藏書文化的歷史沿革

中國(guó)私家藏書可追溯至春秋時(shí)期，古人把文字寫在竹木條（稱為“簡(jiǎn)”）上，編成簡(jiǎn)冊(cè)束之樓閣。秦始皇統(tǒng)一六國(guó)后，收繳天下藏書并設(shè)置專門的藏書機(jī)構(gòu)。至漢代，中國(guó)藏書制度逐步確立，劉邦開(kāi)國(guó)之初，修建了石渠閣、天祿閣、麒麟閣三座國(guó)家藏書樓，收藏從秦丞相府、御史府收集的書籍。

在管理上，西漢時(shí)由御史中臣、太常、太史等兼管圖書。從東漢桓帝時(shí)開(kāi)始，國(guó)家藏書設(shè)置了專門管理機(jī)構(gòu)——秘書監(jiān)，職官有蘭臺(tái)令史、東觀郎、校書郎以及秘書監(jiān)等。從此，藏書的管理工作走向正規(guī)化。

兩漢統(tǒng)治者比較重視文化。鑒于國(guó)家藏書甚少，歷代帝王從民間各地進(jìn)行了多次征書與獻(xiàn)書。特別是漢武帝時(shí)期，從“罷黜百家，獨(dú)尊儒術(shù)”實(shí)現(xiàn)思想文化的大一統(tǒng)出發(fā)，于公元前124年開(kāi)始，開(kāi)獻(xiàn)書之路，大集天下之書。這一措施得到了河間獻(xiàn)王劉德等人的響應(yīng)，不少在秦始皇焚書時(shí)埋藏于地窖、墻壁、深山里的書簡(jiǎn)被發(fā)掘出來(lái)，紛紛獻(xiàn)上朝廷。一時(shí)國(guó)家藏書大量增加，“積如丘山”。

此后私家藏書經(jīng)歷了幾個(gè)不同的發(fā)展階段。

魏晉南北朝、隋唐時(shí)期，是中國(guó)藏書文化的大發(fā)展時(shí)期。據(jù)文獻(xiàn)記載，隋唐藏書過(guò)萬(wàn)卷者達(dá)20余人，這一時(shí)期我國(guó)的學(xué)術(shù)文化迅速發(fā)展，經(jīng)史子集四部典籍以及佛道經(jīng)典，比漢代大大增加。造紙技術(shù)和材料也進(jìn)一步得到改進(jìn)，紙得以普遍運(yùn)用，從而促進(jìn)了私人藏書的快速發(fā)展，也涌現(xiàn)出許多藏書家勤奮抄書、聚書的動(dòng)人事跡。

藏書文化的興盛期則為宋代至清末時(shí)期，這一時(shí)期我國(guó)古代的學(xué)術(shù)文化發(fā)展至高峰并進(jìn)入總結(jié)階段，為典籍的撰作提供了豐富的思想認(rèn)識(shí)源泉。這一時(shí)期，也是浙江藏書文化的鼎盛階段。

明清藏書必稱樓閣

早在吳越國(guó)時(shí)，浙江地區(qū)的印刷事業(yè)就已十分發(fā)達(dá)，20世紀(jì)初以來(lái)，寧波、杭州等地陸續(xù)出現(xiàn)吳越時(shí)期刻印的佛經(jīng)經(jīng)卷，其中雷峰塔經(jīng)卷更是轟動(dòng)一時(shí)。北宋時(shí)，杭刻名冠全國(guó)，國(guó)子監(jiān)的很多書都在杭州刻版，宋代藏書家葉夢(mèng)得評(píng)價(jià)：“天下印書以杭州為上。”杭州也與北京、南京、蘇州并列為國(guó)內(nèi)書籍四大聚集地。

宋以后雕版印刷的普及帶來(lái)了圖書生產(chǎn)上的革命，印刷術(shù)使圖書的復(fù)本量大大增加，圖書的流通范圍也相應(yīng)擴(kuò)大。宋元明清幾代，私家藏書這種文化現(xiàn)象沖出士大夫階層，波及鄉(xiāng)紳、豪門、商賈乃至一般的讀書人家，藏書家人數(shù)劇增。到鼎盛的清代，有明確史實(shí)記載的、藏書達(dá)5000卷以上的藏書家已超過(guò)3000人，并涌現(xiàn)出“清代四大藏書家”。

“四大藏書家”首推“南瞿北楊”，南瞿指常熟瞿鏞，生活于清嘉慶、咸豐年間，常熟瞿氏鐵琴銅劍樓，藏書豐富;“北楊”指山東聊城楊紹和的“海源閣”，楊紹和生活于清道光至光緒年間，曾任禮部郎中、翰林院侍講。

“四大藏書家”剩余兩人陸心源和丁丙皆為浙江人，陸是浙江歸安（今浙江湖州）人，生活于清道光至光緒年間，歷任道員、鹽運(yùn)使，喜好收藏宋元珍本，還搜羅許多江浙故家的藏書，使藏書總數(shù)達(dá)15萬(wàn)卷以上。他的藏書樓“皕宋樓”，號(hào)稱收藏宋版200部;還有丁丙，浙江杭州人，生活于清道光至光緒年間。他和兄長(zhǎng)丁申一起藏書，時(shí)稱“二丁”。丁家有家傳“八千卷樓”藏書。

丁氏兄弟繼承先輩事業(yè)，且對(duì)公家藏書也非常關(guān)心。杭州文瀾閣《四庫(kù)全書》因太平軍作戰(zhàn)而流散，丁氏兄弟發(fā)現(xiàn)后便四處尋檢收集，后又雇人抄補(bǔ)殘缺，歷經(jīng)十幾年，基本上恢復(fù)了文瀾閣《四庫(kù)全書》的舊貌，至今保存在浙江圖書館。

那個(gè)時(shí)期，浙江藏書雅閣比比皆是。自晉至清，浙江僅私人藏書家就有400余人，有名可稽的藏書樓達(dá)200多處。

在這些藏書樓中，珍藏了數(shù)以萬(wàn)計(jì)堪稱稀世珍寶的古籍善本。藏書樓研究專家顧志興認(rèn)為，這些藏書，對(duì)知識(shí)的保存，對(duì)文化的傳承，對(duì)后代的教育，發(fā)揮了巨大作用。

杭州文瀾閣，是乾隆皇帝為珍藏《四庫(kù)全書》而建，是“南三閣”中唯一存留至今的藏書樓。作為鎮(zhèn)閣之寶，《四庫(kù)全書》的內(nèi)容宏富，幾乎匯集了中國(guó)古代兩千多年歷史進(jìn)程中所產(chǎn)生的主要典籍，收書近8萬(wàn)卷。

寧波天一閣作為中國(guó)現(xiàn)存最早的藏書樓，藏書品種和數(shù)量蔚為大觀，收藏了271種明代地方志書和370種明代的科舉錄，此外還匯集了政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、軍事、文化、法律等多方面的典章制度及政書。

而湖州嘉業(yè)堂，則以擁有眾多宋元刻本、明清刊本、稿抄本及地方志書為特色。

此外，清光緒年間孫衣言創(chuàng)建的瑞安玉海樓，為學(xué)者的藏書樓，以富有名家批校本、鄉(xiāng)邦文獻(xiàn)和珍善本聞名于世。

其他私家藏書樓，所藏典籍各有特色。

浙江的藏書樓以名家多、規(guī)模大著稱。南朝的沈約（德清人），五代的錢惟演，南宋的陸宰、陸游父子和葉夢(mèng)得（湖州人）、陳振孫等，明代的范氏天一閣、祁氏澹生堂等，至清代有黃宗羲的續(xù)鈔堂、朱彝尊的曝書亭、汪啟淑的開(kāi)萬(wàn)堂、鮑廷博的知不足齋、盧文弨的抱經(jīng)堂、吳騫的拜經(jīng)樓、陳鱣的向山閣、黃氏五桂樓等等數(shù)以百計(jì)的私家藏書樓。盡管藏書有聚有散，但有些藏書樓都能被完好地保存至今，這在全國(guó)各省中是首屈一指的。

但如今，明清藏書樓能完好保存下來(lái)的不多，僅有天一閣、玉海樓、嘉業(yè)堂等近10座，其他大部分是翻建，或?yàn)檫z址。

藏書樓大量消失的原因，一是政治與戰(zhàn)亂的摧殘。南宋樓鑰（鄞縣人）的東樓，歷幾十年之聚集，藏書逾萬(wàn)卷。到了南宋末年，東樓藏書終隨改朝換代而全數(shù)敗落。二是后人疏于管理，出售藏書而轉(zhuǎn)向工商投資等。如清代道光咸豐年間南潯蔣維培、蔣維基兄弟創(chuàng)立的儷籝館。蔣氏后人事業(yè)受挫，藏書先后散出，這座綿延百年的藏書樓也未能善其終。三是西風(fēng)東漸，近代圖書館事業(yè)的興起，取代并極大擴(kuò)展了藏書樓的社會(huì)功能，只有少數(shù)藏書樓延續(xù)至今。

開(kāi)放藏書 經(jīng)世致用

浙江歷代的藏書家，大多是學(xué)者或知識(shí)分子。正是由于對(duì)書籍的尊崇和藏書的重要，深感藏而能守則更不易。為了永久保存，很多藏書家訂立了嚴(yán)格的管理制度，不肯輕易示人。

然而一些開(kāi)明的藏書家對(duì)藏書的目的較為明確，就是為了經(jīng)世致用，利用藏書，博古通今，教育學(xué)生，著書立說(shuō)，他們能做到供人借抄、與人共讀，甚而博通群籍，終成一代學(xué)者。

東漢王充《論衡》一書的傳抄和收藏，是浙江私家藏書對(duì)外開(kāi)放的開(kāi)端。至明末清初，隨著浙東史學(xué)流派的創(chuàng)立和發(fā)展，私家藏書樓紛紛從封閉轉(zhuǎn)向開(kāi)放，從局部開(kāi)放轉(zhuǎn)向全面開(kāi)放。從未讓人入閣讀書和抄錄的天一閣，陸續(xù)向黃宗羲、萬(wàn)斯同、全祖望等人開(kāi)放。當(dāng)時(shí)幾乎沒(méi)有私家藏書樓不向浙東學(xué)派學(xué)者開(kāi)放，浙東史學(xué)流派代表人物藏書樓也幾乎沒(méi)有不向志同道合者開(kāi)放。這從根本上突破了私家藏書樓只為自用、少為他用、不為社會(huì)所用的致命局限。

兩宋時(shí)期，浙江已經(jīng)成為全國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的新興發(fā)展地區(qū)，明清時(shí)期，浙江更是全國(guó)商品經(jīng)濟(jì)的領(lǐng)先發(fā)展地區(qū)。因此，浙江及其杭州不僅是全國(guó)刻印出書的重點(diǎn)地區(qū)，而且是書院教育的重點(diǎn)地區(qū)。

明代浙江著名私家藏書樓幾乎無(wú)不自行?？涛墨I(xiàn)典籍和地方文獻(xiàn)，并且從以藏書樓之間分刻交換和刊行入市為主，轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)椴貢鴺呛陀鴺I(yè)結(jié)合為主。有的藏書樓為印書坊提供融資共享利潤(rùn)，更多的藏書樓自立印書坊，收藏和出書合二為一。

晚清海鹽張?jiān)獫?jì)創(chuàng)辦上海商務(wù)印書館，發(fā)展了收藏、出書、借閱合三為一的模式。既以商務(wù)編輯所編印出書，又以商務(wù)涵芬樓收藏善本典籍。他不僅把家族世代涉園藏書大部分轉(zhuǎn)讓商務(wù)涵芬樓，一部分捐贈(zèng)他同朋友創(chuàng)辦的上海民辦公共圖書館合眾圖書館，而且后來(lái)還把涵芬樓改名為東方圖書館對(duì)外開(kāi)放，成為民辦公共圖書館。

現(xiàn)存清末瑞安孫衣言和孫詒讓父子的玉海樓，曾藏書8萬(wàn)卷以上，主要收藏歷代文獻(xiàn)典籍和甌越地方文獻(xiàn)以及孫氏父子著述，其中不乏孤本、善本，特別是名家批校本以及孫氏父子手批校本。

孫氏父子在建成玉海樓以后，在加強(qiáng)管理的同時(shí)，隨即向外人公開(kāi)開(kāi)放。孫詒讓從自己做起，先后創(chuàng)辦了專修數(shù)學(xué)的書院、專修外文的方言館、專修化學(xué)的學(xué)堂等，把教育和藏書兩大事業(yè)推向社會(huì)。他還集股興辦礦務(wù)、交通、農(nóng)業(yè)、漁業(yè)等地方商品化市場(chǎng)化實(shí)業(yè)，走向社會(huì)并且全面地服務(wù)社會(huì)。這就把浙江私家藏書樓的經(jīng)世致用文化推向了社會(huì)化發(fā)展的更新更高臺(tái)階。

向圖書館體系演化

在傳統(tǒng)藏書樓向近現(xiàn)代圖書館逐漸演化的歷史進(jìn)程中，浙江的圖書館事業(yè)建設(shè)依然走在前列，肇始于杭州藏書樓的浙江圖書館是我國(guó)最早的公共圖書館，徐樹(shù)蘭建成的古越藏書樓則是我國(guó)最早的私人圖書館。

民國(guó)時(shí)期歷次全國(guó)圖書館調(diào)查統(tǒng)計(jì)，浙江的圖書館數(shù)均居前列。在歷史上，浙江近代的圖書事業(yè)也是盛名已久。1932年，浙江省立圖書館大學(xué)路總館落成開(kāi)放。1936年4月19日，浙江省圖書館協(xié)會(huì)宣告成立。浙江圖書館強(qiáng)調(diào)其社會(huì)服務(wù)功能，編有刊物《浙江省立圖書館館刊》《圖書展望》《文瀾學(xué)報(bào)》等多種，定期組織學(xué)術(shù)演講。

新中國(guó)成立以來(lái)，浙江在調(diào)整、充實(shí)原有圖書館的基礎(chǔ)上著手發(fā)展各種類型的圖書館。全省各類圖書館都已建立，數(shù)量、規(guī)模也頗為可觀。十一屆三中全會(huì)以來(lái)，浙江的圖書館事業(yè)建設(shè)在全面恢復(fù)后迅速發(fā)展：圖書館數(shù)、藏書總量急劇上升，藏書結(jié)構(gòu)有所改善，藏書質(zhì)量普遍提高，館舍、設(shè)備也有了較大改善。

2016年，浙江省政府出臺(tái)《公共圖書服務(wù)規(guī)范》，首次明確指標(biāo)：縣級(jí)館藏書須達(dá)人均1冊(cè)，省級(jí)中心鎮(zhèn)或常住人口超過(guò)10萬(wàn)的鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)（街道）設(shè)立公共圖書館分館。2018年，浙江省政府發(fā)布重磅文件全力打造浙江文化金名片，要求整理出版浙江優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化類重要典籍，建設(shè)古籍資源庫(kù)、浙學(xué)文獻(xiàn)中心總庫(kù)。

至2020年，浙江共有公共圖書館103家、文化館101家、博物館366家、非遺中心101家、鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)（街道）綜合文化站1365家、農(nóng)村文化禮堂14341家，每萬(wàn)人享有圖書館、文化館站、博物館面積1371.4平方米;圖書館藏書總量達(dá)9432.94萬(wàn)冊(cè);人均紙質(zhì)圖書擁有量1.61冊(cè)。

在這其中，杭州圖書館已然成了杭州的新地標(biāo)，更因?yàn)樗拈_(kāi)放、包容獲得了社會(huì)各界的好評(píng)，被網(wǎng)友贊為“最溫暖的圖書館”。處在之江文化中心的圖書館新館無(wú)論是藏書量還是建造面積都排在全省各大圖書館的第一位，這座滿懷全浙江人民期待的地標(biāo)性文化中心將成為未來(lái)浙江的又一張人文名片。

值得一提的是，在數(shù)字化浪潮下，公共圖書館的傳統(tǒng)疆域正不斷被“攻城略地”。在此背景下，傳統(tǒng)圖書館紛紛轉(zhuǎn)戰(zhàn)云服務(wù)和移動(dòng)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)終端領(lǐng)域，推開(kāi)“數(shù)字化大門”。諸多公立圖書館也開(kāi)始從單一圖書借閱向多元化文化服務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)變，從“書”的空間變成“人”的空間。

當(dāng)下，圖書館可以是精致的書房，也可以是“書友會(huì)所”或“動(dòng)感驛站”，它正以溫馨的空間環(huán)境、多元的服務(wù)內(nèi)容、豐富的文獻(xiàn)資源、多樣的文化活動(dòng)，成為城市的“公共文化客廳”，從“藏書樓”變身“城市客廳”……藏書文化在一次次變局中實(shí)現(xiàn)升華，成為現(xiàn)代社會(huì)中一座座“文化燈塔”，讓書香飄散人間。

（本欄目圖片由浙江省博物館、寧波市委宣傳部、瑞安市委宣傳部和湖州市南潯區(qū)委宣傳部提供）

Libraries in Ancient Zhejiang

Book collection in China can be traced back to the Spring and Autumn （770-476BC） period in Chinese history. Back then， books were bamboo or wood slips joined together to form whole scrolls. The Qin Dynasty （221-207BC）， a unified empire， set up a special library where books seized from all the states through the war were stored.

After the Han Dynasty （206BC-220AD） succeeded the Qin， an official library system was set up. The empire had three national libraries that housed books from the central and regional government collections of the previous Qin. A government department was set up to administer all the affairs about the libraries and archive government documents for future reference. The department was also in charge of making records as it was manned by historians.

In the early years of the Han Dynasty， books were rare. The central government called for book donations. From 124AD on， books flooded in. A large quantity of bamboo slip books， which had been hidden from the government due to the book-burning policy at the decree of the First Emperor of the Qin， was unearthed and donated.

In the Jin Dynasty （266-420）， private book collections emerged. In the Sui （581-617） and the Tang （618-907）， over 20 private book collections amounted to more than 10，000 books each. During these centuries， academic and cultural undertakings thrived in China. Confucian classics， history， philosophy and literature as well as Buddhist and Taoist sutras greatly outnumbered their counterparts in the Han Dynasty.

Zhejiang in eastern China was a book publishing powerhouse during the Wuyue Kingdom （907-978） period， as testified by Buddhist sutras unearthed in the 20th century in Ningbo and Hangzhou. In the Northern Song Dynasty （960-1127）， Hangzhou was a national book publishing center. Even the Imperial Academy in the capital used books printed in Hangzhou.

Private libraries thrived in Zhejiang in the dynasties of the Song， the Yuan （1279-1368）， the Ming （1368-1644） and the Qing （1644-1911） thanks to the advancement of block printing technology and thanks to widespread education at grassroots level. History records that the Qing Dynasty had over 3，000 private libraries whose collections amounted to more than 5，000 books. Qu Yong， Yang Shaohe， Lu Xinyuan and Ding Bing were four major book collectors of the Qing Dynasty. Lu and Ding were natives of Zhejiang. Lu Xinyuan （1838-1894） was from Huzhou in northern Zhejiang. His career as a government official lasted decades. His private collection boasted 200 books printed in the Song and he proudly called his private library “200 Song Books”. The books in his collection numbered 150，000. Ding Bing and his older brother Ding Shen owned a private library of 8，000 books. But the two brothers most outstanding feat was that they salvaged the books from the Imperial Library housed at Wenlange Library in Hangzhou. The imperial library was looted and ravaged by the rebels when the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom seized Hangzhou. Thanks to the Ding brothers， the books from the imperial library were salvaged. Later， the brothers hired scribes to make copies missing from the library. The copying project went on for more than ten years and later it was carried on by other people.

The majority of private libraries in Zhejiang vanished in history largely due to political turmoil and war. Take Donglou Library in Yinzhou during the Southern Song Dynasty for example. It vanished after the dynasty was down and out. Some private libraries didnt survive history largely because family fortunes ran out and books were sold for cash. In modern times， the number of private libraries dwindled principally because public libraries came along and served the public.

For a long time in history， most private libraries in Zhejiang did not open to readers. These libraries were considered private assets. Yet， some collectors were willing. The first book that was copied from a private library in Zhejiang was Lun Heng by Wang Chong （27-c.97AD）， a scholar of the Eastern Han Dynasty. It was during the last decades of the Ming and the early decades of the Qing that private libraries in the province began to embrace readers. Tianyige Library in Ningbo chose to allow some prominent scholars to read books and make copies at the library. On the list of the guests were Huang Zongxi， Wan Sitong， and Quan Zuwang， all great scholars of the time. In fact， all private libraries in the province opened their doors to scholars of the East Zhejiang School.

And private libraries in Zhejiang did more than open their doors to scholars. In the Ming Dynasty， almost all private libraries in the province turned out their own editions of old books after a process of edition and annotation. They also reprinted some regional annals. Some libraries worked together with printers and some published books on their own.

Zhang Yuanji （1867-1959）， a native of Haiyan in northern Zhejiang， set up Commercial Press， one of the most prestigious book publishers in China. With Zhang， Commercial Press not only published books， but also operated Henfenlou Library. Zhang donated a large part of his private book collection to the library. The rest of the collection went to a public library in Shanghai. The library of Commercial Press was later turned into a public library.

In the 20th century， Zhejiang led China in building up public libraries. In 1932， Zhejiang Library opened to readers. It is Chinas first public library. In April 1936， Zhejiang Association of Libraries came into being.

Data at the end of 2020 indicates that Zhejiang had 103 public libraries， 101 cultural centers at municipal and provincial level， 366 museums， 101 centers of intangible cultural heritage， 1，365 cultural centers at town and urban neighborhood level， 14，341 village cultural centers; the total number of the books at the libraries and other cultural institutions across the province amounted to about 94 million.