蓮藕>茭白>慈姑,其中對(duì)兒童的健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯高于成年人。慈姑對(duì)成人食用群體健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)很小,所研究的荸薺樣品中部分P"/>
吳玉 阮子學(xué) 朱詠莉
摘 要:選取市場(chǎng)上4種常見水生植物(蓮藕、茭白、荸薺和慈姑),對(duì)其5種重金屬(Pb、Cd、Mn、Zn、Cu)含量進(jìn)行分析,比較不同水生植物重金屬含量狀況的差異,并利用靶標(biāo)危害系數(shù)(THQ)法對(duì)其食用的健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行初步評(píng)價(jià)。結(jié)果表明:研究區(qū)內(nèi),4種水生植物中Pb、Mn含量均超標(biāo),Zn、Cu對(duì)人體無明顯健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn);4種不同水生植物對(duì)成人及兒童造成的健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)順序依次為:荸薺>蓮藕>茭白>慈姑,其中對(duì)兒童的健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯高于成年人。慈姑對(duì)成人食用群體健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)很小,所研究的荸薺樣品中部分Pb、Cd含量較高,食用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大??傮w上看,不同市場(chǎng)中產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量良莠不齊,部分水生植物食用部分重金屬含量低,部分則較高。建議相關(guān)部門積極開展食品普查,加強(qiáng)蔬菜市場(chǎng)監(jiān)督及管理力度,以保證食用健康安全。
關(guān)鍵詞:水生植物;重金屬;風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)
Abstract:Four edible aquatic plants (Nelumbonucifera, Zizaniacaducifolia, Sagittariatrifolia, Eleocharis tuberose) were selected from markets. Contents of 5 heavy metals in these plants were detected. Heavy metals contents were compared between different Aquatic Plants, and their potential edible health risk were assessed by the methods of target hazard quotient (THQ).The results showed that Pd and Mn contents in edible parts of 4 wetland plants exceeded the standard values in studied area, no significant health risk of Zn and Cu contents appeared. The health risk for adults and children caused by the four aquatic plants was followed in the order of Eleocharis tuberose>Nelumbonucifera>Zizaniacaducifolia>Sagittariatrifolia.In addition, children were more sensitively affected by heavy metals. The health risk of Sagittariatrifolia was not significant, while of Eleocharis tuberose was quite high, caused by its high Pb and Cd contents, it is proposed to the regular businessmen to buy. Overall, the quality of the products in different markets varies greatly. Some of the edible parts of the aquatic plants were of low content and some of them were high. Food census should be actively carried out by the relevant departments, and supervision and management of the vegetable market should be strengthen to ensure the safety of food.
Key words:Aquatic plants; Heavy metals; Risk assessment
中圖分類號(hào):S682.32
環(huán)境污染伴隨著工業(yè)的快速發(fā)展而加劇,污水中的重金屬含量日益增加,使得土壤和水體的重金屬污染加劇。人們生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)所產(chǎn)生的重金屬通過水循環(huán)、大氣降塵等多種途徑進(jìn)入水體[1],并在底泥中積累。由于水生植物生長(zhǎng)環(huán)境的特殊性使得其受到重金屬污染的可能性要高于其他農(nóng)作物[2]。尤其作為人類食物來源的水生植物,其體內(nèi)的重金屬能夠通過食物鏈及其富集作用對(duì)人體健康造成威脅,并易導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的疾病[3]。如鉛中毒者多會(huì)腹痛、頭痛、心悸;鎘中毒易引起肺纖維化和腎臟病變;銅中毒會(huì)引起金屬煙塵熱、皮膚炎和濕疹等,因而得到越來越多學(xué)者的關(guān)注[4-5]。
針對(duì)水生植物的重金屬污染情況,一些學(xué)者研究發(fā)現(xiàn)部分水生植物已經(jīng)受到了重金屬的污染[6-8],如蓮藕、茭白等;由于發(fā)現(xiàn)荸薺皮渣對(duì)重金屬具有較強(qiáng)的富集作用[9],因而荸薺也可能存在重金屬含量超標(biāo)的情況。為了預(yù)估環(huán)境中污染物對(duì)人體產(chǎn)生危害的可能性,靶標(biāo)危害系數(shù)(THQ)法[10]備受推崇。THQ法是以攝入劑量與參考暴露劑量的比值來作為評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),目前已被多次應(yīng)用在由食物攝入而引起的重金屬風(fēng)險(xiǎn)定量評(píng)估中[11-12]。
以往研究側(cè)重于重金屬Pb、Cd等對(duì)特定水生植物生長(zhǎng)[5,13-15]及體內(nèi)重金屬積累的影響[2,4,16],但鮮有多種水生植物多種重金屬含量比較分析及風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)的報(bào)道。本文選取4種市場(chǎng)常見水生植物(蓮藕、茭白、荸薺和慈姑),對(duì)其可食用部分的5種重金屬含量進(jìn)行分析,并通過采用靶標(biāo)危害系數(shù)(THQ)方法[10]進(jìn)行計(jì)算和評(píng)估其健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn),以期為深入了解市場(chǎng)中常見水生植物食用部分重金屬含量狀況并對(duì)其健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的預(yù)測(cè)評(píng)估提供依據(jù)。
食品攝入是重金屬進(jìn)入人體并產(chǎn)生危害的最直接和主要途徑。4種水生植物的重金屬總THQ值均>1,表明其食用可能會(huì)對(duì)人體健康產(chǎn)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn),慈姑雖然各重金屬THQ值<1,但考慮到各重金屬之間可能存在的累加及協(xié)同作用,其食用可能會(huì)對(duì)人體健康產(chǎn)生危害,因此不建議長(zhǎng)期大量食用。市場(chǎng)中產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量良莠不齊,建議相關(guān)部門積極開展食品普查,加強(qiáng)蔬菜市場(chǎng)監(jiān)督及管理力度,以確保食品衛(wèi)生安全,盡量減少流入市場(chǎng)的蔬菜對(duì)人體的健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
3 結(jié)論
所調(diào)查的4種水生植物中Pb、Mn含量均超標(biāo),但僅部分存在風(fēng)險(xiǎn);Zn、Cu對(duì)人體無明顯健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn),4種不同水生植物對(duì)成人及兒童造成的健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)順序依次為:荸薺>蓮藕>茭白>慈姑,慈姑對(duì)成人食用群體健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)很小??傮w上看,研究區(qū)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)中這4種水生植物中重金屬含量差異較大,部分食用無明顯健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn);部分超標(biāo)嚴(yán)重,長(zhǎng)期食用可能會(huì)對(duì)人體產(chǎn)生健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。希望衛(wèi)生質(zhì)檢部門能夠定期對(duì)售賣食物進(jìn)行抽查質(zhì)檢,加強(qiáng)市場(chǎng)食品安全監(jiān)督和管理,減少市場(chǎng)上食物對(duì)人體的健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn),保證人們食用安全。
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作者簡(jiǎn)介:吳 玉(1987—),男,碩士;研究方向?yàn)橹亟饘傥廴炯捌浞乐渭夹g(shù)。
通信作者:朱詠莉(1976—),女,博士,研究員;研究方向?yàn)橹亟饘傥廴炯捌浞乐巍?/p>