V-ing形式作表語、定語和賓補(bǔ)用法要點(diǎn)解讀

江運(yùn)慧

【導(dǎo)圖助記】

【語法解讀】

一、V-ing形式作表語

V-ing形式在連系動(dòng)詞后面作表語時(shí)，具有雙重性：

1. 具有名詞性質(zhì)，用于說明主語的情況或詳細(xì)內(nèi)容，多表示一般性或抽象性的行為。如：

Li Ming's hobby is collecting stamps. 李明的愛好是收集郵票。

My work is teaching English. 我的工作是教英語。

2. amuse， astonish， charm， confuse， disappoint， encourage， excite， interest， move等表示心理狀態(tài)的及物動(dòng)詞可用其V-ing形式作表語，意為“令人……的”。此時(shí)的V-ing形式的功能相當(dāng)于形容詞，常指人或物所具有的特征。如：

The news is very disappointing. 這個(gè)消息很令人失望。

To our disappointment， the result was so shocking. 使我們失望的是，這結(jié)果太令人吃驚了。

【特別注意】

1. 作表語的V-ing形式與進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中的V-ing形式相同，但功能不同。前者說明主語的性質(zhì)或情況，后者說明動(dòng)作是由主語完成的。如：

Travelling is interesting but tiring. 旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲勞。（表性質(zhì)）

They are playing basketball on the play- ground now. 他們現(xiàn)在在操場(chǎng)上打籃球。（表動(dòng)作）

2. excite， interest， amuse， astonish， charm，confuse等心理狀態(tài)類及物動(dòng)詞的V-ing形式表示“令人……的”，而V-ed形式表示“感到……的”。這類詞常見的有：interesting 使人感到有趣的/interested 感到有興趣的;exciting 令人激動(dòng)的/excited 感到激動(dòng)的;delighting 令人高興的/delighted 感到高興的;disappointing 令人失望的/disappointed 感到失望的;encouraging 令人鼓舞的/encouraged 感到鼓舞的;pleasing 令人愉快的/pleased 感到愉快的;puzzling 令人費(fèi)解的/puzzled 感到費(fèi)解的;satisfying 令人滿意的/satisfied 感到滿意的;surprising 令人驚異的/surprised 感到驚異的;worrying 令人擔(dān)心的/worried 感到擔(dān)心的。

二、V-ing形式作定語

V-ing形式作名詞修飾語時(shí)即定語，可以分為兩類：前置定語和后置定語。其中前置定語在高考中考查得比較少，而后置定語是高考的重要考點(diǎn)。

1. V-ing形式作前置定語

（1） 單獨(dú)作定語，通常放在所修飾詞前。如：

In the following years he worked even harder. 在后來的幾年中，他學(xué)習(xí)更努力了。

That is a very exciting story. 那是一個(gè)很令人激動(dòng)的故事。

Everyone knows that barking dogs seldom bite. 大家都知道吠犬不咬人。

This is an interesting film. 這是一部有趣的電影。

（2） 有時(shí)V-ing 形式可以和副詞或名詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合詞作定語。如：

Australia is an English-speaking country. 澳大利亞是一個(gè)講英語的國家。

The fast-growing economy has caused environmental problems. 快速增長的經(jīng)濟(jì)引起了環(huán)境問題。

（3） V-ing 形式作定語時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作有時(shí)表示“在進(jìn)行”，有時(shí)表示“經(jīng)常”（coming 表將來）。如：

The sleeping boy is Simon. 正在睡覺的男孩是西蒙。

The paper-making factory is near our school. 這家造紙廠在我們學(xué)校附近。

2. V-ing形式作后置定語

（1） 往往表示正在發(fā)生或與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，其作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句。如：

The man standing by the window （=who is standing by the window） is our teacher. 那個(gè)站在窗戶旁邊的人是我們的老師。

The young man breaking the law （=who broke the law） was sentenced to death. 違反了法律的那個(gè)年輕人被判處死刑。

The boy sitting by me is my son. 坐在我旁邊的男孩是我的兒子。

Who is the girl standing by the door？ 站在門邊的那個(gè)女孩是誰？

I don't know the man going upstairs. 我不認(rèn)識(shí)上樓的那個(gè)男人。

Tell the children playing football outside not to make too much noise. 告訴在外面踢足球的孩子們不要弄出太大的噪音。

（2） V-ing 形式可起非限制性定語作用，常用逗號(hào)分開。如：

Jackson， wearing beautiful clothing， followed me down the hill. 杰克遜穿著漂亮的衣服，跟著我下山了。

【特別注意】

V-ing形式和過去分詞作定語時(shí)的區(qū)別：

There were about 200 children studying in the art school. 有大約二百個(gè)孩子在這所藝術(shù)學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)。

When I entered the room， I found a broken glass on the floor. 當(dāng)我進(jìn)入房間的時(shí)候，我發(fā)現(xiàn)地板上有一只被打破的玻璃杯。

三、V-ing形式作賓補(bǔ)

V-ing形式作賓補(bǔ)，強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語的動(dòng)作是主動(dòng)的，又是正在進(jìn)行的;賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足語之間是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。其主要用于以下幾種情況：

1. 在see， hear， feel， find， smell， watch， find， listen to， look at， notice， observe等感官動(dòng)詞后V-ing形式作賓補(bǔ)，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。如：

We heard her singing in her room. 我們聽見她在她的房間里唱歌。

He saw a girl getting on the tractor. 他看見一個(gè)女孩正在上拖拉機(jī)。

The salesman caught the boy stealing in the shop. 那個(gè)男售貨員發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)男孩在商店里偷東西。

2. 在with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中，V-ing形式表示主動(dòng)關(guān)系，往往有進(jìn)行的意思。如：

The poor man begged from door to door， with a lot of children following behind. 那個(gè)可憐的人挨家挨戶地乞討，后面跟著許多孩子。

3. 在set， keep， have， get， leave等使役動(dòng)詞后V-ing形式作賓補(bǔ)，構(gòu)成“have / leave...+賓語+doing”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“使……一直做……”，這里V-ing形式強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行或狀態(tài)在持續(xù)。如：

I won't have you standing long. 我不會(huì)讓你站得太久的。

【特別注意】

注意區(qū)別V-ing形式與不定式、過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語：

V-ing形式強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的主動(dòng)、正在進(jìn)行;不定式強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的全過程，如果是被動(dòng)的時(shí)候，要跟帶to 的不定式;過去分詞強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的被動(dòng)、完成。比較：

I saw him opening the window. （在開窗戶）

→I saw the window opened. （窗戶開著）

→I saw him open the window. （開了窗戶）

=He was seen to open the window.

I heard them singing that song. 我聽見他們正在唱那首歌。

I heard them sing that song. 我聽見他們唱了那首歌。

I heard that song sung. 我聽人唱過那首歌。

【跟蹤訓(xùn)練】

I. 單句語法填空。

1. We all believe that if a book is ___ （interest）， it will surely interest the reader.

2. The purpose of new teaching method is making study easier， not ___ （make） it more difficult.

3. It was said that the missing students were last seen ___ （play） near the river.

4. The police woman looked around and caught a young man ___ （put） his hand into the pocket of a passenger.

5. Every teacher said Mike was a ___（promise） boy when in school.

6. Mr. White， tired of the ___ （bore） TV play， started to read a novel.

7. When the girl got back home from work she saw a message pinned to the door ___ （read） “Sorry to miss you; will call later.”

8. In spite of his broken English， he can make himself ___ （understand）.

9. The murder was brought in， with his hands ___ （tie） behind his back.

10. The thief was observed ___ （open） the door.

II. 分析下列句子中的V-ing形式作哪種定語。

1. Last night， there were millions of people watching the opening ceremony live on TV.

_________________

2. Today there are more airplanes carrying more people than ever before in the skies.

_________________

3. He can't walk without a walking-stick.

_________________

4. Is there a swimming pool in your school？ __________________

5. The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.

_________________

III. 單句改錯(cuò)。

1. On the top of the hill， he could see smoke rise from the chimneys in the village.

2. You will see this product advertise wherever you go.

3. The hare was seen run into the bushes and disappear.

4. He didn't keep on asking me the time any longer as he had had his watch repairing.

5. They urged the committee make the decision soon.

IV. 語法填空。

A woman in jeans stood at the window of an expensive shop. _1_ （hesitate） for a moment， she finally went in and asked to see a dress that was in the window. The assistant who served her did not like the way she was dressed. ? _2_ （glance） at her scornfully （輕蔑地）， he told her that the dress had been sold. _3_（walk） out of the shop angrily， she decided to punish the assistant the next day. She returned to the shop the following morning _4_ （wear） a fur coat， holding a handbag in one hand _5_ a long umbrella in the other. After ? _6_ （seek） out the rude assistant， she asked for the same dress. Not realizing _7_ she was， the assistant was eager to serve her this time. ?_8_ great difficulty， he climbed into the shop window to get the dress. On _9_ （see） it， the woman said she did not like it. She enjoyed herself making the assistance bring almost everything in the window before finally _10_（buy） the dress she had first asked for.