特瓦復(fù)合綠道：通過(guò)景觀致敬歷史和生態(tài)環(huán)境

（新西蘭）邁克·托馬斯

特瓦復(fù)合綠道（Te Whau Pathway）是一條在奧克蘭市建設(shè)的騎行道和步行道共用的綠道基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，長(zhǎng)約12 km，希望通過(guò)其標(biāo)志性的建筑形態(tài)、公共藝術(shù)形式、增強(qiáng)的生態(tài)功能來(lái)展示奧克蘭市豐富悠久的歷史。這條優(yōu)雅現(xiàn)代的綠道連接市區(qū)與西郊，建成后將成為世界上首次橫跨奧克蘭狹窄火山峽谷，連通新西蘭東、西海岸之間的綠道。在這里日出、日落交替上演，塔斯曼海（Tasman Sea）和太平洋的浪花相接、懷特瑪塔城（Waitemat?。┖吐汲牵∕anukau）的船只往來(lái)不息，體現(xiàn)了生態(tài)多樣性和豐富的歷史文化印記。

這條綠道可以追溯到沿特瓦河（Te Whau River）的一條重要?dú)v史路線，曾經(jīng)被新西蘭的土著毛利人當(dāng)作在2個(gè)水域和部落領(lǐng)土之間的陸上運(yùn)輸路線，用于移民、糧食收集、貿(mào)易和戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。近年來(lái)，這條河用于生產(chǎn)和運(yùn)輸磚塊、食品、貝殼杉樹(shù)膠和其他原材料?，F(xiàn)在，它成了低密度住房和工業(yè)區(qū)的背景。

項(xiàng)目位于城市西郊，那里的道路多修建在山地上，主要通行機(jī)動(dòng)車且時(shí)常發(fā)生交通堵塞。因此對(duì)騎自行車的人來(lái)說(shuō)，行程較長(zhǎng)且不安全。綠道將社區(qū)與工作場(chǎng)所、娛樂(lè)場(chǎng)所和學(xué)校聯(lián)系起來(lái)，縮短了出行時(shí)間，提高了人們的出行意愿，并提供了一個(gè)可供人親近自然的場(chǎng)所。

1 特瓦復(fù)合綠道沿海生態(tài)Costal ecology of the Te Whau Pathway

2 特瓦復(fù)合綠道設(shè)計(jì)元素The design elements of the Te Whau Pathway

考慮到當(dāng)?shù)刎S富的淡水資源及廣闊的潮汐生態(tài)環(huán)境，項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)建造了一個(gè)實(shí)用的交通項(xiàng)目，并將其轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐粋€(gè)嵌入式的雕塑元素（sculpture element），將社區(qū)、人民及其文化、自然遺產(chǎn)聯(lián)系在一起。該項(xiàng)目將促進(jìn)大片本土沿海森林的種植，同時(shí)加強(qiáng)對(duì)紅樹(shù)林生態(tài)環(huán)境的保護(hù)。

紅樹(shù)林上方“漂浮”的形態(tài)簡(jiǎn)約的道路與美麗的河流自然環(huán)境相輔相成，它模擬了河流的水波形態(tài)及河面反光的特性，成為河流景觀及社區(qū)的一部分。設(shè)計(jì)通過(guò)鯔魚銀色鱗片、蜿蜒的河流和波光粼粼的水面3個(gè)概念意向來(lái)體現(xiàn)當(dāng)?shù)靥厣?。設(shè)計(jì)師希望道路設(shè)計(jì)盡量簡(jiǎn)潔，因此整體呈曲線形態(tài)盤旋在紅樹(shù)林上方，沿著寬闊的河流蜿蜒前行，倒映出河水優(yōu)美的曲線和水面波光，以簡(jiǎn)潔卻又不失美感的方式完美地融入自然環(huán)境中。

除了為通勤者建立通往奧克蘭騎行系統(tǒng)的重要東西向地鐵線連接外，這條綠道最大的價(jià)值在于將當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)、周邊社區(qū)及沿河場(chǎng)所（如學(xué)校、商店、景點(diǎn)、工作場(chǎng)所）進(jìn)行連通?？梢灶A(yù)計(jì)，與原公路相比，該道路將提供更快、更安全、更讓人愉悅的短距離路線，并為西奧克蘭地區(qū)居民增加步行和騎行的機(jī)會(huì)。扶手上的標(biāo)牌將為通勤者提示附近設(shè)施的方向和距離，同時(shí)道路的兩端還標(biāo)明了跨海的距離。

人行木棧道將由更輕、比鋼更堅(jiān)硬且使用壽命長(zhǎng)達(dá)100年的強(qiáng)化玻璃纖維建造。這樣輕便堅(jiān)固的材料旨在確保綠道建造結(jié)構(gòu)的可行性，并且不會(huì)對(duì)生態(tài)敏感的紅樹(shù)林產(chǎn)生破壞。這種材料不會(huì)釋放有害物質(zhì)，污染生態(tài)敏感的沿海區(qū)域，并且可以在使用完成后進(jìn)行回收。該項(xiàng)目將促進(jìn)沿海區(qū)域和道路周邊保護(hù)區(qū)大規(guī)模沿海森林的恢復(fù)，提高沿途的景觀體驗(yàn)，改善本地生物多樣性及加強(qiáng)沿海防御。

特瓦復(fù)合綠道很可能成為奧克蘭騎行網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)建設(shè)的里程碑。一旦建成，它將成為原本未開(kāi)發(fā)的、連接太平洋和塔斯曼海的紅樹(shù)林中的標(biāo)志物，并提供沉浸式的體驗(yàn)。

3 特瓦復(fù)合綠道連接了大西洋與塔斯曼海，貫通了東西海岸The Te Whau Pathway uniquely connects the Pacific Ocean with the Tasman Sea,East Coast to West Coast

4 鳥(niǎo)瞰圖Te Whau aerial view

5 局部鳥(niǎo)瞰圖Te Whau aerial view (part)

Te Whau Pathway is a 12 km shared cycling/walking greenway infrastructure proposed for the city of Auckland. Through iconic architectural form, public art and enhanced ecologies, the long and varied history of the region is celebrated through Te Whau Pathway. The pathway is an elegant piece of modernity, linking the city to the western suburbs. A world first, it will connect the east and west coasts of New Zealand across Auckland’s narrow volcanic isthmus, joining sunrise with sunset, the Tasman Sea and Pacific Ocean,and the Waitematā and Manukau harbours across multiple ecologies and cultural footprints.

The pathway traces an important historical route along the Te Whau River, once used by Māori, New Zealand’s indigenous community, as an overland portage route to haul waka between the two water bodies and tribal territories — for migration, food gathering, trading and warfare.More recently, the river was used for the production and shipment of bricks, food, Kauri tree gum and other primary products. Now, it is a backdrop to low density housing and industrial precincts.

The pathway is in the city’s western suburbs,where streets are hilly and often congested, resulting in long journeys that are unsafe for cycling and are dominated by private vehicles. The pathway will connect communities with their places of work,recreation and schools, shortening journey times,promoting active travel and providing access to nature.

By creating a dialogue with this diverse freshwater and expansive tidal ecology, the project team has taken a utilitarian transport project and transformed it into an embedded, sculptural element that connects communities and people with their cultural and natural heritage. The project will stimulate the planting of large tracts of native coastal forest and improve protection of the ecology that the mangroves inhabit.

The beauty of this natural river setting is complemented by the simplicity of the structure floating above the mangroves, mimicking the natural sweep of the river and its reflective qualities, and becoming a part of the landscape and the community that will inherit it. Conceptually, the essence of the design reflects place: the shimmer of the mullet; the curvilinear sweep of the river;the coruscating surface of the waters of Te Whau.The idea for the pathway is purposefully simple.A curvilinear pathway with no straight sections,hovering above the mangroves, snaking along the broad river edge, mirroring the sweep and sparkle of the river. It is a simple form in a simple setting,not distracting from the beauty of its setting.

Beyond forming a crucial east west metro route connection into the Auckland cycle network for commuters, the greatest value of the pathway is to the local community, providing connections to neighbourhoods and facilities (such as schools,shops, reserves, workplaces) along the river edge. It is anticipated that the pathway will provide faster,safer and more enjoyable short journeys than by road, with the added advantage of increasing walking and cycling movements in West Auckland.Signage built into the handrail will inform commuters of directions and distance to nearby facilities as well as distance travelled from and to each ocean at either end of the pathway.

The boardwalk will be constructed from glass reinforced fibre that is lighter than other materials,is stronger than steel and has a 100 yr lifespan.This light, strong material and the structural design of the pathway was designed to enable it to be constructed from the structure, rather than having to disrupt the sensitive mangrove forest. This material will not leach harmful contaminants onto the sensitive coastal marine environment, and it can be recycled at the end of its life. The project will stimulate large scale coastal forest restoration along the coastal margins and in reserves along the way, enhancing the experience of the pathway and improving native biodiversity and coastal defences.

Te Whau Pathway will likely be considered the next hero of the Auckland cycleway network.Once built it will provide an iconic and immersive experience amongst an otherwise undiscovered stretch of mangrove forest, connecting the Pacific Ocean with the Tasman Sea.