天下梅花看孤山

又到江南賞梅時。說到賞梅，杭州孤山的梅花特別出名。

梅不是特別難栽種的植物，因而天下梅花盛開之地多了去了。為什么說杭州孤山的梅花特別出名呢？因為有詩、有故事。這當(dāng)中，首屈一指的當(dāng)然是北宋林逋（林和靖）“梅妻鶴子”的故事，還有他的詩《山園小梅二首》。

其實，在林和靖之前，杭州的“老市長”白居易就已經(jīng)給孤山的梅花作了“推廣”，有詩《憶杭州梅花因敘舊游寄蕭協(xié)律》為證：

三年閑悶在余杭，曾為梅花醉幾場。

伍相廟邊繁似雪，孤山園里麗如妝。

蹋隨游騎心長惜，折贈佳人手亦香。

賞自初開直至落，歡因小飲便成狂。

薛劉相次埋新壟，沈謝雙飛出故鄉(xiāng)。

歌伴酒徒零散盡，唯殘頭白老蕭郎。

在這首詩里，白居易追憶當(dāng)年在杭州“曾為梅花醉幾場”的賞梅趣事，特別點出了賞梅的去處——“孤山園里麗如妝”。他曾將梅花作為珍貴禮物贈送給佳人，也曾因梅花凋落后被游客的馬蹄踐踏而感到惋惜。他賞梅“賞自初開直至落”，對梅花可謂一往情深。

由此可見唐代孤山梅樹已有相當(dāng)規(guī)模，所以有“梅花嶼”之稱。隋唐以來孤山屢建寺廟，清朝時還建有行宮，都離不開植物的點綴，千百年來，孤山的梅花也就這樣傳承了下來。

孤山梅花的傳承，功勞最大的當(dāng)然是林逋了。據(jù)傳他四十歲后隱居在孤山，有二十多年沒有跨進(jìn)杭州城。他喜歡種梅樹，又喜歡養(yǎng)鶴，“以梅為妻，以鶴為子”，終生不做官也不娶妻。他的《山園小梅二首》被稱為詠梅絕唱：

（其一）

眾芳搖落獨暄妍，占盡風(fēng)情向小園。

疏影橫斜水清淺，暗香浮動月黃昏。

霜禽欲下先偷眼，粉蝶如知合斷魂。

幸有微吟可相狎，不須檀板共金尊。

（其二）

剪綃零碎點酥乾，向背稀稠畫亦難。

日薄從甘春至晚，霜深應(yīng)怯夜來寒。

澄鮮祇共鄰僧惜，冷落猶嫌俗客看。

憶著江南舊行路，酒旗斜拂墮吟鞍。

暄妍，形容梅花明媚艷麗。疏影橫斜，梅花疏疏落落，枝干斜橫投在水中的影子。暗香浮動，梅花散發(fā)的清香。綃，生絲綢。吟鞍，吟詩者的馬鞍。

第一首詩的大意為，百花凋零后，只有梅花獨自綻放。艷麗的梅花吸引了人們的目光，是小小庭院中的亮點。清清的水面上映照出梅花和枝干稀疏的倒影。月光下，風(fēng)中飄來陣陣梅花散發(fā)的清香。白色的鳥也會停在梅枝上偷偷地欣賞梅花，如果蝴蝶看到這艷麗的梅花，也許會嫉妒得死去。既然我可以吟詩與梅花親近，也就不需要歌唱，當(dāng)然也不必飲酒了。

第二首詩的大意為，梅花似剪碎的絲綢，點綴著酥酪般的枝干，即使這樣也很難畫出梅花的高雅姿態(tài)。雖然在這春天的傍晚，我可以盡情地享受夕陽西照的美景，卻又擔(dān)憂梅花在早春夜寒里，被濃濃的霜覆蓋。明媚鮮艷而又孤傲的梅花只與相鄰的高僧惺惺相惜，一般人不懂得欣賞梅花的冷落和孤傲。想起從前行走在江南的時候，我一邊騎馬吟詩一邊欣賞酒旗下飄落的點點梅花。

詩人突出了梅花風(fēng)霜高潔的品性，以梅花比喻自己孤高的品性和隱逸的生活情趣。全詩不細(xì)寫梅花形狀，著意寫梅花的神韻，其實是在透過梅花抒寫自己的人格。

也有傳說，林逋之所以二十多年一直隱居西湖孤山，以梅為妻，以鶴為子，是因為一段情。讀他的《相思令·吳山青》，似乎有點兒這方面的意思：

吳山青，越山青。

兩岸青山相送迎，爭忍有離情？

君淚盈，妾淚盈。

羅帶同心結(jié)未成，江頭潮已平。

究竟如何，已不可考。若果然如此，林逋真可謂“天下第一情種”。

流傳于孤山梅花之中的還有馮小青的悲劇愛情故事。據(jù)傳，明萬歷年間（1573—1620），十六歲的揚州人馮小青因故流落杭州，在元宵賞燈時與馮生一見鐘情，甘愿為妾，因馮生原配夫人容不下她，她只得離開馮家，后來遷居在孤山梅花嶼，“命畫師畫像，自奠而卒”，年僅十八歲。從此，她就長眠于孤山梅花樹下，留下了凄美的詩：

新妝竟與畫圖爭，知是昭陽第幾名？

瘦影自臨春水照，卿須憐我我憐卿。

又有詩云：

春衫血淚點輕紗，吹入林逋處士家。

嶺上梅花三百樹，一時應(yīng)變杜鵑花。

歷來文人吟詠孤山梅花的詩詞很多。

南宋周密（1232—1298），字公謹(jǐn)，號草窗，吳興（今浙江湖州）人，南宋德祐間曾任義烏令，南宋亡后隱居，著有《齊東野語》《武林舊事》等。關(guān)于孤山梅花，他寫有《木蘭花慢·斷橋殘雪》：

覓梅花信息，擁吟袖，暮鞭寒。

自放鶴人歸，月香水影，詩冷孤山。等閑。

泮寒晛暖，看融城、御水到人間。

瓦隴竹根更好，柳邊小駐游鞍。

瑯玕，半倚云灣。孤棹晚、載詩還。

是醉魂醒處，畫橋第二，奩月初三。東闌。

有人步玉，怪冰泥、沁濕錦鹓斑。

還見晴波漲綠，謝池夢草相關(guān)。

泮，冰雪融化。晛（xiàn），陽氣浮動。錦鹓，飾有鳥的錦制女鞋。鹓，傳說中與鳳凰同類的鳥。

此詞大意為，我低聲吟詠，就是為了尋找梅花的信息，在暮色蒼茫中，緊掩雙袖，仍然覺得非常寒冷，連手上的馬鞭都寒氣逼人。自從放鶴的林和靖仙逝以后，西湖的孤山就冷藏著他的詠梅詩句?？傆幸惶鞎柟鉅N爛，所有的冰雪都會消融，到那時候，杭州滿城春色，伴隨碧綠的春水來到人間。殘雪雖然短暫，但在碧瓦隴中、竹根籬邊、垂柳邊，還是可以欣賞到的。布滿濃云的水灣，岸上翠竹的身影在風(fēng)中搖擺。暮色中，有一葉扁舟歸來，滿載著詩情。我醉眼朦朧，尋找回家的路，看到這里有畫橋，還有透明的湖水之上漂著的船。美人珠玉般的話語聲從東邊的花園里傳來，雪消失后的淺泥濺濕了她們錦鞋上美麗的繡圖。眼前的藍(lán)天碧水，也許就是謝靈運夢中的春草池塘吧，我聽到了園林里鳥兒歡快的鳴叫聲。

此詞將詩、雪、梅融為一體，突出了詞人對孤山殘雪的喜愛。

明代王思任（1574—1616），字季重，山陰（今浙江紹興）人，寫有《孤山》：

淡水濃山畫里開，無船不署好樓臺。

春當(dāng)花月人如戲，煙入湖燈聲亂催。

萬事賢愚同一醉，百年修短未須哀。

只憐逋老棲孤鶴，寂寞寒籬幾樹梅。

此詩不但憑吊林和靖，而且有向往他與梅、鶴相伴過隱居生活的意思。

明代張岱（1597—1679），字宗子，山陰（今浙江紹興）人，寫有《林和靖墓柱銘》：

云出無心，誰放林間雙鶴。

月明有意，即思冢上孤梅。

此銘聯(lián)對仗工整，紀(jì)事倒也適合墓柱。

明代徐渭（1521—1593），字文長，號天池山人，山陰（今浙江紹興）人，寫有《孤山玩月》，略長，輯錄兩句：

暇時吐高懷，四座盡傾聽。

卻言處士疏，徒抱梅花詠。

徐渭遙想林和靖當(dāng)年月下詠梅，高朋滿座，似乎夸張了，隱居之人恐怕不會招客滿堂如此熱鬧的。

明代卓敬（？—1402），字惟恭，瑞安（今浙江瑞安）人，寫有《孤山種梅》：

風(fēng)流東閣題詩客，瀟灑西湖處士家。

雪冷江深無夢到，自鋤明月種梅花。

卓敬的聯(lián)想似乎不太說得通，有誰會半夜三更在野外種花種樹的？

明代王稚登（1535—1612），字百谷，寫有《贈林純卿卜居孤山》：

藏書湖上屋三間，松映軒窗竹映關(guān)。

引鶴過橋看雪去，送僧歸寺帶云還。

輕紅荔子家千里，疏影梅花水一灣。

和靖高風(fēng)今已遠(yuǎn)，后人猶得住孤山。

卜居孤山的林純卿不知是不是林和靖的后人，也沒有考證過。不過，在此詩中，王稚登是把林純卿當(dāng)作林和靖的后人的。

明代陳鶴（1516—1560），字鳴野，寫有《題孤山林隱君祠》：

孤山春欲半，猶及見梅花。

笑踏王孫草，閑尋處士家。

塵心瑩水鏡，野服映山霞。

巖壑長如此，榮名豈足夸。

陳鶴的這首詩讀來就沒有那么沉重了，又是“笑踏王孫草”，又是“閑尋處士家”，悠閑得很。

清代陳錫嘏（1634—1687），字介眉，號怡庭，寫有《送湯西崖歸西泠》：

馬蹄經(jīng)歲踏京華，忽逐征鴻去路賒。

何物關(guān)心歸思急，孤山開遍早梅花。

陳介眉思念孤山的梅花，雖身不能至西泠橋邊，心早已向往著開遍梅花的孤山了。有詩相伴，孤山梅花確實與眾不同了。

（作者系杭州市政協(xié)智庫專家、杭州文史專家）

Plum Blossoms and the Solitary Hill in Hangzhou

With springtime setting in， it is the plum blossoms season again. In Hangzhou， the plum scenery in the lakeside Solitary Hill is second to none， taking into consideration all the literature， tales and legends related to the island with bridges connected to the lake banks. The best-known cultural figure is Northern Song literati Lin Hejing （967-1028）， whose life story is crystallized in his alias "meiqi hezi"， （"plum tree as wife and cranes as children"）. The poet settled down in the hill to withdraw from society at the age of 40 and never left， living in solitude with the company of only plum trees and cranes. In his life in Hangzhou， he never set his foot in the city proper. Lin's most quoted verse lines are as follows：

"Dappled shadows hang aslant over clear shallow water; Secret fragrance wafts in the moonlit dusk."

In the eye of Lin Hejing， plum blossoms burst forth after all the other flowers faded into freezing cold， and thusly became the crown jewel of winter and "even made butterflies jealous".

"It takes a truly noble mind to appreciate the pride of the flowers. With the blossoms at the doorstep， I don't need any entertainment."

A lesser-known literal reference is a poem by Bai Juyi （772-846）， written before Lin Hejing's most famous "plum blossoms" duet. In the poem， the Tang poet reminisced about his three years serving his duties as governor of Hangzhou and recalled how the company of his two friends and the plum blossoms healed his restless soul：

"I still remember the drinking sprees enjoyed in the intoxicating beauty of the plum blossoms in those three dull years...From the first day of the blossoming season， I couldn't take my eyes off the scene， until the last flower withered and fell..."

The poem， together with many others， also reveal why the Solitary Hill in Hangzhou was also called "Plum Islet". The plum scene of the hill was also continuously enriched by bustling religious activities throughout Sui （581-617） and Tang （618-907） years and the construction of a temporary imperial residence up in the hill in the Qing Dynasty （1644-1911）.

Love is also one of the themes of the many legends and tales related to the seasonal beauty of the Solitary Hill.

More speculative sources claim Lin Hejing chose to live in seclusion after his heart was broken in a failed love. Another love tragedy is about Feng Xiaoqing， living in the Wanli years of the Ming Dynasty （1368-1644）. Legend has it that the 16-year-old girl from Yangzhou fell in love with a man she met in Hangzhou. The romance of the two came to nothing because of the man's jealous wife. The suicidal girl left the man and rested in peace under the plum trees in the Solitary Hill.

The fans of the plum blossoms of the Solitary Hill also include Zhou Mi （1232-1298）， born in present-day Huzhou. The Southern Song loyalist lived a hermit's life in his later years. One of his poems shows his obsession in the thawing snow scene of the Broken Bridge in Hangzhou.

"Riding a horse and chanting in the freezing cold of dusk， I was searching for the message of plum flowers. Someday， the snow will thaw and the sun will come out again， and the city will be bathed in the sweetness of spring...I saw a rowboat return in hazy twilight， fully loaded with poetic sentiments. Bleary-eyed， I headed home， feasting my eyes on beautiful waters and boats and overhearing the girls' small talks from the back yards in the east...The scene felt just like what Xie Lingyun saw in his dreams..."In one of his poems titled "Solitary Hill"， Ming Dynasty poet Wang Siren （1574-1616） expressed his respect for Lin Hejing and his yearnings for a hermit's life just like Lin's.

Zhang Dai （1597-1679）， an outstanding representative of the Ming Dynasty man of letters， was such a big fan of Lin Hejing that he wrote what he claimed to be an epitaph for the man.

A special member in Lin's fan club is Xu Wei （1521-1593）. The self-willed， wayward Ming dynasty painter， poet， writer and dramatist indulged in a dazed and self-destructive lifestyle till his last day. In one of his poems， he depicted the imaginary scene of himself and Lin Hejing sitting under the moonlit plum trees and surrounded by a houseful of friends and guests.

The poems of Ming Dynasty poet Zhuo Jing， born in present-day Rui'an in Wenzhou， show the man's romanticism and imagination went a bit too far. In one of his poems， he depicted an unlikely scene of someone planting plum trees at midnight in the formidable cold of the West Lake.

For the Ming Dynasty poet Chen He （1516-1560）， the plum blossoms of the Solitary Hill brought more relaxed joy than melancholy and loneliness， as shown in one of his verses dedicated to the hill's floral beauty.

The plum blossoms of the hill enchanted Chen Xigu （1634-1687） so much that the man recalled the scene with genuine affection many years after he left Hangzhou.