劉慧
(商丘學(xué)院應(yīng)用科技學(xué)院,河南 商丘 475000)
辭格又稱修辭格,屬于修辭學(xué)的研究范疇。修辭學(xué)的起源與發(fā)展都離不開演講,而演講正是一門注重修辭的藝術(shù)。
關(guān)于“辭格”的定義,黃任在《英語修辭鑒賞與寫作》中認(rèn)為,辭格指一定的修辭格式,如打比喻、講反話、設(shè)排比、用雙關(guān)等等;有的在意義上出花樣,有的在結(jié)構(gòu)上做文章,有的突出語氣技巧,有的妙用音韻組合,目的都是為了加強表達效果。而對于“辭格”的運用,他認(rèn)為辭格以詞語為核心,以句子為表現(xiàn)層次,雖然也可能夸大到段甚至到篇,但多數(shù)情況下辭格都包含在句子范圍內(nèi)(1996:11)。他在此書中從寫作實踐的角度介紹不同層次英語修辭活動的運用,并對一些較難區(qū)分的辭格加以嚴(yán)格的對比性研究。
經(jīng)過豐富辭格加工、潤飾的演講語言能產(chǎn)生一種特殊的藝術(shù)美。欣賞者或如聆聽音樂,有高低起伏;或如欣賞一幅有聲的畫,動靜結(jié)合,且時而震撼有力,如百鼓敲擊心靈,時而意境幽遠,令人浮想聯(lián)翩,產(chǎn)生視聽的美感。本文所選辭格用例將被歸納為三方面,分別從語音修辭、語義修辭和句式修辭探討其修辭藝術(shù)。
語音修辭格,也稱“韻格”,其包含的種類繁多,如沈少華的著作中就講述過三十七種。當(dāng)包含某一相同音素或音素組合的詞以相同規(guī)律出現(xiàn)在某個英語句子中時,會構(gòu)成不同種類的語音修辭格。英語演講中常用的語音修辭格有以下三類:
1.頭韻 (Alliteration)
“頭韻”是指在同一語言單位(一組詞、一句話或一行詩等)中兩個或兩個以上單詞的起始字母重復(fù)同一聲音的押韻現(xiàn)象,輔音元音不限,但多見于輔音。請注意下列句子劃線單詞的首字母發(fā)音:
(1)We both agree that there can be only one sane policy to preserve our precious civilization in this modern age:A nuclear war cannot be won and must never be fought.
人力資源的演進中,具體的參見圖2,由此可以發(fā)現(xiàn),人力資源和管理咨詢、信息管理、數(shù)據(jù)庫、系統(tǒng)開發(fā)等主要內(nèi)容是一體化構(gòu)建的。
(2)Let us go forth to lead the land we love.
2.半諧音(Assonance)
多數(shù)專家認(rèn)為“半諧音”的韻腳主要產(chǎn)生在所選擇單詞的元音上,故也稱“元音韻”。以下句例劃線單詞均出現(xiàn)了相同的元音:
(1)The same force and resistance which are sufficient to procure us our liberties will secure us a glorious independence and support us in the dignity of free imperial States.
(2)And how fortunate we are indeed to live in the most diverse,dynamic and beautiful state in the entire union.
3.尾音(Consonance)
也稱“尾韻”,“子韻”或“假韻”。多數(shù)專家認(rèn)為指兩個或兩個以上單詞詞尾輔音重復(fù)出現(xiàn),有時也包括句尾非重讀音節(jié)重復(fù)。請注意以下演講句例中劃線單詞的
(1)And if they regain control of this government,Americans may look back on our term as one brief oasis of prosperity in an endless desert of worsening inflation and recession.
(2)More than machinery,we need humanity.More than cleverness,we need kindness and gentleness.Without these qualities,life will be violent and all will be lost.
1.明喻(Simile)
綜合有關(guān)參考,明喻亦稱“直喻”,是就兩個不同類對象之間相似點進行比喻。通常包括本體、喻體和比喻詞。最常見表現(xiàn)形式是 “l(fā)ike”型和“as”型,也有“as if/though”的虛擬句型或其它結(jié)構(gòu)如“A is like B, as…as…,more than,what…”等。下列句子均是明喻的運用。
(1)This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro Slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice.It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity.
(2)Soldiers!You have precipitated yourselves like a torrent from the Apennines.
2.隱喻(Metaphor)
或稱暗喻,也稱“壓縮了的明喻(Condensed Simile)”,與明喻的最大區(qū)別是它常在句中僅出現(xiàn)喻體而隱含本體,二者合二為一。隱喻的表現(xiàn)形式多種多樣,英語中常見的隱喻結(jié)構(gòu)是“A is B”。還可通過名詞、動詞、形容詞及of短語等表現(xiàn)。細(xì)細(xì)咀嚼下列演講中隱喻用例便能體會作者言辭的深意:
(1)I believe that the rendering of useful service is the common duty of mankind and the only in the purifying fire of sacrifice is the dross of selfishness consumed and the greatness of the human soul set free.
(2)He who has strength to chain down the wolf is a madman if he let him loose without drawing his teeth and paring his nails.
句式修辭也稱結(jié)構(gòu)修辭,英語演講中通常用的句式修辭是對照和排比,它們的使用能分別產(chǎn)生不同的語言效果。
1.“對照”(Antithesis):
“對照”也稱“對比”,是將兩個意義相對的單詞、短語、從句或句子甚至段落放在文體中,從而達到一種反襯、對立、或矛盾的語言效果。這種語言的強烈反差性能使人聯(lián)想起一幅幅具有極強反襯效果的畫面。試體會下列演講名句中劃線部分的語言效果:
(1)The brave man,living and dead,who struggled here,have consecrated it far above our power to add or detract.
(2)We must share together the bad news and the good news,the defeats and the victories—the changing fortunes of war.
2.排比(Parallelism)
排比也稱“平行結(jié)構(gòu)”,句式結(jié)構(gòu)整齊、規(guī)范,句意并列或遞進,從而產(chǎn)生一種氣壯山河的美感。將排比運用到在演講中能使句式更精致工整、意義更鮮明突出、聲調(diào)更富韻律美、氣勢更加宏偉。請欣賞以下句中劃線部分:
(1)Together,let us explore the stars,conquer the deserts,eradicate disease,tap the ocean depths,and encourage the arts and commerce.
(2)I believe that every right implies a responsibility;every opportunity,an obligation;every possession,a duty.
若能將排比與對照巧妙結(jié)合,不僅從結(jié)構(gòu)上形成排比,且意義上形成對照,其語句將能更加耐人尋味,稱為“對照排比”。著名美國總統(tǒng)肯尼迪曾在其就職演講中多處使用此修辭手段,故留下爭相傳頌的經(jīng)典名句:
(1)Ask not what your country can do for you,ask what you can do for your country.
(2)United,there is little we can not do,in a host of cooperative ventures.Divided,there is little we can do.
通過分析歸納,我們發(fā)現(xiàn):妙用修辭格的英語演講名篇不僅能產(chǎn)生重大歷史意義,而且堪稱是一篇篇文字優(yōu)美、構(gòu)思精巧且邏輯嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)奈膶W(xué)佳作,充分展現(xiàn)了英語語言的藝術(shù)美。實際上,英語演講中的修辭藝術(shù)也是一門滲透于日常生活中的藝術(shù),學(xué)習(xí)并靈活運用,不僅能提高鑒賞和運用英語語言的能力,而且還能提升言談舉止的魅力及行為效力。