“千島之國(guó)”的港口如何后來(lái)居上？

許俊豪

很難想象一個(gè)被譽(yù)為“千島之國(guó)”的國(guó)家會(huì)缺少有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的國(guó)際大港，但從近年來(lái)各種全球百大集裝箱港口榜單上確實(shí)難覓印尼港口的蹤影。印尼港口數(shù)量非常可觀，又是東南亞第一大經(jīng)濟(jì)體和近年來(lái)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展較快的國(guó)家之一，港口經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展?jié)摿薮螅绾吾尫胚@股巨大的潛力，是這個(gè)國(guó)家也在“上下求索”的答案。

“千島之國(guó)”，港口數(shù)百

眾所周知，印尼是個(gè)群島國(guó)家，并且位于國(guó)際貿(mào)易航線(xiàn)沿線(xiàn)，因此，港口的門(mén)戶(hù)作用對(duì)于印尼的對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)至關(guān)重要。

印尼有各類(lèi)港口近700個(gè)，其中國(guó)際貿(mào)易港口超過(guò)140個(gè)，包括89個(gè)處于全面運(yùn)營(yíng)狀態(tài)的國(guó)際海港和52個(gè)專(zhuān)用碼頭。最大的港口雅加達(dá)港，處理著印尼50%的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)貨物，其外貿(mào)吞吐量也占印尼進(jìn)出口貨物的50%以上。雅加達(dá)港目前有4個(gè)碼頭，其中雅加達(dá)1號(hào)碼頭，即雅加達(dá)國(guó)際集裝箱碼頭（JICT）位于雅加達(dá)丹戎不碌（故又稱(chēng)丹戎不碌港），是印尼最大的集裝箱港口。

印尼水路運(yùn)輸也較發(fā)達(dá)，水運(yùn)系統(tǒng)包括島際運(yùn)輸、遠(yuǎn)洋運(yùn)輸、特別船運(yùn)，全國(guó)有水運(yùn)航道超過(guò)2.1萬(wàn)千米。

因此，相對(duì)而言，港口和水路運(yùn)輸對(duì)印尼而言是較為重要的貿(mào)易基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，印尼90%以上的對(duì)外貨物貿(mào)易要通過(guò)海上運(yùn)輸來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。

后程發(fā)力，能否迎頭趕上？

印尼是東盟第一大經(jīng)濟(jì)體，并且近15年來(lái)經(jīng)濟(jì)增速基本都保持在5%以上。此外，印尼對(duì)外貿(mào)易規(guī)模也不小。印尼中央統(tǒng)計(jì)局的貿(mào)易報(bào)告顯示，2019年印尼對(duì)外貿(mào)易總額為3382.47億美元，其中與中國(guó)的貿(mào)易額為704.3億美元，在中國(guó)—東盟貿(mào)易額（6415億美元）中占比超過(guò)10%。

不過(guò)，印尼港口的發(fā)展卻相對(duì)滯后于經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平和貿(mào)易規(guī)模。其港口的數(shù)量雖多，但大部分是小港口，集裝箱港口更是稀少。

而印尼港口競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的不足與基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施滯后有很大關(guān)系，尤其是21世紀(jì)的前10年，印尼港口基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施落后及其所造成的擁堵一度讓印尼的海運(yùn)成本成為東盟之最，很多需要跨島運(yùn)輸?shù)挠∧嶝浳锒疾坏貌焕@經(jīng)馬來(lái)西亞和新加坡。這樣一來(lái)，無(wú)異于把業(yè)務(wù)拱手送人，進(jìn)一步降低了自己相較于馬來(lái)西亞港口和新加坡港口的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。

因此，近年來(lái)，印尼正在加大基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)，包括新建或擴(kuò)建一批港口，并對(duì)港口管理進(jìn)行改革。例如，印尼第二港口公司是印尼政府在港口領(lǐng)域建立的8家國(guó)有企業(yè)之一，其任務(wù)是在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)對(duì)港口進(jìn)行運(yùn)營(yíng)管理。后來(lái)，8個(gè)公司合并成4個(gè)，并逐步面向私營(yíng)機(jī)構(gòu)和外資開(kāi)放。目前，印尼第二港口公司不僅在印尼的10個(gè)省運(yùn)營(yíng)著12個(gè)主要港口，還在海外不斷擴(kuò)大港口收購(gòu)計(jì)劃，例如越南和孟加拉國(guó)的港口。

據(jù)印尼第二港口公司董事阿里夫·蘇哈托諾（Arif Suhartono）介紹，如同第二港口公司一樣，現(xiàn)在印尼的很多港口正處在一個(gè)新的發(fā)展時(shí)期。

“集群化”發(fā)展才能釋放“多量”的潛能

以史為鑒，印尼很清楚，物流成本是制約港口競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力提升的關(guān)鍵。所以，目前印尼的港口尤其注重降低物流成本。

據(jù)阿里夫介紹，進(jìn)入2020年以來(lái)，該公司已經(jīng)在印尼的港口大力推行數(shù)字化轉(zhuǎn)型，包括貨物運(yùn)輸和倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)服務(wù)等業(yè)務(wù)的數(shù)字化，并且港口服務(wù)票據(jù)也以數(shù)字形式提供，以便輕松交付等。盡管在疫情影響下，印尼港口吞吐量總體下降，但受益于這一行動(dòng)，包括雅加達(dá)港在內(nèi)的許多港口的倉(cāng)庫(kù)使用量都有所增加。

阿里夫還認(rèn)為，從更宏觀的角度上來(lái)探討增強(qiáng)印尼港口的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，除了完善基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，很重要的一點(diǎn)就是集群化?！案劭谑且粋€(gè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。印尼有很多大大小小的海港和內(nèi)河港，僅第二港口公司就運(yùn)營(yíng)著12個(gè)港口，集群化可以提高所有港口的活動(dòng)效率，以及在航運(yùn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)中更充分地發(fā)揮港口的作用。”

而由中國(guó)與新加坡共同發(fā)起建設(shè)的國(guó)際陸海貿(mào)易新通道（以下簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)“陸海新通道”），正努力將不同區(qū)域間的海港、陸港連接起來(lái)，加強(qiáng)聯(lián)動(dòng)，建立互利共贏的陸海新通道”。在阿里夫看來(lái)，這正是港口集群化發(fā)展的典型案例。

“我們與荷蘭鹿特丹港、東盟國(guó)家的港口都建立了合作關(guān)系，我們對(duì)其他國(guó)家的合作者也持開(kāi)放態(tài)度。接下來(lái)，我也非常期待能夠在‘陸海新通道這一國(guó)際項(xiàng)目中尋求合作機(jī)會(huì)，并與北部灣港、新加坡港等共同探討港口創(chuàng)新合作模式?！卑⒗锓?qū)τ∧崦襟w說(shuō)道。

The COVID-19 pandemic is devastating economies around the globe， including Indonesias. Major enterprises may have various options to overcome the hurdles. However， Indonesian micro， small and medium-sized enterprises may not have the same options.

New or existing MSMEs are inches away from going out of business because of various issues. These may be cash-flow issues due to outstanding debt and liabilities， or simply a massive loss of customers.

It is worth noting that MSMEs may seem to be increasing in number despite the outbreak. This may mislead people into believing that MSMEs are thriving amid the pandemic. However， this is the result of massive terminations of employment or salary reductions. In order to gain extra income， employees often turn to creating small businesses. Most of these involve selling food and beverages through online platform and social media， which can be easily done.

Indonesian governments take on MSMEs

Despite the above， the Indonesian government recognizes the threat to MSMEs due to the pandemic. The minister of cooperatives and SMEs has warned that around 50% of MSMEs may go out of business.

The problem here lies with the reduction of physical meetings. Most MSMEs rely on physical interaction to engage with buyers and suppliers. If the pandemic drags on much longer， most MSMEs thus will need to adjust to online markets and may struggle to find new customers just to make ends meet.

It should be noted that MSMEs have a great role in Indonesias economic development and absorption of manpower. It is thus a great concern for the government to help these enterprises stay afloat. To do so， it has issued Government Regulation No. 23 of 2020 on Implementation of a National Economic-Recovery Program.

The governments plan is to provide several economic stimuli. Some of these are allocations of funds through a bond for banks. In return， the banks must support debt restructuring or financing programs for those in need. Another would be investment and providing securities.

These stimuli may seem promising for MSMEs. However， their implementation has been challenging on the bureaucratic level. The stimulus on debt relaxation and restructuring was delayed by a lack of implementing regulation from the relevant government institution.

District governments involvement

Indonesia， with its huge population and territory， should not directly adopt other countries policies. The economic stimuli mentioned above are adopted from neighboring countries， including Singapore and Malaysia. Such policy was indeed effective there because it suits their culture and condition. However， the Indonesian government should take into account the diversity of the citizenry to adopt a policy for MSMEs.

In light of the above， the role of district governments can also be significant and should be taken into consideration. It should be admitted that the district government is the body that better understands the varying problems encountered by the MSMEs in their respective regions. Therefore， district governments should issue their own regulations to prevent MSMEs from going out of business.

Proposed scope of district regulations

District governments may issue regulations in favor of MSMEs. One approach could provide a legal basis to cooperate with local companies that are not so affected by the pandemic. These companies mostly focus on daily needs such as the agriculture or health sector. The purpose of such cooperation is to seek assistance from the private sector to support MSMEs.

The assistance may be in the form of financial aid and/or training and product development. The training may help MSMEs cope with digital marketing activities. Additionally， it is an opportunity for the district government to encourage private companies to fulfill their corporate social responsibility.

Second， regulations may impose obligations to use products made by the local MSMEs. This aims to stimulate the economic development for the MSMEs and promote their products at the same time. This is crucial， since financial aid and training for MSMEs will not suffice unless there is greater demand from the market. In the long run， this may help form a bigger market for MSMEs.

It is worth noting that this type of policy is not unheard of in the business sector. Massive projects involving public-private partnerships oblige project owners and contractors to procure some of their materials locally.

Indonesian communities： helping hand

On the other hand， all of the above still may not suffice to support MSMEs. It requires the involvement of the whole community， in particular youth initiative. In this digital era， younger generations tend to grasp a better understanding of this trend. They may also maximize the use of digital transactions to obtain profit. The youth initiative thus may help create a trend to help MSMEs boost sales of local products.

The first step would be to cooperate with promising young individuals. These individuals may provide greater insight depending on their background， such as in non-governmental organizations or startups.

Additionally， those with greater expertise may provide further assistance in the form of consultancy. Their advice should aim to help address issues such as cash flow， marketing， raw-material prices and even funding. The government then in response may provide a specific solution for these issues affecting MSMEs.

The government may need to conduct further analysis on the above suggested approach. Nonetheless， it should not be disputed that it will require a joint effort from every stakeholder to resolve these challenges. The government as the main stakeholder should pave the way for others to join in and support MSMEs.

· Source： Asia Times