the Six Dynasties （317-589）. Today， it showcases ancient bricks， tombstones， roof tiles， collected by Ruian Ancient Objects Museum since its inception in 1956.

The compound is in ancient architectural style， with trees and flowers and a pond. The ancient buildings feature some inscriptions handwritten by high-ranking government officials of the Qing Dynasty and Guo Moruo， a famed scholar of the 20th-century China. The architecture presents a unique style in Wenzhou， a port city in the southeast of the province where there are many ancient houses. In the eye of modern architects， the style of Yuhailou is modest and unique and therefore can be compared to an only existing copy of a book. Professor Luo Zhewen （1924-2012）， a prominent scholar of ancient architecture， considered Yuhailou as a national jewel.

Since the founding of the Peoples Republic of China， Yuhailou has been well protected and has attracted hundreds of heavyweight scholars and experts to visit the ancient library. On the list of the domestic and international visitors are Guo Muoruo， Hu Qiaomu， Qi Yanming， Tian Jiaying， and Xu Jialu， and Xi Jinping.

Sun Yirang is now considered a landmark scholar of Yongjia School. As a master of ancient Confucian classics and philology， he spent about 20 years doing textual research and writing books at the library. The last 20 years in his life saw fierce interaction and confliction of the western and eastern cultures and ideologies as well as historical events such as the Sino-Japanese War from 1894 to 1895， the 100-Day Reform in 1898， and the Boxers Uprising in 1900. From the books in Yuhailou， one can assume that Sun Yirang was by no means a scholar who buried himself in ancient books. He bought over 2，600 books concerning new knowledge introduced from the west in the 1870s， years before Yuhailou was built. In 1908， three years before the Qing Dynasty disintegrated; he traveled to Shanghai and bought books from bookstores that had nothing to do with ancient Chinese classics. He concerned himself with international and domestic news and trends by reading magazines and newspapers at home.

In 1897， he made friends with Zhang Taiyan （1869-1936）， a prominent scholar of ancient classics and revolutionary. Zhang Taiyan ran two magazines concerning ancient classics. Some articles were politically against the Qing. Sun published two articles in the magazines indicating his support of Zhangs political stand.

His father Sun Yiyan was an open-minded scholar. Even though the library was essentially built for his son Sun Yirang， he opened it to young scholars in the region. He said publicly， “those who have aptitude， who want to read our books， and abide by the rules of the library， can visit the library and read books here.” A list of sixteen dos and donts for readers and for the library administration was established with the inception of Yuhailou. The rules are still operative today.

Yuhailou was a cultural landmark of Wenzhou in the 19th century. The Sun family produced prominent figures of the regional culture of Wenzhou. They carried on the torch of Yongjia School started by a group of local scholars and opened up new thought in the last decades of the Qing Dynasty. The new thought focused on knowledge for changing China.

Scholastically， Sun Yirang was the first person who studied the characters on inscriptions on bones or tortoise shells of the Shang Dynasty （c. 1600-1046 BC）. After reading a book titled Tie Yun Cang Gui published in 1903 by Liu E （1857--1909）， a novelist and scholar， Sun fell in love with the book， which was the first collection of characters on animal bones and tortoise shells in China. The amazing discovery of the ancient inscriptions on bones and shells is a long story of the late Qing Dynasty and opened up a new discipline in the studies of philology. Sun spent two months studying the book at home; he shut himself up at Yuhailou writing a book expounding his study results of the ancient characters. The book deciphered 334 characters from the book by Liu E. Studies by other scholars later concluded that 185 of the 334 characters were correctly identified. After Sun Yirang finished the book， he made five copies and sent them respectively to Luo Zhenyu， Liu E， Duan Fang and other people. It was not published until 1917 when Luo Zhenyu raised funds and got it printed.

In the wake of Sun Yirangs demise in 1908， the library and the residence were distributed as assets to his five sons. Sun Mengjin was the third-generation curator of the library. In 1931 and 1935， he twice cataloged the collection of Yuhailou and published two books. Both were catalogs. One catalog has five volumes， listing 6，800 books in 131 series. The second book cataloged all the 462 titles by local authors of Wenzhou， including 34 titles published in the Ming Dynasty， 210 scribed copies， and more than 10 manuscripts.

During World War Two， Sun Mengjin did all he could to protect the books from Japanese invaders. He left his wife and sons in Wenzhou and moved all the books to safe houses in southern part of the province. The collection was fortunate enough to escape bombings and came out of the war intact. Understanding he wasnt able to keep the collection in his own hands， he decided to donate a large of the collection to institutions.

In 1947， Sun Mengjin donated 2，990 ancient books in 465 titles， 2，460 printing blocks of Yongjia Series， and 103 cultural objects to the Literature College of Zhejiang University. All the donations were cataloged and published in a book. Then the donations went to the Library of Hangzhou University. In 1951， Sun donated 22，000 books to Wenzhou Library， including 2，000 books published in the Ming Dynasty and annotated by his ancestors. In 1947 and 1972， he donated some books to Wenzhou Library and Beijing Library. He also donated 3，600 books to Ruian Library.

In the current collection of Yuhailou， there are some only copies of books in the world. Since the founding of the Peoples Republic， Yuhailou has been well preserved. Its collection has expanded. In recent years， the library has been refurbished seven times thanks to the funds allotted from the central， provincial and local governments.