許華麗 朱柯 馮燕
【摘要】 上皮特異性黏附分子(epithelial cell adhesion molecule,Ep-CAM)一種分子量為37KDa的Ⅰ型跨膜糖蛋白,介導(dǎo)上皮特異性細胞間黏附,局限性表達于正常組織上皮基底膜處,相關(guān)于細胞信號傳遞、遷移、增殖和分化等。不少研究者在腫瘤發(fā)生機制研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)Ep-CAM大量表達于快速增長的上皮性或上皮源性腫瘤組織中,參與Wnt信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路,與腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展、侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移及預(yù)后有著密切聯(lián)系,目前已成為腫瘤早期診斷和免疫靶向治療的候選分子。本文就Ep-CAM的生物學特性及近年來其在相關(guān)腫瘤的研究進展做一綜述,期望對腫瘤的早期診斷、治療和預(yù)后有所幫助。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 腫瘤 Ep-CAM 腫瘤干細胞 腫瘤標記物
doi:10.14033/j.cnki.cfmr.2020.16.069 文獻標識碼 A 文章編號 1674-6805(2020)16-0-03
Progression of the Research of Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule Express in Cancer/XU Huali, ZHU Ke, FENG Yan. //Chinese and Foreign Medical Research, 2020, 18(16): -171
[Abstract] Epithelial adhesion molecule (Ep-CAM) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 37KDa mediates the adhesion of epithelial-specific intercellular. Ep-CAM localized express at the epithelial basement membrane of normal tissues which is associated with the signaling, migration, proliferation and differentiation of cells. Lots of researchers have found that Ep-CAM is abundantly expressed in rapidly growing epithelial or epithelial-derived tumor tissues and is involved in Wnt signal transduction pathway, which is closely related to tumorigenesis, development, invasion, metastasis and prognosis. Ep-CAM has become a candidate molecule for the early diagnosis and immuno-targeted therapy of tumor. This article mainly reviews the biological characteristics of Ep-CAM and the recent research progress of it related to tumors, and hoping to be helpful for the early diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of tumors.
[Key words] Tumor Ep-CAM TSC Tumor marker
First-authors address: Mianyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Mianyang 621000, China
上皮屏障功能主要由上皮細胞間的緊密連接決定,生理條件下,細胞黏附起著至關(guān)重要的作用,當上皮細胞接觸相鄰細胞時,將會影響細胞的遷移、增殖和分化等功能,即為接觸性抑制[1]。然而在腫瘤中,接觸性抑制的喪失會導(dǎo)致細胞不可控制的增殖和運動,進而侵犯鄰近組織器官甚至遠處轉(zhuǎn)移[2]。細胞黏附主要由跨膜細胞黏附分子(cell adhesion molecule,CAM)介導(dǎo)的同種或異種細胞與細胞之間及細胞與基質(zhì)之間的相互作用,參與細胞遷移,細胞周期,細胞信號及生物體發(fā)育和組織再生期間的形態(tài),而Ep-CAM,主要以多聚體的形式廣泛的表達于上皮細胞的表面,功能不僅限于細胞黏附,包括細胞遷移,增殖和分化等過程[3-4],并參與鈣粘蛋白-連環(huán)蛋白及WNT信號通路密,調(diào)節(jié)Myc等原癌基因的表達[3,5-6],且因其已被證實為一種上皮性腫瘤的特異性抗原,目前已經(jīng)成為腫瘤免疫治療的一個重要靶點。
1 Ep-CAM的基因、分子結(jié)構(gòu)、功能
1.1 Ep-CAM的基因
Ep-CAM是腫瘤相關(guān)鈣信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)1(tumor-associated calcium signal transducer 1, TACSTD1)基因編碼,TACSTD1位于人類2號染色體(2p21)[7],大小約為14 kb,由9個外顯子組成,其成熟mRNA長度約為1.5 kb,其中外顯子9主要編碼細胞內(nèi)區(qū)的3端的非翻譯區(qū)內(nèi)有兩個重要的基因序列,包括與炎性介質(zhì)相關(guān)的TTATTTAT極可能是原癌基因、細胞因子等特異性降解信使的ATTTA。啟動子區(qū)含有刺激蛋白1及激活蛋白1兩個結(jié)合位點,無TATA和CAAT盒結(jié)構(gòu)[8]。
1.2 Ep-CAM的分子結(jié)構(gòu)
人類Ep-CAM是由314個氨基酸組成的多肽[7],由胞外區(qū)、單次跨膜區(qū)和胞內(nèi)區(qū)三部分構(gòu)成,胞外結(jié)構(gòu)域(extracellular domain of epithelial cell adhesion molecule,EpEX)主要負責Ep-CAM分子的同源性細胞間的黏附[9]。細胞內(nèi)結(jié)構(gòu)域(intracellular domain of epithelial cell adhesion molecule,EpICD)是由26個氨基酸構(gòu)成的短肽,其包含一個NPXY內(nèi)化基序和兩個α-輔肌動蛋白(α-actin)結(jié)合位點,能結(jié)合肌動蛋白,進而和細胞骨架相互作用[10]。
1.3 Ep-CAM的功能及表達
Ep-CAM為非鈣離子依賴性上皮特異性黏附分子,通常缺乏細胞間的相互作用。研究表明,在人結(jié)腸上皮細胞和上皮細胞系中,Ep-CAM不存在于細胞間的緊密連接、細胞-基質(zhì)黏結(jié)或橋粒處,而部分與E-鈣粘蛋白(E-cadherin,E-cad)共同定位于細胞側(cè)膜處[11]。Ep-CAM能夠抑制由E-cad介導(dǎo)的細胞間黏附,E-cad能γ-,α-,和β-連環(huán)素(γ-catenin,α-catenin,β-catenin)相互作用,形成鈣粘蛋白-連環(huán)素(cadherin-catenin)復(fù)合體,并能通過α-catenin連接到肌動蛋白細胞骨架,然后與其他蛋白結(jié)合形成復(fù)合體[12]。鈣粘蛋白-連環(huán)素復(fù)合體狀態(tài)的穩(wěn)定對建立和維持上皮細胞極性,調(diào)節(jié)上皮組織的形態(tài)發(fā)生、細胞增殖和細胞凋亡,正常的細胞-細胞間黏附和內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)定都是至關(guān)重要。由于Ep-CAM含有兩個α-actin結(jié)合位點,能夠和肌動蛋白結(jié)合,破壞α-catenin和f-肌動蛋白間的結(jié)合,削弱E-cad介導(dǎo)細胞間黏附的功能,調(diào)節(jié)細胞增殖、分化,甚至導(dǎo)致上皮細胞層次的紊亂,改變細胞性質(zhì),向更具移動功能的間質(zhì)細胞轉(zhuǎn)換,也即誘發(fā)上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)換(epithelial mesenchymal transition,EMT),參與腫瘤的發(fā)展、侵襲和遠處轉(zhuǎn)移[13-14]。敲除小鼠的能表達E-cad的樹突狀朗格漢斯細胞中的Ep-CAM基因后,發(fā)現(xiàn)細胞的黏附性增強且細胞的遷移和運動性相對減弱。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)表明在生理狀態(tài)下,Ep-CAM的抗粘連效應(yīng)可能在形態(tài)發(fā)生和組織再生過程中起著重要調(diào)節(jié)和協(xié)調(diào)作用,然而在腫瘤中這一過程被破壞后Ep-CAM可能作為細胞間黏附的負調(diào)節(jié)劑進而促進癌細胞侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移[15]。此外Ep-CAM的糖基化狀態(tài)亦可能影響其黏附功能,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在健康組織中Ep-CAM處于非糖基化狀態(tài),而癌癥組織或異常增生的組織中Ep-CAM卻處于高糖基化狀態(tài)[16]。
Ep-CAM在某些組織結(jié)構(gòu)的分化成熟過程中,Ep-CAM的表達模式是動態(tài)變化的[17]。在人的胚胎早期,除胸腺外,上皮組織都有Ep-CAM基因的表達。機體發(fā)育成熟后,除肝細胞和鱗狀上皮以外的所有上皮組織中Ep-CAM基因都有程度不一的表達,在結(jié)締組織、腦組織、造血系統(tǒng)來源和血管內(nèi)皮細胞中并沒有Ep-CAM的明顯表達。
2 Ep-CAM與腫瘤
2.1 Ep-CAM在腫瘤中的表達
國內(nèi)外的眾多研究表明,Ep-CAM在癌癥組織中的表達異常,可上調(diào)、下調(diào)或原本不表達的組織重新表達,Ep-CAM在中胚層和外胚層起源的腫瘤組織中不表達,例如神經(jīng)源性腫瘤,黑色素瘤,肉瘤或各種淋巴瘤[18]。但是Ep-CAM通常在增生的上皮組織中陽性表達,且在多種上皮相關(guān)性腫瘤中高表達,在結(jié)腸直腸癌、肝癌、胃癌、肺癌、前列腺癌等均顯示出高比例的強陽性,且與腫瘤的分化程度、轉(zhuǎn)移和復(fù)發(fā)相關(guān)[19-21]。研究通過小RNA干擾下調(diào)乳腺癌細胞中Ep-CAM的表達后發(fā)現(xiàn),能明顯降低乳腺癌細胞的增殖、轉(zhuǎn)移和侵襲能力[22]。目前Ep-CAM已被作為食管癌中癌前病損Barrett食管化生的有效敏感指標[23]。然而成熟鱗狀上皮組織本不表達Ep-CAM,鱗狀上卻在皮癌癥中其表達亦呈強陽性,且分化程度越低,陽性表達越強,除此之外,Ep-CAM在腫瘤細胞中的分布于腫瘤類型是相關(guān)的,例如在結(jié)腸癌細胞中,高分化者其表達均勻分布于基底外側(cè),中度分化者則主要分布于細胞膜、細胞質(zhì)。
2.2 Ep-CAM在腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展中的作用機制
目前關(guān)于Ep-CAM在腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展中作用機制的研究比較局限,其主要可能的機制主要包括以下幾個方面:(1)腫瘤組織中Ep-CAM的過表達,將它與E-cad在細胞間黏附調(diào)節(jié)的功能平衡被打破,大大削弱E-cad介導(dǎo)的細胞間黏附,誘發(fā)EMT,并且Ep-CAM可以對凋亡因子進行負調(diào)節(jié),進而促進腫瘤細胞的增殖、移動和遠中轉(zhuǎn)移[13-14]。(2)Ep-CAM通過影響Wnt/β-catenin經(jīng)典信號通路來調(diào)節(jié)c-myc等原癌基因、細胞周期蛋白A/E等基因的表達以影響細胞周期,刺激細胞循環(huán)和增殖,其中c-myc原癌基因的過表達可以促進健康細胞向惡性轉(zhuǎn)化[3,24-25]。
(3)Ep-CAM能夠促進來源于某些特定腫瘤的癌細胞脫落入血,遠處轉(zhuǎn)移。(4)Ep-CAM可以阻斷DC的主要組織相容性復(fù)合體(major histocompatibility complex,MHC)Ⅱ限制性抗原的呈遞、并且促進Th細胞2的分化,使CD4+T細胞發(fā)生功能缺陷和免疫逃逸,進而促進腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展和遷徙。
2.3 Ep-CAM與腫瘤干細胞
腫瘤干細胞(tumorstemcell,TSC)為腫瘤組織中具有自我更新潛能且能產(chǎn)生異質(zhì)性腫瘤細胞的細胞,與腫瘤生長與轉(zhuǎn)移等過程密切相關(guān)。近年來TSC特異性及其相關(guān)的細胞表面標志物成為目前研究的熱點,有研究顯示,Ep-CAM在前列腺癌干細胞中有表達,并且其表達與前列腺癌細胞的增殖、致瘤性、轉(zhuǎn)移及放化療抵抗有關(guān)[26]。此外Ep-CAM也是食管癌、肝癌、乳腺癌、結(jié)直腸癌等腫瘤的腫瘤干細胞表面標記物[23]。Ep-CAM作為TSC的表面標志物,目前以Ep-CAM為靶點抗腫瘤治療應(yīng)用于胃癌、肝癌、結(jié)直腸癌、乳腺癌等腫瘤的臨床治療都在陸續(xù)開展[27-29]。例如抗Ep-CAM鼠來源單克隆抗體Edrecoloimab已經(jīng)在德國被批準上市,主要用于結(jié)直腸癌和乳腺癌的治療[30];Catumaxomab是已被國際認證的抗Ep-CAM和CD3的雙特異性嵌合抗體,以腹腔注射的方式治療Ep-CAM+和CD3+的腫瘤療效良好[31],如胃癌腹腔轉(zhuǎn)移、卵巢癌腹腔轉(zhuǎn)移和腹腔內(nèi)的上皮源性腫瘤。
2.4 Ep-CAM與腫瘤的診斷與預(yù)后
Ep-CAM作為上皮的特異性黏附分子,其表達與否可以用于確定腫瘤是否來源于上皮組織,因此成為診斷上皮源性腫瘤的標志物之一[32]。運用ELISA等方法檢測患者體液中Ep-CAM 的表達水平可以為一些腫瘤的診斷提供幫助,同時也可以運用同種方式來監(jiān)測腫瘤術(shù)后患者的體液中Ep-CAM水平來判斷腫瘤患者的預(yù)后,提高患者的預(yù)后生存期,以期降低腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)率[33-34]。運用免疫組化學的方式檢測患者腫瘤組織中Ep-CAM表達強度能夠預(yù)估腫瘤的預(yù)后并且可以指導(dǎo)治療計劃的制定。
綜上,Ep-CAM作為上皮性腫瘤標志物,與腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展、轉(zhuǎn)移、侵襲性密切相關(guān),并且與患者生存期的長短關(guān)系密切,以Ep-CAM為靶點的抗Ep-CAM單克隆抗體運用對于上皮源性腫瘤的治療有重大幫助,且術(shù)后患者體液中Ep-CAM水平的檢測對監(jiān)測腫瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移、復(fù)發(fā)、預(yù)后、指導(dǎo)臨床治療也具有重要參考價值。目前期望Ep-CAM能夠在更多的如頭頸部及頜面部上皮性腫瘤得到更廣泛的研究和應(yīng)用,對更多惡性腫瘤的診療提供依據(jù)和手段。
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(收稿日期:2020-03-13) (本文編輯:郎序瑩)