創(chuàng)造前所未有的建筑

鮑里斯·沙德-賓索夫，瑪麗·布魯恩·伊德/Boris Schade-Bünsow, Marie Bruun Yde

母卓爾 譯/Translated by MU Zhuo'er

未來(lái)的城市將面臨不同的挑戰(zhàn)。我們?nèi)绾喂ぷ?、如何出行、如何使用資源，將會(huì)改變我們的喜好、行為和我們的城市。在最近幾個(gè)月里，人們工作的方式和地點(diǎn)發(fā)生了根本性的變化，工作被轉(zhuǎn)移到家里和線上。居家辦公早已成為一種趨勢(shì)，而新冠疫情加速了居家辦公的趨勢(shì)，使得提供結(jié)合居住與辦公的全新空間成為必然。然而，這并不意味著我們?cè)谝?guī)劃城市時(shí)要選擇更快速的生活方式。相反，交通設(shè)施將會(huì)發(fā)生根本性的變化，交通方式會(huì)更多以行人和自行車為中心，交通速度也將下降。而這又將改變我們塑造街道的方式，讓街道朝著更加人性尺度和氣候友好的方向轉(zhuǎn)變。CO2排放的限制將迫使人們采用新能源，以降低交通與建筑造成的CO2排放。我們?nèi)绾蝿?chuàng)造零能耗的建筑？我們?nèi)绾蝿?chuàng)造開(kāi)放的城市？為了讓城市朝著理想的方向發(fā)展，我們需要什么樣的建筑項(xiàng)目？

為了將建筑設(shè)計(jì)改進(jìn)得更具有韌性，我們必須做一些以前從未做過(guò)的事情。我們通過(guò)“世界未來(lái)城市計(jì)劃”（IUPA）尋找既有彈性又很強(qiáng)大的建筑，以應(yīng)對(duì)下一個(gè)世紀(jì)的需求。IUPA希望集結(jié)具有這種潛力的項(xiàng)目，表彰為公共空間和公共生活做出貢獻(xiàn)的杰出城市設(shè)計(jì)與建筑項(xiàng)目。2020年的主要評(píng)選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是項(xiàng)目在城市設(shè)計(jì)上是否能經(jīng)受時(shí)代挑戰(zhàn)，以及是否能賦予城市及其市民經(jīng)受時(shí)代挑戰(zhàn)的能力。提交的項(xiàng)目在這個(gè)方面展現(xiàn)出了堪稱典范的貢獻(xiàn)。項(xiàng)目的多元性也令人振奮，獲獎(jiǎng)和入圍的項(xiàng)目來(lái)自南美、北美、歐洲、亞洲和非洲多地。許多項(xiàng)目涉及到場(chǎng)地原有建筑的不同層面，大多數(shù)項(xiàng)目都對(duì)使用者開(kāi)放了多種功能，并且所有項(xiàng)目都有社會(huì)文化意義上的使命。它們展示了具有前瞻性、以人為本、開(kāi)放、多功能的建筑的力量，這些建筑不僅是促進(jìn)社區(qū)交流的磁石，也是公共利益的守護(hù)者。

改造在于生態(tài)與身份

10年前的歐洲專注于歷史名城的改造，而亞洲則在迅速地建設(shè)新的大都市。從那時(shí)起，歐洲與亞洲在建筑和城市規(guī)劃方面的差距就在不斷縮小。今天，歐洲的城市仍在發(fā)展，新的住宅區(qū)建在城市的外圍，而在亞洲，既有建筑的改造更新正成為越來(lái)越重要的問(wèn)題。IUPA的入圍和獲獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)目中，半數(shù)以上都涉及到對(duì)既有建筑的改造，這說(shuō)明在世界范圍內(nèi)，保護(hù)物質(zhì)遺產(chǎn)、改造建成環(huán)境以適應(yīng)當(dāng)今的需求與愿望的需求在日益增長(zhǎng)。改造舊建筑和城市空間是一種生態(tài)的規(guī)劃手段，但同時(shí)也涉及到身份與記憶的問(wèn)題。最重要的是，改造項(xiàng)目可以節(jié)省灰色能源與建造成本。為了應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化，我們必須高效地利用資源，這使得重塑老舊廢棄的建筑成為當(dāng)務(wù)之急。

但是，歷史建筑保護(hù)也與我們的自我定義有關(guān)。對(duì)老舊建筑、廢棄工業(yè)建筑群、衰敗街區(qū)和空置房屋進(jìn)行重塑，也是在延續(xù)我們的精神歷史，保留我們成長(zhǎng)過(guò)程中寶貴的身份認(rèn)同。與其拆掉它們，我們更應(yīng)該保護(hù)這些建筑。然而，也并不是所有建筑都具有應(yīng)該被保留的特質(zhì)。建筑師需要有足夠的創(chuàng)造力，能在貶值的、相對(duì)平凡的建筑遺產(chǎn)（尤其是歷史并不久遠(yuǎn)的建筑）中發(fā)現(xiàn)潛力，并賦予它們新的功能。建筑師需要在實(shí)體和象征意義的層面對(duì)建筑進(jìn)行改造與升級(jí)，讓人們能重新欣賞、重新居住于那些年代較新的舊建筑中（圖1-3）。

社區(qū)

過(guò)去一年全世界的居家化過(guò)程讓我們意識(shí)到公共生活和社會(huì)交往是在哪里發(fā)生的。盡管媒體與網(wǎng)絡(luò)讓我們能與更廣闊的世界保持聯(lián)系，但它們并不能替代真正的線下會(huì)議和集體組織。社會(huì)是靠公共空間維系的。病毒向大家揭示了一點(diǎn)：我們都受益于公共利益，也應(yīng)該為公共利益做出貢獻(xiàn)。人類是相互依存的，這樣的政治認(rèn)知將有助于未來(lái)的城市規(guī)劃。

IUPA的獲獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)目出色地展示了建筑是如何作為社會(huì)凝聚器的：建筑環(huán)境的多樣性、靈活性和開(kāi)放性體現(xiàn)出了社區(qū)的概念。社區(qū)是建筑的背景，意味著建筑應(yīng)該傳遞出場(chǎng)所感和情境感，適應(yīng)周圍環(huán)境的尺度與形態(tài)，既不要太大也不要太小，既不要太老也不要太新，而要順應(yīng)周圍的社會(huì)（圖4、5）。

城市性

柏林評(píng)委會(huì)由克里斯汀·菲萊斯、謝爾蓋·卓班和鮑里斯·沙德-賓索夫組成。我們對(duì)所提交項(xiàng)目的國(guó)別、背景、類型與方法的多樣性印象深刻。它們展現(xiàn)了建筑師是如何有勇氣地使用本地材料，在不同大小尺度的項(xiàng)目中工作，為社區(qū)創(chuàng)造聚會(huì)場(chǎng)所的。獲獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)目不僅是偉大的建筑，它們也促進(jìn)了人們的交流，改善了人們的生活品質(zhì)。它們向大家展示了，通過(guò)建筑項(xiàng)目讓既有建筑、周圍環(huán)境和使用者等多個(gè)層次參與其中，創(chuàng)造出多功能的公共空間的新形象是多么重要。

哪些因素可以促進(jìn)這樣的項(xiàng)目，哪些因素又會(huì)對(duì)它們?cè)斐赏{？

顯然，這樣慷慨的有集體意義的項(xiàng)目是罕見(jiàn)的。隨著政府的缺位、紳士化的發(fā)展和房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)的強(qiáng)勢(shì)，作為民主的、共享的空間與未來(lái)的城市正在受到挑戰(zhàn)。我們必須系統(tǒng)地認(rèn)識(shí)這些威脅到各種公共生活的問(wèn)題。我們需要的不是一個(gè)光鮮、干凈、同質(zhì)化的城市，而是一個(gè)我們都可以產(chǎn)生認(rèn)同的城市，一個(gè)多層次、多樣化、甚至充滿矛盾的城市——因?yàn)檫@樣的城市才是包容的（圖6、7）。

1 五月二十四日街商貿(mào)服務(wù)綜合體以前是Mesbla總部大樓，起初看起來(lái)限制很多，較低的層高讓它不適合用作運(yùn)動(dòng)休閑和文化空間。但是保羅·門德斯·達(dá)洛查和MMBB建筑事務(wù)所通過(guò)對(duì)中央中庭的改造，成功地挖掘出了它積極的一面/The SESC 24 de Maio building, a former Mesbla department store, at first seemed restrictive and ill-suited for sport, leisure and culture spaces with its low ceilings. But Paulo Mendes da Rocha and MMBB managed to unfold its positive sides, primarily by reinterpreting the atrium in the middle of it.（攝影/Photo: Nelson Kon）

In the future we have to face different urban challenges. The way we work, the way we move and the way we use resources will change our preferences, behaviour and cities. Within the latest months the manner and place of work changed radically and was relocated to homes and virtual spaces. Working from home was already in trend and only accelerated through the crisis of COVID-19,making it only more obvious that new spaces for combined living and working must be provided.However, we do not only have to speed up when planning cities, on the contrary: Mobility structures will change fundamentally and transport become still more pedestrian and bicycle based, slowing traffic down. This, in turn, will change the way we make streets and retrofit them for the human scale and a better climate. CO2limitations makes new ways of handling energy and the reduction of both traffic and building emissions necessary.How can we develop an architecture with no energy consumption? How do we make the city accessible for people? What projects are necessary to develop the city to what we want it to be?

To improve architecture and design and make it more resilient we have to do things that we never did before. With the International Urban Project Award (IUPA) we are looking for flexible structures and strong architecture facing the needs of the next century. The IUPA calls for projects realising such potentials. IUPA recognises outstanding urban and architectural works contributing to public space and life. This year, the main criterion was a strong urban design that withstands challenging times as well as empowers the city and its citizens to do so. The commitment of the submitted projects was exemplary. Their diversity was encouraging. The winning and shortlisted projects range from South and North America through to Europe, Africa and Asia. Many of them involve different layers of the existing building mass, most of them establish openness to users and uses, all of them have a sociocultural mission. They demonstrate the strength of forward-looking human-oriented, accessible, mixeduse architecture that works not just as a magnet for communication and communities, but ultimately as a guardian for the public good.

Conversion Is Ecology and Identity

Ten years ago Europe was concentrated on the redevelopment of the historic cities, whereas Asia was rapidly building new metropolises. Since then,the gap between European and Asian architecture and urban planning has become smaller. Today,European cities are growing and new housing areas being built on the peripheries, while in Asia the renovation and conversion of the existing building substance is becoming an increasingly important issue. That more than half of the shortlisted and winning IUPA projects work with the transformation of existing structures proves the worldwide growing need to protect our physical heritage and readapt the built environment to present day needs and wishes. Renovating old buildings and urban spaces is an ecological planning approach, but also a question of identity and memory. Most importantly,it can save grey energy and building costs. Resourceefficiency being imperative to tackle the realities of climate change makes the reinterpretation of outdated and deserted architecture urgent.

But the protection of the historic fabric has to do with our self-definition, too. Revaluing old buildings, abandoned industrial complexes, rundown neighbourhoods and unpopular housing estates is also a perpetuation of our mental history, keeping valuable points of identification that we grew up with. Preservation - as opposed to demolition - feels right. However, not all architecture has evident qualities that should be carried into the future. The creativity of architects is requested when it comes to seeing potential in the devaluated and uninspiring heritage especially of the recent past and reinventing it with new uses. Here,the architects carry out a physical and symbolic reand upcycling work that can make us re-appreciate and re-inhabit our youngest history.

2 上海油罐藝術(shù)中心/Tank Shanghai（攝影/Photo: INSAN Image）

3 深圳的城中村里滿是“握手樓”，它們的間隙狹窄到鄰居都可以握手。人們?cè)絹?lái)越不愿意住在城中村里。創(chuàng)始點(diǎn)對(duì)35座這樣的塔樓進(jìn)行改造，試圖通過(guò)經(jīng)濟(jì)適用房、空中走廊等新的連接、街道層次結(jié)構(gòu)和共享空間等手段來(lái)增強(qiáng)社區(qū)性，重塑這一建筑類型的價(jià)值/Urban villages in Shenzhen consisting of "handshake tower blocks" - so narrow that neighbours can literally shake hands - are increasingly discredited. Doffice's makeover of 35 such towers seeks to revalue this typical typology by strengthening the community through affordable housing, new connections like corridors in the air, street hierarchy and shared spaces.（攝影/Photo: IVY Photography & Production）

4 在未來(lái)非洲創(chuàng)新校區(qū)，新的學(xué)習(xí)和教學(xué)方法將圍繞生活方式展開(kāi)，而不是集中于課堂空間/At the Future Africa InnovationCampus new methods of learning and teaching revolve around lifestyle rather than being concentrated in lecture halls.（攝影/Photo: Lourens Uitenweerde - Eyescape Photography）

5 經(jīng)過(guò)改造后，文里·松陽(yáng)三廟文化交流中心在更多的層次上設(shè)置了開(kāi)放性的小型公共空間、壁龕和通道，激發(fā)了社區(qū)生活/Songyang Culture Neighbourhood has been renovated with several generous smaller public spaces, niches and pathways on more levels, inviting for community life.（攝影/Photo: 存在建筑/Arch-Exist）

6 作為一個(gè)公共通道和一個(gè)藝術(shù)空間，吉首美術(shù)館通過(guò)延展的、高密度的功能布局，賦予了傳統(tǒng)的廊橋以新的形式，成為了城市生活的催化劑/As a public walkway and an art space, the Jishou Art Museum reinvents the traditional covered bridge by extending and densifying its programme making it an urban catalyst.（攝影/Photo: 田方方/TIAN Fangfang）

7 獵人角社區(qū)圖書(shū)館不僅僅是一個(gè)圖書(shū)館，它還提供了私密的閱讀區(qū)、活躍的聚會(huì)空間等多種室內(nèi)外空間。在巨大的高樓之間，這個(gè)小建筑脫穎而出，成為一個(gè)溫暖、人性化尺度的交流場(chǎng)所/Much more than a library, Hunters Point Library provides a diversity of spaces inside and outside ranging from intimate reading areas to active gathering spaces. In the middle of elephantine high-rises, the small structure stands out as a warm, human-scale meeting space.（攝影/Photo:Iwan Baan）

Community

The domestication experienced all over the world within the last year made us aware where public life and social interaction take place. Although media and virtual reality keep us in touch with the bigger world,they cannot compensate for real physical meetings and collective structures. Society is knitted together in the public space. It took a virus to expose that we all bene fit from and contribute to the common good.The political recognition that we are all dependent on each other is a quality that will hopefully help de fining the way we plan cities in the future.

The IUPA projects excellently exhibit how architecture can act as social condensers: Community is expressed in the built environment through diversity, flexibility and accessibility. Community is context, meaning that architecture should transport a sense of place and situation, adapting to the surrounding scale and morphology, being not too big or too small, not too old or new, but subordinate to society.

Urbanity

In the Berlin jury - consisting of Kristin Feireiss, Sergei Tchoban and Boris Schade-Bünsow -we were impressed by the broadness of nationalities,contexts, typologies and approaches presented in the submitted projects. They show the courage of architects to make use of local materials, work on smaller or larger scales and create meeting places for the neighbourhood. The winning projects not only demonstrate great architecture, but also engage with human beings, improving the quality of life for everybody. They show how important it is to involve different layers of the existing building substance,the surroundings and people and to create new images of public space with a mix of functions.

What enables such projects, what threatens them?

Clearly, such generous, collective projects are rare. Along with the withdrawal of the state,gentrification and the onward march of the real estate market, the city as a democratic, shared space and future is challenged. Such issues endangering the variety of living together must be thematised.We do not need a sleek, clean, homogeneous city,but one that we all can identify with, one that is layered, heterogeneous, and even contradictory in that it is inclusive.