A Brief History of the Development of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine

ZOU Jian-hua (鄒建華), CHANG Yu-hui (常玉麾), LI Dan (李 丹), SHE Min-yu (佘敏毓)

1. Center for Translation, World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies, Beijing 100101, China

2. Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China

Correspondence to: Prof. ZOU Jian-hua, Tel: 86-10-58650357, Email: 13651138246@163.com

ABSTRACT This article introduces the history of the integration of Chinese and Western medicine,from Zhang Xichun, a representative of the Huitong School of Chinese and Western Medicine, and the historical "abolition of traditional Chinese medicine", and "the scientificization of Chinese medicine" to"Integration of traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine", passing the tortuous development.The integration of traditional Chinese and Western medicine has achieved fruitful results from the intense divergence in understanding to education, scientific research, clinical practice, and theoretical research.This article discusses the development process of the integration of traditional Chinese and Western medicine in detail from multiple dimensions such as history, reality, theory, and practice. In particular, it introduces Zhang Xichun's views and practice of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine,the theory and practice of modern integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine, the main achievements of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine, and typical cases of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine. It provides reference for the vast number of integrated Chinese and Western medicine workers.

KEYWORDS Integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine; Brief history; Zhang Xichun; Theory and practice; Main achievements; Typical cases

When the footsteps of history entered the 20thcentury, the traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) dominated pattern for thousands of years was impacted a lot. While Western medicine has emerged and developed in China with an irresistible momentum, what attitudes should be adopted on traditional medicine and modern medicine has become a topic of continuous debate in the medical community and even the whole society.The integration of Chinese and Western medicine originated from the Huitong School of Chinese and Western Medicine during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and Zhang Xichun is a representative of this school. From "Abolition of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)", " Huitong of Chinese and Western Medicine", "Scientific Chinese Medicine"to "Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine", the two medicine systems have undergone a tortuous evolution of collision and integration. For more than a hundred years, the integration of TCM and Western

medicine has achieved fruitful results from the fierce differences in knowledge, to teaching, scientific research, medical, clinical and theoretical research.In the process of fighting the Coronavirus Disease(COVID-19), the integration of traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine has played an important role. This paper will discuss the development process of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine in detail from the multidimensions of history,reality, theory, and practice.

ZHANG XICHUN'S VIEWS AND PRACTICE OF INTEGRATED TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE AND WESTERN MEDICINE

Introduction of Zhang Xichun

Zhang Xichun (1860-1933), a native of Yanshan, Hebei, is a representative of the "Chinese and Western Huitong" school doctors in the late qing Dynasty and early Republic of China and one of the "Famous 4 Doctors" throughout the country in the early 20th century[1]. He is the author of "Integration of Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine (Yixue Zhongzhong Canxilu)", which is one of the representative works of Chinese and Western medicine thought fusion school.

Family environment

Zhang Xichun was born in a well-off family in North China during the late qing Dynasty. His father was a doctor. When he was young, he originally wanted to enter the official career through the imperial examination, so he read many classics.But later he did not have a middle school in the 2 rural examinations, so he turned to medicine as a Confucian student. Zhang Xichun, who grew up under the background of feudal education, read a large number of bibliographies of Scripture and History in his youth, and developed the habit of learning and reading. At the same time, under the influence of the family environment, Zhang Xichun followed his father to study medicine at a young age,studied TCM classics, inherited family studies, and opened a medical museum to treat people and heal people.

Times environment

In the late qing Dynasty, with the introduction of western culture, more and more people shouted to learn from the western world. At that time, opposition to feudalism and "suspicion of antiquity" became the mainstream trend of thought. As a representative of traditional Chinese culture, TCM is in a precarious situation: some people have violently attacked the"scientific nature" of TCM, and even appeared to demand "abolition of TCM"[2].

Zhang Xichun was born during the second time of "Western Learning from the East" since the mid-19th century, compared with the first "Western Learning to the East" dominated by European missionaries in the 16th to 17th centuries,western knowledge introduced to China since the mid-19th century ideas began to have a strong impact on Chinese ideological traditions in both scale and level. Taking medicine as an example,modern European medicine of this period took the distance from the renaissance of the Renaissance Movement, and it has distanced itself from medieval European medicine where speculation is more important than empirical, and especially in the area of anatomy, systematic progress has been made, and in the field of pharmacy, there is also a transition from natural medicines to chemical preparation.

Personal efforts

Although Zhang Xichun's involvement in medicine was influenced by his father, he had never seen any documents about his apprenticeship to study medicine, and he was good at reading scriptures. Therefore, his medical studies were mainly self-taught. Therefore, it can be said that his experience of studying medicine and practicing medicine did not follow the traditional mode of inheritance of master and apprentice, but more is to use a personal effort to embark on a unique road of masters while fully utilizing the external environment.By reading a large number of medical books, he absorbs the words of various past generations,including Chinese medical classics, as well as the modern medical knowledge translated during this period. These resources together form the basis of his medical knowledge, and also make him form a distinctive open and inclusive, integrated Chinese and Western medical ideas.

Zhang Xichun became famous relatively late, roughly after his fiftieth years, especially in 1918, after his publication of the book "Medical Practitioners in the West (Yixue Zhongzhong Canxilu)" published by him, he was very popular and the sales volume was huge. He became famous in the Chinese medical community.

Zhang Xichun's Viewpoints on Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine

Zhang put forward the theory of "fusion of Chinese and Western medicine", which is integration of traditional Chinese and Western medicine".The main point of the view is that the purpose of living is without the boundary between Chinese and Western, instead of blindly resisting Western medicine or denying TCM.

Interoperability of Chinese and Western medicine

Zhang Xichun believes that the principles of TCM mostly include the principles of Western medicine, and also the pathological convergence between Chinese and Western medicine. They can communicate and complement each other, not the state of contention. The oppugn about the medical principles of TCM is conducive to the progress of TCM, but any changes must be based on "Chinese"and then talk about "West", this is the innovation,otherwise it is to forget the roots.

Zhang Xichun's representative view of the theory of the Huitong School of Chinese and Western Medicine is "the mind and the brain jointly supervise the spirit". Combining the key position given to the heart by TCM sinceHuangdi Neijingand Western medicine's understanding of the nervous system during this period, he put forward the argument that the body of the spirit is hidden in the brain and the use of the spirit is from the heart, and believed that the spirit is in the heart, so when the spirit are sick, TCM pay attention to the treatment of the heart, and similarly, Westerners say that the spirit of man is in the brain, so when spirit are sick, they pay attention to treating the brain.

In addition, based on the knowledge of Chinese and Western medicine anatomy, Zhang Xichun connection between the inhalation of oxygen during the breathing process and the discharge of carbon dioxide needs to pass through the blood vessels of the internal organs of the human body,and put forward that the lung is the end of the five internal organs in TCM corresponding to the internal circulation of the Western medicine[3].

Integrated Chinese and Western medicine pathology

Zhang Xichun proposed that cerebral congestion is connected with Dajue, Bojue and Jianjue. TheHuangdi Neijingsays "blood and qi go up, it is Dajue" refers to cerebral congestion.Zhang also further explained the prognosis of cerebral congestion, that is, "if qi is the opposite,live, o but if qi is notopposite, death". He absorbed the essence of the predecessor's treatment of the syndrome, highlighting the effect of the body's qi mechanism on the operation of qi and blood,and believed that the gasification of the organs of the cerebral congestion syndrome has risen too much, and qi and blood are perfused on the brain,causing vascular congestion and involved nerves.These theories still have important clinical guiding significance for the treatment of major diseases such as hypertension, cerebral hemorrhage, and cerebral infarction.

In addition, Zhang Xichun also put forward the theory of heart failure is connected with deficiency of kidney qi failing to control respiring qi, and believes that the heart burden is resulting the lung asthma,which is also the evidence of deficiency of kidney qi failing to control respiring qi,. Zhang Xichun theory is consistent with the main features of heart failure with pulmonary and/or systemic blood stasis and insufficient tissue blood perfusion, which provides a theoretical basis for the clinical application of invigorating the kidney to improve inspiration.

Compatibility of Chinese and Western Medicine Pharmacology

From simple Chinese medicine or Western medicine, due to different theories of guiding medication, each has its own medication mode.The Chinese material medicines used in TCM is mainly plant medicines, and with the corresponding processing, compatibility, it can well target the condition and adjust the body to a normal balance as a whole, reflecting the advantages and characteristics of TCM in treating diseases. Western medicine use Western medicines, mainly chemical drugs, relatively speaking, it has high precision,direct and quick effect. Chinese and Western medicines have their own merits.

Zhang advocated that TCM and Western medicine should not defame each other, but should take the advantages of TCM and Western medicine. He believes that "Western medicine is partly the standard of illness; TCM doctor's medication is focusing the reason of the disease.The original surgical phenomenon and the substantial reason should be taken into account. If the symptom is difficult to cure, it should be treated by Western medicine and treated by Chinese medicine. The original works will be effective,and the clinical symptom is indeed certain... It is justified by the knowledge that Chinese medicine and Western medicine help each other, and sincerity can complement each other." On the basis of the syndrome differentiation, with the use of Western medicine, the symptoms should be cured, and that could keep the advantages and avoid the weakness. On this point, Zhang became the first person to combine Chinese and Western medicine.

Zhang Xichun's Practice of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine

Prescribe simultaneously both Chinese and Western medicines for clinical differentiation

Among the clinical prescriptions of Zhang Xichun, the more famous one is the combination of TCM gypsum and Western medicine aspirin for the treatment of febrile diseases. For the treatment of the patients who are sick at the beginning of the disease and the skin is hot, the gypsum soup and 1 tablet of aspirin is administered. When the patient sweats and the fever subsides, then use gypsum and japonica rice decoction to take it slowly, until the body heat returns to normal.

The work "Integration of Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine (Yixue Zhongzhong Canxilu)"

Zhang Xichun's work that collected all his medical thoughts in his life is "Integration of Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine (Yixue Zhongzhong Canxilu)". The completion of this book also means that the research on the integration of Chinese and Western medicine has reached a peak, and it has become one of the representative works of the integration of Chinese and Western medicine fusion school.

TCM "Experimental School" of medicine research methods

Zhang Xichun advocates pharmacological research with the main method of first-hand test and infers the drug properties from the feeling after taking it. "Integration of Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine (Yixue Zhongzhong Canxilu)"includes a large number of his personal oral medication to understand the medicinal properties of the records, including many traditionally considered medicinal, even toxic drugs. According to Zhang Xichun's self-report, this experience allows him to accurately grasp the "property ability"of the drug in clinical medicine and achieve good therapeutic effects. Not only that, this experience also made it dare not to stick to tradition, invent a large number of new prescriptions, or use medicine in a super-conventional way not contained in the classics, such as the effective use ofRhizoma Dioscoreae(山藥) to treat internal medicine deficiency diseases, and reuse ofFructus Corni(吳茱萸) to rescue patients.

Opening the precedent of TCM education and TCM hospitals

Zhang Xichun is not only a prestigious clinical physician, but also one of the earliest educators to open modern Chinese medicine education in China. Zhang founded the school of TCM, compiled teaching materials, and integrated Western medical ideas into the teaching of TCM, and became the pioneer of the educational model of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine. More than 10 subjects such as "Prescription Science","Pharmacology Lecture" (70 of Chinese medicines,45 kinds of Western medicines), "Lecture on Pathology", " Lecture on Treatise on Cold Damage(傷寒論) ", "Anatomy Lecture", about 10 disciplines..The medical curriculum system has basically formed a curriculum setting system that focuses on the cultivation of Chinese and Western medicine from theory to clinic, focusing on Chinese and Western medicine, and highlights the educational philosophy of Chinese and Western Huitong.

In 1916, Zhang Xichun founded the first Chinese medicine hospital in modern history in Shenyang, Lida Chinese Medicine Hospital. The main idea is to introduce Western medical scientific instruments under the scientific management model of Western medical treatment, and use TCM theory for the treatment. On the one hand, the establishment of the Chinese medicine hospital has promoted the modernization of Chinese medicine,laid the foundation for the establishment of a scientific and advanced management system for Chinese medicine treatment, on the other hand, it has also accumulated experience for the spread of the idea of Chinese and Western medicine Huitong, and let colleagues in the academic circle see the feasibility of ideological development has strengthened the confidence of scholars who adhere to the Chinese medicine field.

THEORY AND PRACTICE OF MODERN INTEGRATED CHINESE AND WESTERN MEDICINE

The Process of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine

The exchange of the 2 heterogeneous medical systems between Chinese and the West medicine has not been smooth. Scholars with different historical backgrounds and knowledge structures have successively put forward a variety of different proposals such as "Chinese and Western Medicine Huitong", "Abolition of TCM", and "Scientific Chinese Medicine", which has become a long-term and fierce academic dispute. With regard to the rapid development of Western medicine in China, what attitude should we adopt towards TCM[4]?

Abolition of Chinese medicine

After entering the 20th century, China's new cultural movement gradually emerged. TCM, based on the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements, has been increasingly criticized like other Chinese traditional cultures. Some people in the Western medical profession used Western medicine as the standard to refute the "short" of Chinese medicine,and even formed the abolition of the Chinese medicine school represented by Yu Yunxiu. They not only accused the theory of Chinese medicine"unscientific" but also described the clinical efficacy of Chinese medicine as "coupling" "Fortunately,"and attempted to eliminate Chinese medicine by the government legislation.

Chinese and Western medicine Huitong

In the Ming Dynasty, Western medicine "brain masters memory theory" had been introduced to China and accepted by Wang Ang and others.After the mid-19th century, as Western medicine spread to China in large numbers, some Chinese medicine doctors tried to communicate Chinese and Western medicine with improved methods. They may confirmed the classical medical theory of TCM with the knowledge of anatomy and physiology of Western medicine; or confirmd the relevant knowledge of Western medicine with the relevant discussion of TCM. Its representative figures include Tang Zonghai, Zhu Peiwen, Yun Tieqiao, Zhang Xichun and so on. Ren Yingqiu divided them into three categories, with Wang Ang, Zhao Xuemin,Wang Xuequan, Wang Qingren, and Chen Dingtai as the scholars "beginning to accept the Western medicine"; Zhu Peiwen, Tang Zonghai, and Zhang Xichun as scholars of the " Chinese medicine and Western medicine Huitong "; Yun Tieqiao and Lu Yuanlei as the "Improvement theory and scientific advocate"[5].

The guiding ideology of Huitong of Chinese and Western medicine is the reformist idea of"Chinese style and Western application". The basic view is that although Chinese medicine and Western medicine belong to 2 different academic systems with their own advantages and disadvantages, the objective objects of both studies are human health and disease, so the 2 medicines should also be complementary.

However, the team of Huitong School is almost all famous masters of TCM, and there is a lack of new scholars who are skilled in Western medicine.Their fundamental purpose is not to create a new advanced medical system, but rather to seek a timely method and approach for the survival of Chinese medicine.

Scientific Chinese medicine

Following the May 4th New Culture Movement,well-known scholars in the Chinese scientific and technological community launched a far-reaching"Scientific Chinese Medicine" movement. "Scientific Chinese medicine" is an idea of improving Chinese medicine proposed in the Chinese scientific movement. Lu Yuanlei, Shi Jinmo, Yu Wuyan,Zhang Zanchen, Ye Juquan, Shi Yiren, etc. are all advocates of scientific Chinese medicine, of which Lu Yuanlei is the most representative. Although he fully affirmed the experience of TCM, he basically denied the theory of TCM, and later put forward the slogan "fundamentally overturn gasification".In fact, the claims of "Scientific Chinese Medicine"and "Abolition of Chinese Medicine" have certain tendency, and the results of the 2 claims tend to be the same.

After the founding of New China, "Unity of Chinese and Western Medicine" and "Scientific Chinese Medicine" became the two major themes of the first national health conference on Chinese medicine policy brewed. At that time, "Scientific Chinese medicine" had a different meaning than Modern "scientific Chinese medicine": it no longer refers to the scientific TCM theory, but the scientific Chinese medicine doctors. That is, those who pass the examination and are approved to practice Chinese medicine practitioners, through the"education" of basic knowledge and skills of modern medicine, make it into "scientific medicine". As for the theory of TCM, it has not given enough attention.

Integrated Chinese and Western medicine

The concept of "integration of Chinese and Western medicine" came out in 1956 after Chairman Mao Zedong's speech on "combining the knowledges of Chinese medicine with Western medicine to create a unified new medicine and new pharmacy in China". Starting from the critical policy of discriminating against Chinese medicine in 1954,to 1960 it gradually established the health policy of integrated Chinese and Western medicine. It not only affirmed the rich experience of TCM, but also recognized TCM has its own theoretical system.In this theoretical system, there are "wholism concepts", "differentiation and treatment" and other reasonable cores with simple dialectics and simple materialist ideas, and think that these theoretical core can make up for the shortcomings of Western medicine epistemology and methodology, so we must strive to inherit and carry forward. "Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine" is a direct denial of "Scientific Chinese Medicine". However, the knowledge and methods of modern science(including modern medicine) used by the "integration of Chinese and Western medicine" for the purpose of inheriting the motherland's medical heritage and establishing China's new medicine, and the"scientific method" advocated by "Scientific Chinese Medicine" "Although they have different levels of development, they all belong to the category of empirical science, which shows the return of"integration of Chinese and Western medicine" to"scientific Chinese medicine".

Modern Theory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine

Although the modern researchers on the integration of traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine with traditional Chinese and Western medicine Huitong keep the acknowledgement, the 2 kinds of Chinese and Western medicine have a common research object,and can complement each other, achieve mastery through a comprehensive study, eventually forming the unified new medicine, but there are distinct differences in the their position, research methods of the new medicine to create. And Huitong sent the distinction having essence: it is no longer pure,standing on the position of Chinese medicine, with speculation and analogy method, the medicine knowledge into the TCM system, establish new TCM with "new TCM", but stand above the 2 kinds of medicine, using modern science and the method of empirical science, to interpret the law of TCM To explore the theoretical essence and empirical knowledge of TCM, make it cross and merge with the modern medical system, and establish a new medicine based on the evidences. The integration of traditional Chinese and Western medicine has both inherited and developed the traditional Chinese and Western medicine. It is a qualitative leap.

From March 6th to 13th, 1980, the Ministry of Health organized a national conference on the integration of TCM and Western medicine. The meeting summed up the experience, reiterated the party's policy on TCM, and put forward the guidelines for the development of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine: "The three forces of TCM, Western medicine and integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine should be vigorously developed, coexist for a long time, and rely on these three forces in unity,Promote the modernization of medical science,develop new medicine with Chinese characteristics,and strive to protect the health of the people and build a modern socialist power country." "The three forces must be vigorously developed and coexist for a long time." This is a correct policy that suits China's actual national conditions and the laws of scientific development. It is this time to formulate the policy and unify the thinking of the medical community under the guidance of this policy. This is the major success of the meeting.

Practice of Modern Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine

At the National Working Conference on Integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine held in March 1980, the establishment of "Journal of Integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine" and the establishment of the Chinese Association of Integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine were listed as "future tasks". On July 20, 1981, "The Journal of Integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine" published the first issue. On the 8th to the 12th of November,the inaugural meeting of the Chinese Society of Integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine and the National Symposium on the Integration of traditional Chinese and Western Medicine were held in Beijing. And the first council was selected.

An important feature of the new stage of integrated Chinese and Western medicine is the relatively independent medical and scientific research teams. The academic organization"Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Research Association" in the field of integrated Chinese and Western medicine has produced great cohesion. It organizes a number of national academic conferences on integrated Chinese and Western medicine every year, which has strengthened the unity of the integrated Chinese and Western medicine team and promoted academic exchange important contribution. In October 1991,the association was renamed "Chinese Society of Integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine". Provinces and cities across the country successively established branches of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine, and successively established more than 30 professional committees to carry out in-depth clinical and theoretical research on integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine.

As an academic carrier of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine, the Journal of Integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine not only reflects the achievements and conclusions of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine research in time, but also promotes the integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine policy, strengthens the belief of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine researchers, and establishes integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine The image of the team has played an important role. The journal was renamed the"Chinese Journal of Integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine" in 1992, and the English edition was launched in 1995 (now called "Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine" [Chinese Journal of Integrated Medicine].) The content is different from the Chinese version. Editorial Board, its scientific and practical application has been widely recognized by domestic and international society.

MAIN ACHIEVEMENTS OF INTEGRATION OF CHINESE MEDICINE AND WESTERN MEDICINE

Over the past few decades, the level of integrated Chinese and Western medicine has been continuously improved, the talent team has continued to grow, and great progress has been made in teaching, scientific research, medical treatment, clinical, theoretical research, etc. The successive achievements of world-renowned scientific researches have influenced world medicine and world science growing.

Discipline Construction Continues to Improve

Integrated Chinese and Western medicine is an emerging discipline with Chinese characteristics.It is a combination of the 2 different ways of thinking of Chinese medicine and Western medicine's understanding of human health and disease. It has the basic characteristics of interdisciplinary[6]. In the process of integration of Chinese and Western medicine, the state implements the policy of attaching equal importance to Chinese and Western medicine, encourages Chinese and Western medicine to learn from each other, complement each other, and improve together, promote the organic integration of Chinese medicine and Western medicine. Article 36 of the Law of the People's Republic of China on TCM states: "The country develops integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine education and trains high-level integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine talents."In the "Outline of National TCM Development Strategic Plan (2016-2030)", the country proposed that one of the main tasks for the next 15 years is to "promote the integration of Chinese and Western medicine" and "improve the policy measures for the cultivation of integrated Chinese and Western medicine personnel." The integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine education has achieved breakthroughs that have attracted worldwide attention. It has improved the integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine education system, trained a large number of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine talents,and provided strong support for the development of the medical cause in China and the world. Medical education system with Chinese characteristics has been formed.

China has created the new discipline of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine and included it in the "National Standard Discipline Classification and Code of the People's Republic of China", which is a historic breakthrough in the development of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine research and development by New China. Since the 70th anniversary of the founding of New China, it is one of the few medical innovation disciplines pioneered in the world, and it has become one of the most vigorous emerging interdisciplinary disciplines among China's pioneering disciplines, which showed the self-driving creation ability of new China.

Since 1978, our country has restored the graduate student enrollment system. The Academic Degrees Committee of the State Council has set up a postgraduate education system for integrated TCM and and Western medicine, and started to enroll graduate students of integrated TCM and integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine. In 1983,the Academic Degrees Committee of the State Council set "Integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine" as a first-level discipline, with 2 second-level disciplines of Basis of Integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine and Clinical Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine[7],and successively recruited and trained masters and doctoral students of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine. In addition, in 1992,the "GB13745 Subject Classification and Code"issued by the State Technical Supervision Bureau established the birth of the "Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine" discipline, which became the basis for the establishment of an integrated Chinese and Western medicine major in the education system.

At present, the Academic Degrees Committee of the State Council has approved 90 authorized units for master's degree in integrated Chinese and Western medicine with 55 disciplines; 32 authorized units for doctoral degree in integrated Chinese and Western medicine with 28 disciplines and 6 postdoctoral mobile stations for integrated Chinese and Western medicine. Since 1998, it has set up master and doctoral education for integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine (clinical medicine).The Ministry of Education has established 6 key disciplines of integrated Chinese and Western medicine across the country. At the same time,various universities that offer undergraduate education in clinical medicine of Chinese and Western medicine have gradually improved their training programs, jointly compiled a series of industry planning textbooks, and further standardized the undergraduate education of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine[8]. As of 2017, there are 51 colleges and universities offering bachelor degree education in integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine in our country.

Over the past 30 years, the level of integrated Chinese and Western medicine has developed from a single "Western Chinese" class to three-, five-,and seven-year academic education and doctoral and postgraduate education in universities[9]. So far, the training level of integrated Chinese and Western medicine education has been perfected.According to incomplete statistics, there are currently 2 national-level and 8 provincial-level specialty construction sites, 5 provincial-level innovation teams, 10 provincial-level quality courses,innovation experiment areas and innovation highland constructions in clinical medicine majors The breakthrough achievements have greatly improved the teaching quality of integrated Chinese and Western medicine education.

Remarkable Scientific Research Achievements

Through half a century of scientific research on integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine, we have not only accumulated the scientific research experience of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine, explored the ideas and methods of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine, but also produced scientific research achievements that have attracted worldwide attention. According to preliminary statistics, there have been more than 1,100 scientific research achievements at or above the provincial and ministerial level nationwide, including integrated Chinese and Western medicine for acute abdomen,integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine for fracture treatment, integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine for multiple organ failure,combined traditional Chinese and Western medicine acupuncture research and acupuncture on the mechanism of pain and acupuncture anaesthesia,Study on "Kidney Parenchyma" and Study on"Activating Blood Circulation to Remove Blood Stasis ", the successful development of the new antimalarial drug Artemisinin (was rated as one of the top ten scientific and technological achievements in 1992 and won the Nobel Prize in 2015), the Chinese medicine arsenic (arsenic trioxide) in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia and its molecular level and gene level mechanism research Etc., both of which are at the international leading level. Others such as integrated Chinese and Western medicine treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, malignant tumors,diabetes, immune diseases, endocrine diseases,viral infectious diseases, digestive system diseases,skin diseases, etc., as well as research and development of TCM, have attracted the attention of the international medical community.

Establishment of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Model

The clinical diagnosis and treatment model combining the differentiation of diseases by Western medicine and the differentiation of syndromes by TCM is the main result of the practice of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine. TCM and Western medicine are 2 completely different medical systems with different characteristics. A large number of medical research practices have proved that the theoretical combination of the 2 medicines is very difficult, and the reluctance to combine may lead to the demise of the basic theory of TCM. However, from the perspective of clinical diagnosis and treatment,TCM emphasizes the macro and the whole, while Western medicine focuses on the micro and the local. There is a strong complementarity between the 2 types of medicine. The organic combination of the 2 medicines can maximize the clinical treatment effect and promote people's health.

The combination of disease and syndrome diagnosis mode and method of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine, that is, the combination of disease diagnosis and syndrome differentiation diagnosis, clinical diagnosis and laboratory and special examinations such as imaging diagnosis, macroscopic syndrome differentiation and microscopic syndrome differentiation. A comprehensive diagnosis of the disease and the state of the patient's body is achieved. Not only promotes the objective,standardization, standardization and modernization of TCM syndrome differentiation, but also enriches and develops clinical diagnostics. "Combination of disease and syndrome" has been formed, combining the treatment of syndrome differentiation with syndrome differentiation, the combination of disease differentiation by stages and syndrome differentiation and microscopic syndrome differentiation, the same disease with different syndromes and different treatments, the same disease with different syndromes and the same treatment, and the combination of traditional Chinese and Western medicine treatment during the perioperative period.Treatment patterns and methods. Enriched and developed clinical therapeutics and improved clinical efficacy. After a large number of clinical studies in various clinical disciplines, it has been proved that the curative effect of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine is better than that of simple Western medicine or simple TCM.

Collection of Theoretical and Clinical Research Results[10]

Integrated Chinese and Western medicine has formed a relatively independent knowledge system. Chinese and Western medicine will have macro-dialectic Chinese medicine with concepts and systems such as yin and yang, qi and blood,viscera, visceral manifestation, meridians, vital qi,evil qi, syndrome differentiation and treatment. The concept and the micro dialectic of the conceptual system are combined to form its own unique macrodifferentiation, micro-differentiation, combination of macro-differentiation and micro-differentiation,latent syndrome, disease syndrome, combined diagnosis, combined treatment of disease and syndrome, integrated Chinese and Western medicine concepts and conceptual systems such as concurrent treatment of bacterial toxins and acupuncture anesthesia. In addition, the diagnosis of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine has formed the diagnosis theory and method of integrated "symptoms" of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine, which is different from the diagnosis mode of "integrated disease and syndrome" of TCM. Integrated Chinese and Western medicine therapy has formed the combination of syndrome differentiation treatment and symptom differentiation treatment, syndrome differentiation, symptom differentiation, staged syndrome differentiation treatment of different stages of disease, syndrome differentiation treatment of different pathological types of disease, syndrome differentiation treatment and special prescription,special treatment combination of Chinese medicine and Western medicine, acupuncture (Chinese medicine or Western medicine), massage and acupuncture (Chinese medicine or Western medicine) combined treatment system.

At present, the diagnosis and treatment standards, guidelines, and expert consensus of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine for various diseases have been formed, such as"Diagnostic Standards for Coronary Heart Disease and Blood Stasis Syndrome", "Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Chronic Renal Failure", and "Expert Consensus on Integrated Diagnosis and Treatment of Integrated traditional and Western Medicine for Acute Myocardial Infarction" Wait.

The publication of Integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, such as (Diagnosis and Treatment of Integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine), "Practical Internal Medicine of Integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine", "Practical Orthopedics of Integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine","Practical Integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine in Obstetrics and Gynecology","Practical Integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine "Integrated Pediatrics","Practical Surgery of Integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine", "Practical Neurology of Integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine", (Contemporary Hematology of Integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine), (Practical Rheumatology of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine), "Practical Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine for Skin" Diseases, (Integrated Nursing of TCM and Western Medicine) and "Integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine", etc.It indicates that the theoretical system of various disciplines of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine has gradually formed.

TYPICAL CASES OF INTEGRATED CHINESE MEDICINE AND WESTERN MEDICINE

Treatment of Cholera

In the 18th century, cholera broke out in Europe, killing tens of thousands of people. At that time, one out of every 20 Russians died of disease,and one out of every 30 Poles died of the disease.The doctors were helpless about this. In the 19th century, cholera was endemic again and again,and it was as harmful as the plague Black Death in Europe. In 1902 in the early 20th century, cholera broke out in the areas of Yanshan and Huanghua.There is a patient in Liu Ren village, nearly 40 years old. At that time, Zhang Xichun was visiting the patients at the village. After learning about the incident, he found the family of the patient and said, "one breath remains and one can be saved."Then he prescribed for the patient with big doses of Fructus Corni (山萸肉), Radix Codonopsis (黨參) and Rhizoma Dioscoreae (山藥). The patient miraculously got back to life.

In 1919, the cholera epidemic broke out in Shenyang, based on several years of experience,Zhang Xichun proposed 2 prescriptions, the"Emergency Resuscitation Pill" and "Health and Epidemic Prevention Pill", the prevention and treatment effect was satisfactory saving countless people. That year, cholera became popular in Shandong, and many doctors were helpless. At this time, Yuan Linpu in Gucheng County asked Zhang Xichun for help. Zhang Xichun immediately informed the composition and method of taking method of the "Emergency Resuscitation Pill" prescription, and saved a lot of lives again.

Treatment of Epidemic Encephalitis

In the 1960s, meningitis in Shijiazhuang became prevalent, and several experts could not found good solutions. In the end, Dr. Guo Keming was inspired by Zhang Xichun's Baihu Decoction and had a significant effect on the prevention and treatment of meningitis. He also won the Science and Technology Achievement Award of the Ministry of Health at that time and was received by Chairman Mao Zedong. Zhang Xichun elaborated many times on this statement of its complexity. Only the explanation on the effects of gypsum (石膏), there were 38 cases attached to the medical history.Among them, there were many critical patients with illness syndromes. According to the diagnosis of Western medicine, the diseases are dysentery,malaria, severe submandibular abscess, pneumonia,puerperal fever, postpartum hemorrhage, rheumatic fever, scarlet fever, etc., and nearly half of them are accompanied by coma, shock or systemic failure.

After nearly a century, using Western medicine methods alone to deal with some of the above cases is still tricky. However, Zhang Xichun was often handy when he said, "I have done clinical practice for more than 40 years, the healing with gypsum has more than thousands. There are a few pounds for curing one case, and one for more than ten pounds."In 1954, Shijiazhuang organized TCM doctors to apply Zhang Xichun's experience in reusing gypsum to treat Japanese encephalitis and obtained satisfactory results. The Health Department has promoted it to the country as a major scientific and technological achievement. This valuable insight and experience of Zhang Xichun was inherited and carried forward after the founding of the People's Republic of China.

Gypsum is a sulfate mineral, and its main component is aqueous calcium sulfate. Its taste is spicy, sweet, and cold, with the function of clearing heat and purging fire and relieving restlessness and relieving thirst. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that gypsum has a good effect on high fever caused by various reasons, and can relieve thirst. Therefore, gypsum is often used to treat high fever, thirst, unconsciousness, and fever caused by warm disease. Gypsum is good at clearing away the fire from the lungs and stomach, so it is also commonly used in diseases such as lung heat, asthma, toothache with stomach fire pattern.Gypsum is a good heat-clearing medicine used by medical doctors of all generations, Zhang Xichun said: "Gypsum is cold in nature and can disperse.It has the power to penetrate the muscles. It is a sacred medicine for the heat of clearing the heat of yangming's stomach and intestines. It is effective regardless of internal injuries and external infective all works. ". It also works. ".

Artemisinin for Malaria Treatment

The news that Chinese female scientist Tu Youyou won the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine made the Chinese people feel heartwarming. The application of artemisinin discovered by Tu Youyou in the treatment of malaria can significantly reduce the mortality rate of the patients.This is also the first time that Chinese scientists have won the Nobel Prize for Science for scientific research conducted in China. From the laboratory to the clinic, in 1986, "Artemisinin" was awarded won class of new medicines certificate issued by our country. A mission in a special historical period was eventually transformed into a weapon for all human beings to fight diseases and save countless lives. In an interview, Prof. Tu Youyou mentioned that in the process of studying the antimalarial effect of Artemisia annua, she was inspired by Ge Hong's"Elbow Reserve Urgent Formula" and changed the extraction method, so she successfully obtained an active artemisinin. Wang Chuanshe, an associate professor in the Department of Integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University School of Medicine, believes that although artemisinin is extracted according to the ideas of Western medicine, it is based on itself, borrowing the experience of thousands of years of TCM in treating diseases. The development is also enlightening.Wang Chuanshe believes that this achievement is the idea of combining traditional Chinese and Western medicine. It uses modern science and technology to study TCM, summarize TCM, and summarize the experience left over by thousands of years of Chinese ancestors. It is a good promotion of the current integration of Chinese and Western medicine[11].

Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine to Fight Against COVID-19

In the face of a serious global COVID-19 Pandemic in 2020, integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine is a great help to doctors to counter the virus. So far, although the specific drugs for COVID-19 have not been found,vaccination is the most effective means to fight against virus infection and transmission. However,the development of vaccine is difficult and takes a long time. Western medicine is currently using drugs that may be help to against COVID-19,including antiviral drugs: alpha-interferon, ribavirin,Reddisivir, lopinavir/Ritonavir, abidor, cyclosporin A, etc., anti-inflammatory drugs: glucocorticoids,immunotherapy: plasma of recovered patients. It has been proved that reddisivir and chloroquine phosphate can effectively inhibit coronavirus -2.Combined with modern science and technology,TCM has screened out the "three drugs and three prescriptions" with obvious curative effects,such as Jinhua Qinggan Capsules (金花清感膠囊), Lianhua Qingwen Capsules (蓮花清瘟膠囊),Xuebijing Injection (血必凈注射液), Qingfei Paidu Decoction (清肺排毒湯), Huashi Baidu Fomula(化濕敗毒方) and Xuanfei Baidu Fomula (宣肺敗毒方), and conducted synchronous observation of clinical efficacy. The results showed that the total effective rate of TCM was over 90%[12]. TCM holds that this disease belongs to the category of"pestilence" disease, which is caused by the feeling of "pestilence" Qi[13]. As early as in theHuangdi Neijing, Suwen there was an argument that "all the 5 epidemics are easily infected, no matter how big or small they are, and the symptoms are similar".Treatise on Cold Pathogenic Diseases by Zhang Zhongjing is a clinical summary of the treatment of exogenous diseases represented by epidemics.The laterTreatises on Pestilence, The Prescriptions for The Prevention and treatment of Epidemic diseases, and thePrescriptions for the Prevention and treatment of epidemic diseaseswere recorded in various periods. The pathogenic microorganisms are varied, but the human body's symptoms after infected pathogenic microorganisms are similar.CM is different from Western medicine treated by a single target. TCM doctors draw the wisdom from the ancient people for thousands of years, TCM through the disease to explore, think and summarize the wisdom, by distinguishing between the between the vital qi and pathogen the disease on the meridian and in the Zangfu, in the qi or in the blood and so on. There are more than a multi-angle path, more targets for overall treatment, comprehensive control,effective prevention on the damage of pathogenic microorganisms to the body and improvement to the body's ability to fight pathogenic microorganisms,but also beneficial to the prognosis. At present, the pulmonary inflammation has not been fully absorbed as the discharge standard. Chinese medicine on the symptoms of phlegm elimination of deep phlegm can prevent the virus re-positive. Therefore, the integration of TCM and Western medicine to give full play to their respective advantages is an effective way to deal with the virus. In the face of the global pandemic of COVID-19, China's accumulated experience and effective treatment methods of TCM are worthy of references[14].