張維紅
非謂語動詞包括不定式、分詞、動名詞。它們無人稱和數(shù)的變化。縱觀近幾年全國各地的高考題,對非謂語動詞的考查隨處可見。如在選擇填空、完形填空、閱讀理解、短文改錯中都有所考查。因此它既是重要的考點,又是廣大考生為之頭疼的難點。本文結合例題對非謂語動詞的一些命題熱點進行歸納總結,希望對同學們有所幫助。
一、邏輯主語要一致
這主要體現(xiàn)在非謂語動詞作狀語。動詞不定式可作狀語,表示目的、結果、條件等;分詞作狀語是用來說明主語的一個次要動作,表示時間、原因、條件、方式、伴隨等,分詞的邏輯主語應與主句的主語一致?,F(xiàn)在分詞多表示主語正在進行的動作,邏輯上為主動關系;過去分詞則表示動作已經結束,與句子主語邏輯上為被動關系。
例題再現(xiàn):
1. “We can't go out in this weather,” said Bob, ____ out of the
window.
A. looking ? B. to look ? C. looked ? D. having looked
解析:此題中非謂語動詞look與主語Bob邏輯上為主動關系,表伴隨狀態(tài)。又因為其所表動作和主句謂語動詞said 同時發(fā)生。故選A。
2. When first ____ to the market, these products enjoyed great success.
A. introducing ? B. introduced
C. introduce ? D. being introduced
解析:句中的introduce的邏輯主語是products;且products和introduce之間是被動關系,所以用過去分詞。故選B。
3. It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just ___ a look at the sports stars.
A. had ? B. having ? C. to have ? D. have
解析:本題考查不定式作目的狀語的用法。故選C。
二、分清時態(tài)很重要,主動被動要搞清
現(xiàn)在分詞doing有being done (被動式); having done (完成式); having been done (完成被動式)三種形式。
不定式to do有to be done (被動式); to have done (完成式); to be doing (進行式)三種形式。
動名詞doing有having done (完成式); being done (被動式)兩種形式。
例題再現(xiàn):
1. I don't know whether you happen ___, but I'm going to study in the U.S.A. this September.
A. to be heard ? B. to be hearing
C. to hear ? D. to have heard
解析: happen to do sth. 意為“碰巧做某事”,又因為非謂語動詞的動作發(fā)生在know之前,故應用不定式的完成式。故選D。
2. The flu is believed ____ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.
A. causing ? B. being caused
C. to be caused ? D. to have caused
解析: sth. is believed / considered / thought to be / as sth. 是英語中一種常見句式。又由by可知主語與謂語動詞之間為被動關系。故選C。
3. ____ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.
A. To wait ? B. Have waited
C. Having waited ? D. To have waited
解析:本題考查非謂語動詞作狀語。先排除B,因為B項謂語動詞形式明顯不符合語法結構。由于題干中兩個動作的先后關系十分明確,故選用分詞的完成式作時間狀語。故選C。
4. ____ from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.
A. Being separated
B. Having separated
C. Having been separated
D. To be separated
解析:動作發(fā)生在主句謂語動詞之前時用完成式;Australia 與separate之間為被動關系,所以要用完成被動式。故選C。
三、否定形式要記牢
非謂語動詞的否定形式為:not + 非謂語動詞,但在實際運用時,有很多同學容易用錯,尤其是在非謂語動詞的完成形式中,考生易受現(xiàn)在完成時的影響而誤選。
例題再現(xiàn):
1. ____ the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks.
A. Not completing
B. Not completed
C. Not having completed
D. Having not completed
解析:“他們沒有完成那項計劃,只好再在那兒呆兩周?!边xC。Not having completed相當于 Because they haven't completed the programme。本題應特別注意not的位置,不要誤選為D。
2. Tony ?was ?very ?unhappy ?for ____ to
the party.
A. having not been invited
B. not having invited
C. having not invited
D. not having been invited
解析:invite與主語為被動關系,又發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前。故選D。
四、動詞用法是重點,固定搭配不能忘
因為動詞是構成句子的橋梁和紐帶,考查重要動詞的用法是高考的一個重點。而這些動詞后跟賓語時,又有其特殊性,有的只能跟不定式,有的只能跟動名詞,而有的兩者皆可用,但意義大相徑庭。現(xiàn)簡要列舉一些:
1. 不定式作賓語時往往跟在某些及物動詞后面,常見的有:afford, agree, ask, decide,desire, expect, fail, hope, pretend, plan, intend, refuse等等。
2. 以下動詞或動詞詞組后接非謂語動詞時,通常只接動名詞作賓語:allow, permit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, finish, imagine, miss, practise, resist, risk, be used to (習慣于), can't help (禁不?。?can't stand, give up, feel like, keep on, insist on, look forward to, devote to, stick to, have difficulty (trouble) in, have a good / wonderful / hard time in等等。
3. 下列動詞既可以跟動名詞作賓語也可以跟不定式作賓語,但意義不同,須特別注意。
例題再現(xiàn):
1. I really appreciate ____ to relax with you on this nice island.
A. to have had time
B. having time
C. to have time ? D. to having time
解析:本題為固定搭配,appreciate doing sth.。故選B。
2. Having been ill in bed for nearly a month, he had a hard time ____ the exam.
A. pass ? B. to pass
C. passed ? D. passing
解析:have a hard time / difficulty / trouble... (in) doing sth. “做某事很困難”。故選D。
五、非謂語動詞作賓語補足語
在see, hear, watch, feel, observe, have, listen to, notice 等動詞后,既可以用現(xiàn)在分詞構成復合賓語,也可以用省略to的不定式構成復合賓語,但兩者的含義是有差別的:用現(xiàn)在分詞時表示動作正在發(fā)生(即處于發(fā)生的過程中,還沒有結束);用省略to的不定式時表示動作發(fā)生了(即動作全過程結束了)。在這里大家還應注意與分詞作定語形式的區(qū)別。
例題再現(xiàn):
1. a) The __ ?_ boy was last seen _ ?__
near the East Lake.
A. missing; playing
B. missing; play
C. missed; played
D. missed; to play
b) My advisor encouraged ____ a summer course to improve my writing skills.
A. for me taking ? B. me taking
C. for me to take ? D. me to take
解析:a)中missing是形容詞作定語;see sb. doing,現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語。b)中encourage sb. to do sth.,不定式作賓語補足語。答案為a) A ?b) D。
2. a) He looked around and caught a man
___ his hand into the pocket of a
passenger.
A. put ? B. to be putting
C. to put ? D. putting
b) The flowers ____ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.
A. to smell ? B. smelling
C. smelt ? D. to be smelt
解析:a) 中catch sb. doing sth.“正巧碰到或抓住某人做某事”,用現(xiàn)在分詞表示動作正在發(fā)生,作賓語補足語。b) 中smelling sweet 是現(xiàn)在分詞作定語相當于一個定語從句which smell sweet。故答案為a) D ?b) B。