吉首美術(shù)館，湖南，中國

建筑設(shè)計：非常建筑

社會工程

美術(shù)館所在的吉首市是湘西土家族、苗族自治州的州府。起初地方政府考慮在城外的開發(fā)區(qū)內(nèi)選擇建設(shè)用地，然而我們作為建筑師則建議將美術(shù)館設(shè)立在人口密集的乾州古城的中心區(qū)，因為我們認(rèn)為文化設(shè)施應(yīng)該盡可能地方便居民使用。穿城而過的萬溶江流經(jīng)吉首的核心地帶，因此我們構(gòu)想了一座橫跨江面、兼做步行橋的美術(shù)館。我們希望人們不僅會專程去欣賞藝術(shù)，也可以在上班、上學(xué)或者購物的途中與藝術(shù)邂逅。

插入肌理

如今，許多諸如博物館和劇院的當(dāng)代文化設(shè)施都被當(dāng)作獨立的紀(jì)念物而遠(yuǎn)離社區(qū)。我們認(rèn)為美術(shù)館不應(yīng)該從區(qū)位上脫離受眾，因此將其嵌入到現(xiàn)有的城市肌理中，兩岸的橋頭部分與萬溶江畔的排屋緊密相連在一起。這些排屋包含了店鋪、餐館、小旅館，樓上通常便是屋主的居所。因此，吉首美術(shù)館位于河兩岸的入口都可以被視作混合功能街道界面的一部分，從而融入當(dāng)?shù)厝说娜粘Ｉ睢?/p>

轉(zhuǎn)釋傳統(tǒng)

被稱作風(fēng)雨橋的廊橋在我國山區(qū)里有著悠久的歷史。除了跨越河流或山谷的功能，它們也是供旅人休憩、商販擺攤售賣的公共空間。作為對這一古老建筑類型的當(dāng)代詮釋，我們的設(shè)計在保持傳統(tǒng)廊橋的交通與歇腳功能的同時引入新的藝術(shù)內(nèi)容，并將風(fēng)雨橋的形式語言加以現(xiàn)代化。

橋梁建筑

美術(shù)館以橋上橋的形式構(gòu)成。下層的鋼橋是開放的桁架結(jié)構(gòu)，為行人通過提供了一個帶頂?shù)慕值溃瑫r也有助于疏導(dǎo)洪流；上層的現(xiàn)澆混凝土拱橋內(nèi)部設(shè)有畫廊。兩橋之間是一個由玻璃幕墻和筒瓦遮陽系統(tǒng)圍合而成的大展廳，用于舉辦臨時展覽。美術(shù)館的服務(wù)空間如門廳、行政辦公、商店和茶室則被安置在兩端的橋頭建筑內(nèi)。人們可以從任意一側(cè)河岸進(jìn)入美術(shù)館。

A Social Cause

The city of Jishou, where the Jishou Art Museum is located, is the regional capital of Xiangxi(western Hunan), a minority autonomous zone.Initially, the municipal government considered parcels of lands in the development zone outside the city; however, we the architects proposed to build the art museum in the centre of the old town because we believed that a cultural facility should be easily accessible. A river called Wanrong runs through the middle of Jishou, which makes the most central location for the art museum over the water course and the art museum then doubles as a pedestrian bridge naturally. We hope that people in Jishou would not only make a special trip to see art but will also encounter art on their way to work, to school, or to shop.

Urban Intervention

Typical contemporary cultural institutions in China, such as museums and theatres, are treated as freestanding monuments, from away from the communities. In Jishou, since we think an art museum should not be isolated from its users, it is inserted into the existing urban fabric, which is built up with row buildings along the Wanrong River that house shops, restaurants, bed-and-breakfasts,often with owners living upstairs. Therefore, the front entrances of the Jishou Art Museum on both riverbanks are part of the mixed-use street walls and integrated into the everyday life.

Reinterpretation of Tradition

Covered bridge has a long tradition in this mountainous region of China and named Fengyu Qiao, meaning wind-and-rain bridge, which is not only used for crossing river or valley but a public space where travellers take a rest and vendors set up stands. Our design creates a contemporary interpretation of the age-honoured building type.We introduced art as a new programme on a covered bridge while maintaining pedestrian traffic and stop meanwhile translating the formal language of the Fengyu Qiao into a modern one.

A Bridge-Building

The art museum is composed of two bridges,one on the top of the other. The lower level is an open steel truss structure that resembles a roofed street for pedestrians and allows the flow of floods;the upper level is a concrete arch cast in-situ with a painting gallery inside. In between the two bridges,glazed walls and tiled shading system enclose the art museum's main hall for temporary exhibitions.Supplementary spaces to the art museum, such as the entrance hall, administrative office, shop,and tearoom, are situated in the two bridgeheads at either end. People can enter the museum from either side of the river.

項目信息/Credits and Data

地點/Location: 中國湖南省吉首市乾州古城/Qianzhou Historic Town, Jishou, Hunan, China

客戶/Client: 吉首市德夯風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)管理處/Jishou Qianzhou Historic Town Administration

主持建筑師/Principal Architects: 張永和，魯力佳/Yung Ho Chang, LU Lijia

設(shè)計團(tuán)隊/Design Team: 梁小寧，楊普，劉昆朋，粟思齊，饒崗/LIANG Xiaoning, YANG Pu, LIU Kunpeng, SU Siqi, RAO Gang

合作/Collaborators: 湖南省交通規(guī)劃勘察設(shè)計院/Hunan Provincial Communications Planning, Survey & Design Institute

結(jié)構(gòu)咨詢/Structural Consultants: 常鏹/CHANG Qiang

結(jié)構(gòu)體系/Structural System: 鋼桁架結(jié)構(gòu)，鋼筋混凝土拱結(jié)構(gòu)/Steel truss, reinforced concrete arch

場地面積/Site Area: 3303.593 m2

基底面積/Built Area: 3535.4 m2

建筑面積/Floor Area: 669 m2

建筑高度/Height: 18.5 m

設(shè)計時間/Design Period: 2013-2016

施工時間/Construction Period: 2016-2019

竣工時間/Completion Time: 2019

繪圖/Drawings: Atelier FCJZ

攝影/Photos: 田方方/TIAN Fangfang

1 總平面/Site plan

2 吉首美術(shù)館嵌入現(xiàn)有城市肌理/JAM as an insertion in existing urban fabric

3 鳥瞰/Aerial view

12 透過步行橋天窗仰望大展廳/Pedestrian bridge level with skylight looking into Great Exhibition Hall

13 剖面/Section

1-步行橋/Pedestrian bridge

2-大廳/Foyer

3-大展廳/Great Exhibition Hall

4-畫廊/Gallery

評委評語

謝爾蓋·卓班：吉首美術(shù)館的位置和設(shè)計重新詮釋了傳統(tǒng)的廊橋，將藝術(shù)作為一種新選擇引入該建筑類型。這個新建的美術(shù)館是非常出色的城市干預(yù)，因為它的位置是在一座連接了河兩岸兩座城市的橋上。作為一個公共走廊和一個藝術(shù)空間，美術(shù)館既創(chuàng)造出一個重要的步行設(shè)施，同時也提供了一個文化匯聚空間。（錢芳 譯）

14 大展廳/Great Exhibition Hall

15 由三樓平臺看大展廳/Great Exhibition Hall from second floor balcony

Jury Statement

Sergei Tchoban: The location and design of Jishou Art Museum reinterprets the traditional covered bridge and introduces art as a new programme to this typology.What makes this new art museum an outstanding urban intervention is its location on a bridge,connecting the two cities on both sides of the river with each other. As a public walkway and an art space, the museum creates an important pedestrian infrastructure as well as a central cultural meeting space.