藏書對(duì)文化傳承的貢獻(xiàn)

藏書是我國(guó)固有的文化傳統(tǒng)，浙江則是有名的“藏書之鄉(xiāng)”。歷史悠久、傳統(tǒng)源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)，是浙江文化的一大特色。藏書分官府、私人、學(xué)校書院、佛寺道觀四類，各有特色，而私人藏書是其主流，現(xiàn)簡(jiǎn)而述之。

會(huì)稽錢塘吳興 浙藏之源

從時(shí)間和地域看，早在漢代，吾浙即有私人藏書活動(dòng)，王充《論衡》手稿抄本的流傳即開其端。

王充（27-約97），浙江上虞人，著作以《論衡》名世。他是著名的唯物主義者，《論衡》為人所重，當(dāng)世即有流傳。據(jù)載，漢末學(xué)者蔡邕入?yún)?，見到《論衡》，視為秘寶，從此學(xué)業(yè)大進(jìn);三國(guó)時(shí)王朗為會(huì)稽太守，曾得其書。后時(shí)人稱其才學(xué)大進(jìn)，有人斷定王朗“不見異人，當(dāng)?shù)卯悤?，?wèn)之，言其學(xué)業(yè)得自《論衡》一書，這件事可證浙江當(dāng)時(shí)已有人開始藏書，而這也是全國(guó)私人藏書嘉惠后人的最早記載之一。

三國(guó)時(shí)會(huì)稽山陰（今紹興）人闞澤“家世農(nóng)夫，至澤好學(xué)，居貧無(wú)資，常為人傭書，以供紙筆。所寫既畢，誦讀亦遍。追師論講，究覽群籍，兼通歷數(shù)，由是顯名?！边@里所謂的“傭書”，就是以抄書和販賣圖書為生的專業(yè)人員。闞澤以“傭書”而成一代學(xué)者、東吳孫權(quán)重臣，曾有人將他比作漢之揚(yáng)雄、董仲舒。由此亦可證東漢三國(guó)時(shí)浙江已有私人藏書活動(dòng)。

及至?xí)x代，錢塘有范平、褚陶的藏書活動(dòng)。范平，三國(guó)吳時(shí)舉茂才，后累遷臨海太守，家居錢塘徐村（今九溪一帶）。范平喜讀書藏書，據(jù)《晉書·儒林傳 · 范平傳》所載：“家世好學(xué)，有書七千余卷。”其藏書并不私秘，而對(duì)“遠(yuǎn)近來(lái)讀者，恒百余人”加以接待，不僅公開藏書，任憑借閱，并命其孫范蔚“為辦衣食”。后陳文述曾有詩(shī)“七錄香蕓新秘閣，百年黃葉舊江村”稱之。

褚陶為范平同時(shí)代人，喜讀書藏書，自言：“所親曰圣賢，備在黃卷中，舍此何求？”他的藏書，陳文述有詩(shī)稱為“西京典籍同劉向，南國(guó)藏書匹范平”，可見其藏書之多。

除了紹興、杭州二地外，吳興（今湖州）也是藏書較早的地區(qū)之一。南北朝期間，南朝的宋、齊、梁三代，浙江的吳興沈驎士、沈約藏書崛起，沈驎士于燈下抄書成二三千卷，滿數(shù)十篋;沈約篤志好學(xué)，《梁書》稱其“好墳籍，聚書至二萬(wàn)卷，京師莫比”。

綜合上述，自漢以來(lái)，浙江的會(huì)稽（今紹興）、錢塘（今杭州）、吳興（今湖州）三地區(qū)已有文士藏書活動(dòng)，爾后影響全省，遍地開花，私家藏書已形成一種風(fēng)氣。這種優(yōu)秀的文化傳統(tǒng)發(fā)出璀璨的光芒，成為浙江富有特色的文化現(xiàn)象，出現(xiàn)了一大批私家藏書樓，為中國(guó)文化史、藏書史譜寫了光輝的篇章。

兩宋時(shí)期 全省興起

浙江的藏書事業(yè)至兩宋時(shí)期在全省普遍興起，其根本原因首先是文化教育事業(yè)的發(fā)達(dá)和學(xué)術(shù)思想的活躍，再就是雕版印書的盛行，為藏書創(chuàng)造了有利的條件。當(dāng)然，最根本的原因是浙江歷史上經(jīng)濟(jì)比較發(fā)達(dá)，為藏書事業(yè)奠定了有力的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。

這一時(shí)期，杭州藏書得到發(fā)展，以私人藏書而論，例如杭州的姚鉉、錢勰錢龢兄弟，李清照的南渡失書和杭州護(hù)書、周煇的清波藏書、陳起蕓居樓藏唐詩(shī)等是其著名者。以湖州而論，賀鑄、沈思沈偕父子、葉夢(mèng)得石林藏書、周秘周晉周密祖孫三代“書種堂”“志雅堂”藏書極有名。湖州安吉還出現(xiàn)了像陳振孫這樣既是藏書家又是目錄學(xué)家的大家。嘉興藏書宋時(shí)崛起，涌現(xiàn)了聞人滋南湖草堂藏書、岳珂金佗坊藏書、許裴梅屋藏書等。

浙東越州（紹興府）素有藏書傳統(tǒng)，至兩宋而大盛。最著名的是陸宰、陸游、陸子遹三世藏書，他們家的藏書歷經(jīng)三代，而更為人注目的是，陸宰獻(xiàn)書三萬(wàn)卷，為充實(shí)南宋政府秘書省藏書作出了重大的貢獻(xiàn)。陸游這位愛國(guó)詩(shī)人廣為人知，但他的老學(xué)庵藏書活動(dòng)卻鮮少人提及，其實(shí)內(nèi)容十分豐富。

浙東的明州（寧波）也在兩宋時(shí)期藏書崛起，且起點(diǎn)很高，主要有樓鑰“月湖藏書”、史守之“碧沚”三世藏書等，使人明晰地看到天一閣的出現(xiàn)并非無(wú)因，乃是傳統(tǒng)力量的影響。兩宋時(shí)期浙東藏書除紹興、寧波外，臺(tái)州、溫州、處州（今麗水）等州府亦多有藏書活動(dòng)，可以說(shuō)宋代是浙江藏書的興起時(shí)期。

明清時(shí)期是浙江私人藏書的繁榮與鼎盛時(shí)期，其特征是范圍廣，除了通都大邑之外，幾乎山村水鄉(xiāng)都有藏書活動(dòng)，再是具有全國(guó)影響的藏書樓不斷涌現(xiàn)并廣為人知，為人們所津津樂(lè)道。其中浙東、浙西的藏書呈雙峰對(duì)峙、各放異彩的勢(shì)頭。

浙東寧波建于明嘉靖年間的天一閣，以收藏地方志和登科錄聞名當(dāng)世和后代，是現(xiàn)存世界最早的三個(gè)家族式的古藏書樓之一，其藏書來(lái)源是書樓主人范欽的刻意搜求。范欽歷官湖北等地，所至即悉心收集地方志書，故原藏地方志和府、州、縣志四百三十五種，其數(shù)比《明史·藝文志》著錄的還多;又大力收集多代登科錄，此兩種成為天一閣藏書最大特色。又，寶書樓為明代建筑，至今保存完好。尤其是清乾隆皇帝編纂《四庫(kù)全書》向全國(guó)民間征書，天一閣獻(xiàn)書六百余種，名聲大振。乾隆帝又聽聞天一閣藏書樓規(guī)制獨(dú)特，為建造貯藏《四庫(kù)全書》的藏書樓藍(lán)圖專門派杭州織造寅著前往實(shí)地考察。

除天一閣外，寧波地區(qū)明清之際的著名藏書樓還有豐坊萬(wàn)卷樓、范大澈的臥云山房、謝三賓的博雅堂等等，至明清之際及清代又有黃宗羲的續(xù)鈔堂、萬(wàn)斯同的寒松齋、鄭性的二老閣、全祖望的雙韭山房、盧址的抱經(jīng)樓、徐時(shí)棟的煙嶼樓等，都是一代藏書名樓。

明代在浙東地區(qū)藏書能與天一閣并駕齊驅(qū)的則有紹興的祁承?的澹生堂的三世藏書。清代寧波史學(xué)家全祖望曾給以極高評(píng)價(jià)，他的《澹生堂藏書約》對(duì)藏書理論研究方面也作出了貢獻(xiàn)。明末清初之際，祁氏澹生堂書散，為爭(zhēng)購(gòu)這批藏書，黃宗羲、呂留良兩位學(xué)者還因此而反目。祁氏澹生堂影響流播全國(guó)。

明清時(shí)期的浙西杭州、嘉興、湖州藏書名聲籍甚。乾隆皇帝為修《四庫(kù)全書》向全國(guó)征書，全國(guó)獻(xiàn)書最多的共四家，除江蘇一家外，余三家為寧波天一閣、杭州汪啟淑開萬(wàn)樓和鮑廷博知不足齋，四家得賜內(nèi)府所印《古今圖書集成》各一套。消息傳出，杭州藏書一時(shí)聲名大噪。及之清末，全國(guó)有四大藏書樓之稱，浙江占其半，其一則為杭州丁丙的八千卷樓，杭州藏書更為學(xué)界艷羨。

明代嘉興最有名的藏書樓是項(xiàng)元汴的天籟閣，所藏以宋版書最為著名，且多法書名畫，人稱“三吳珍秘，歸之如流”。清代，天籟閣藏書流入清宮內(nèi)府，成為乾隆皇帝“天祿琳瑯”藏書處的珍品。

湖州藏書在明清時(shí)期亦異彩紛呈。及至清末，全國(guó)有四大藏書之說(shuō)，其一陸心源的“皕宋樓”即在湖州，民國(guó)間富商劉承干的嘉業(yè)堂更為人稱為中國(guó)古藏書樓的活標(biāo)本。

對(duì)中國(guó)文化作出的貢獻(xiàn)

浙江藏書家不僅以藏書豐富稱名于世，成為一種獨(dú)特的文化現(xiàn)象，更對(duì)中國(guó)文化的發(fā)展傳播作出巨大的貢獻(xiàn)。

首先是保存和傳播唐詩(shī)的貢獻(xiàn)。中國(guó)文學(xué)向來(lái)以唐詩(shī)、宋詞、元曲和明清小說(shuō)享譽(yù)世界。以唐詩(shī)而論，它是中國(guó)文學(xué)的瑰寶，但是經(jīng)過(guò)“靖康之亂”，金人進(jìn)入開封，進(jìn)行了大肆擄掠，加之后來(lái)兵荒馬亂，書籍又是十分脆弱的，除了戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)以外，還有水火災(zāi)害，故而毀損十分嚴(yán)重。據(jù)說(shuō)，宋孝宗十分喜愛唐詩(shī)，做了皇帝后命內(nèi)侍找唐詩(shī)來(lái)讀，結(jié)果只找來(lái)幾百首，而且文字錯(cuò)訛很多，這就是南宋時(shí)保存唐詩(shī)的現(xiàn)狀。在此情況下，南宋杭州藏書家陳起千方百計(jì)通過(guò)各種途徑收集唐詩(shī)。他當(dāng)時(shí)雖是舉人出身，但同時(shí)又是一位刻書的書坊主人，除了收藏之外，又組織人力刻印。經(jīng)他的努力，唐詩(shī)逐漸恢復(fù)原有面貌，對(duì)此他的朋友周端臣稱他“字畫堪追晉，詩(shī)刊欲遍唐”。王國(guó)維先生經(jīng)過(guò)考證斷定陳起當(dāng)時(shí)所刊唐詩(shī)“實(shí)不可勝計(jì)”，又在《兩浙古刊本考》中說(shuō)：“今日所傳明刊十行十八字本唐人專集、總集大抵皆出陳宅書籍本也。然則唐人詩(shī)集得以流傳至今，陳氏刊刻之功為多?！边@是十分公正的評(píng)價(jià)。

另外，值得一提的是，明代海鹽藏書家胡震亨匯編《唐音統(tǒng)鑒》對(duì)清代《全唐詩(shī)》的編著起到了至關(guān)重要的作用。彭定求編《全唐詩(shī)》是以胡震亨的《唐音統(tǒng)鑒》為主要原始資料，再增益內(nèi)府藏本匯集而成。對(duì)此《四庫(kù)全書》總目已說(shuō)得十分清楚：“是編秉承圣訓(xùn)，以震亨書為稿本，而益以內(nèi)府所藏，補(bǔ)苴所遺”而成的。以上兩例足以說(shuō)明問(wèn)題。

其次，元曲也是中國(guó)文學(xué)的瑰寶。元曲指劇曲（雜?。┖蜕⑶鷥蓚€(gè)部分，它代表了唐詩(shī)、宋詞以來(lái)的又一個(gè)文學(xué)高峰，在中國(guó)乃至世界文學(xué)史上占有重要地位。據(jù)現(xiàn)在所知，在元代立國(guó)的八十余年間，有姓氏可考的元雜劇作家有一百多人，見于書面記載的雜劇戲目大約在六七百種。但是隨著時(shí)間的消逝，大部分已經(jīng)傳失。至今我們見到的大約只有一百六十種左右。在傳播和保存元曲方面，有杰出貢獻(xiàn)的主要人物就是明代湖州長(zhǎng)興的藏書家臧懋循，他以個(gè)人之力收藏了大批元雜劇，并編刊成《元曲選》一百種加以傳播，這可以說(shuō)是浙江的藏書家對(duì)中國(guó)文化作出的又一杰出貢獻(xiàn)。第三，在藏書理論、目錄學(xué)編纂和典籍護(hù)藏方面，浙江藏書家也作出了貢獻(xiàn)。這方面的內(nèi)容很多，舉要言之，如明代杭州藏書家高濂論藏書的目的和版本的鑒定，他的見解主要集中在《遵生八箋》中的《論藏書》，明代的紹興藏書家祁承?在藏書的購(gòu)書、鑒書、分類編目方面均有真知灼見。

最后，藏書從保存文化的角度說(shuō)是基本的、最重要的，但在培養(yǎng)人才方面而論，藏書樓實(shí)際起到一個(gè)搖籃的作用。蔡尚思教授說(shuō)：“藏書風(fēng)氣的大盛，如鈕氏世學(xué)樓、祁氏澹生堂、黃氏千頃堂、錢氏絳云樓、鄭氏叢桂堂、徐氏傳是樓，尤其是范堯卿的天一閣，藏書甚豐;毛子晉父子的汲古閣，前后積書八萬(wàn)四千卷?！彼J(rèn)為，“沒有明末這批私人藏書樓，清初黃宗羲等人能博覽群書、廣搜史料嗎？”

蔡尚思教授所列舉的明清之際浙江、江蘇的大藏書樓培養(yǎng)了一批大學(xué)者，孕育了以黃宗羲為代表的東史學(xué)派。于此可見歷史上藏書樓的重要性。

（作者顧志興，杭州人。1961年畢業(yè)于杭州大學(xué)中文系。浙江省社會(huì)科學(xué)院研究員，原浙江省地方志辦公室副主任，現(xiàn)任浙江省古籍保護(hù)工作專家委員會(huì)委員等職。主要研究浙江文化、文獻(xiàn)，對(duì)浙江藏書史、雕刻印刷史的研究有較深的造詣。著有《浙江藏書史》、《文瀾閣四庫(kù)全書史》、《浙江印刷出版史》等。）

Zhejiangs Bibliophiles

Book-collecting is a very Chinese thing， and Zhejiang Province， one of the most culturally distinctive regions in China， has long been reputed as “bibliophiles home”. The culture of book-collecting takes different forms in different venues， and varies with different dynasties， with the mainstream being private collection. In Zhejiang， the history dates back in the Han Dynasty （206BC-220AD）， starting from the handwritten copies of Wang Chongs atheism classic， Lun Heng. Wang was a native of Yuyao in eastern part of the province and the copies were made in the region.

Two of the huge fans of the materialists masterpiece were scholar Cai Yong （133-192） of the Han Dynasty and Wang Lang （？-228）， prefecture chief of present-day Shaoxing in the Three Kingdoms （220-280） period of China. A man of deep learning， Wang Lang attributed his scholarly attainments to Lun Heng.

The story of Kan Ze， a Shaoxing native， is also beautiful illustration of reading and indicates that book-collecting makes a man shine. Before achieving success and fame， Kan Ze made a living by copying and selling books.

Fan Ping and Chu Tao， both living in present-day Hangzhou， were two important figures in the book-collecting scene in the Jin times （266-420） of China. According to Book of Jin， Fans family had a collection of more than 7，000 volumes and borrowers were welcomed. Chu Taos huge book collection was described by Chen Wenshu， a scholar from Hangzhou， as “second to none in southern China”.

Present-day Huzhou boasts a glamorous history of book-collecting and a host of bibliophiles represented by Shen Linshi （419-503）， who made his private collection of thousands of volumes by a writing brush， and Shen Yue （441-513）. According to Book of Liang， Shen had a collection of more than 20，000 volumes.

Book-collecting in Zhejiang reached its peak in the Song （960-1279）， thanks to the cultural prosperity and the prevailing of woodblock printing in the epoch. The provinces long-time economic vitality also played a vital role.

This period saw the rise of a galaxy of bibliophiles in Hangzhou， such as Yao Xuan， Qian Xie and his brother， Li Qingzhao， Zhou Hui， and Chen Qi， and in Huzhou in northern Zhejiang， represented by He Zhu， Shen Si and his son， and Ye Mengde. Shuzhongtang and Zhiyatang， created by Zhou Mi and enriched by his son and grandson， are considered one of the most distinguished labels in Chinas private libraries. The cultural rich of Huzhou also fostered Chen Zhensun， a master bibliophile and bibliographer. Jiaxing also hosts several prestigious private libraries such as Nanhu Caotang owned by Wen Renci， Jintuofang owned by Yue Ke， and Wintersweet House， created by Xu Pei.

Southern Song poet Lu You was a special figure behind the book-collecting scene in present-day Shaoxing. A lesser-known fact is that the Lu family made a significant contribution to the book-collection of the Song government.

In Ningbo， the rise of private libraries foretold the birth of Tianyige， whose fame needs no elaboration. Bibliophiles in many other places in Zhejiang， such as Taizhou， Wenzhou and present-day Lishui， also left their marks in the provinces cultural map.

The height of splendor came in the Ming （1368-1644） and Qing （1644-1911）， when bibliophiles activities reached almost all corners in Zhejiang. The period saw the rise of Tianyige in Ningbo， created by Fan Qin and recognized as one of the worlds three oldest private libraries， and a good many eminent labels such as Fan Daches library， Huang Zongxis Xuchaotang， Wan Sitongs Hansongzhai， Zheng Xings Erlaoge， and the libraries of Quan Zuwang， Lu Zhi and Xu Shidong.

In eastern Zhejiang， the rival of Tianyige is the library created by Shaoxing-based Qi Chenghan in the Ming Dynasty.

When Emperor Qianlong called for public contribution to the compilation of Siku Quanshu， four private libraries including one in Jiangsu Province became the biggest donors. The other three were Tianyige from Ningbo， Kaiwanlou owned by Wang Qisu and Bao Tingbos private library in Hangzhou. In the late Qing times， Hangzhou shot to fame because Ding Bings library he named as “Eight Thousand Volumes” was ranked among the countrys “top 4”.

In the Ming Dynasty， the biggest private library in Jiaxing was Tianlaige， owned by Xiang Yuanbian， whose collection boasted a large number of Song books. Many of his books found their way into the private collection of Emperor Qianlong.

In the late Qing Dynasty， Huzhou in northern Zhejiang boasted one of the countrys four most prestigious private libraries. Jiayetang， created by Liu Chenggan in the Republican times， is rated a paragon of ancient Chinese private libraries.

The Contributions of Zhejiang Bibliophiles

Zhejiang Province is the proud host of many heavyweight private libraries that rank among the firsts in terms of the number of volumes and have far-reaching impact on the conservation and sharing of the Chinese cultural glory.

Firstly， the devotion of Zhejiangs bibliophiles contributed greatly to the conservation and broadcasting of the Tang poetry. Human life was not the only victim of natural disasters， political intrigues and wars. Books were as fragile. When Xiaozong， the second emperor of Southern Song Dynasty （1127-1279）， felt he was in the mood of reading some fine Tang poems， the only thing he could find was several crappy volumes full of text typos. Fortunately， a man came to the emperors rescue. Chen Qi， a bibliophile and book-maker living in Hangzhou in the Southern Song times， did his best to seal the beauty of Tang poetry in hand-made books using woodblock printing techniques. According to Wang Guowei （1877-1927）， a master of Chinese culture， Chens effort in putting together the jigsaw puzzle “cant be overestimated”.

The contribution of Ming Dynasty bibliophile Hu Zhenheng， born in Haiyan in Haining， to the compilation of Complete Poetry of the Tang， put together by Peng Dingqiu （1645-1717）， is worth-mentioning too. It is Hu Zhenhengs Tang Yin Tong Jian that provided most of the source materials needed for the making of Pengs book， which is also clarified by Siku Quanshu （Complete Library in the Four Branches of Literature）.

Secondly， many bibliophiles were the guarding angels of some of the most magnificent cultural treasures of China such as the “qu” verses of the Yuan Dynasty （characteristic of tonal patterns modeled on tunes drawn from folk music）. Zang Maoxun， a Ming Dynasty bibliophile from Changxing in present-day Huzhou， saved the lost art by collecting materials bit by bit and putting together Selected Works of Yuan Verses.

Thirdly， Zhejiangs bibliophiles contributed uniquely also to bibliography and the conservation of ancient books and records， the proof of which is plentiful. Two good examples are Gao Lian， living in Hangzhou in the Ming times， and Qi Chenghan， a Shaoxing native. In Zunsheng Bajian， Gao Lian presented his penetrating judgments on the purpose of book-collecting and the methodology involved， such as version identification.

Last but not the least， book-collecting is of fundamental importance to the conservation of culture and private libraries have been playing an equally important role in terms of enhancing learning by providing an all-inclusive database. According to Cai Shangsi （1905-2008）， a famous historian， “Book-collecting in the long history of China is represented by a good many bibliophiles living in the Ming and Qing times in Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces; and it is more than fair to say that Fan Yaoqings Tianyige and the Jiguge created by Mao Zijin and his son are crucial in the making of such well-read masters as naturalist and philosopher Huang Zongxi （1610-1695）， whose Mingru Xuean was lauded by Liang Qichao as a new kind of historiography.”