崔巍 王旭 劉成棟 龔義軍 余亮
【摘要】目的 評(píng)估非梗阻型輕度急性膽石性胰腺炎(MAGP)腹腔鏡膽囊切除術(shù)合理的手術(shù)時(shí)機(jī)及血清糖類抗原19-9水平變化在疾病發(fā)展過(guò)程中的意義。方法 回顧性分析接受早期腹腔鏡膽囊切除術(shù)治療的181例非梗阻型MAGP患者的臨床資料。按血清淀粉酶及糖類抗原19-9是否陽(yáng)性將其分為3組(淀粉酶陽(yáng)性定義為正常值上限的3倍或以上,糖類抗原19-9陽(yáng)性為超過(guò)正常值上限),研究組1為淀粉酶陽(yáng)性+糖類抗原19-9陰性(28例),研究組2為淀粉酶陽(yáng)性+糖類抗原19-9陽(yáng)性(21例),對(duì)照組為淀粉酶陰性+糖類抗原19-9陰性(132例)。比較各組手術(shù)相關(guān)指標(biāo)及手術(shù)前后淀粉酶和糖類抗原19-9變化情況。結(jié)果 3組患者在肛門排氣時(shí)間、中轉(zhuǎn)開腹率及并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率方面比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均> 0.05)。術(shù)中所見(jiàn),研究組2患者膽囊、膽囊三角及膽囊周圍炎癥的嚴(yán)重程度重于其他2組患者。研究組2在手術(shù)時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量方面劣于研究組1和對(duì)照組(P均 < 0.05)。淀粉酶陽(yáng)性或糖類抗原19-9陽(yáng)性患者腹腔鏡膽囊切除術(shù)后血清淀粉酶或糖類抗原19-9水平均較術(shù)前低(P均< 0.05)。結(jié)論 非梗阻型MAGP患者早期行腹腔鏡膽囊切除術(shù)是安全、有效的;對(duì)于同時(shí)伴糖類抗原19-9升高者,需警惕炎癥的嚴(yán)重性及手術(shù)難度,避免并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。
【關(guān)鍵詞】手術(shù)時(shí)機(jī);腹腔鏡膽囊切除術(shù);非梗阻型;輕度急性膽石性胰腺炎;淀粉酶;糖類抗原19-9
【Abstract】Objective To evaluate the significance of optimal timing of laparoscopic cholecystectomy and variations in the serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) level during the progression of non-obstructive mild acute gallstone pancreatitis (MAGP). Methods Clinical data of 181 non-obstructive MAGP patients undergoing early laparoscopic cholecystectomy were retrospectively analyzed. All patients were divided into three groups: study group 1 (amylase(+)+CA19-9(-), 28 cases), study group 2 (amylase (+)+CA19-9(+), 21 cases), and control group (amylase (-)+CA19-9(-), 132 cases). Amylase (+) is defined as more than 3 times of the upper limit of normal value and CA19-9(+) is defined as exceeding the upper limit of normal value. Surgery-related parameters and the changes in the amylase and CA19-9 levels before and after surgery were statistically compared among three groups. Results There was no significant difference in the flatus time, rate of conversion to open cholecystectomy and incidence rate of postoperative complications among three groups (all P > 0.05). Intraoperatively, the severity of gallbladder, the triangle of Calot and perigallbladder inflammation in the study group 2 was higher compared with those in the other two groups. The operation time, length of hospital stay and intraoperative blood loss in the study group 2 were significantly worse than those in the study group 1 and control group (all P < 0.05). Postoperative serum levels of amylase and CA19-9 in patients with amylase (+) or CA19-9 (+) were significantly lower than preoperative levels (both P < 0.05). Conclusions Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy is safe and effective for patients with non-obstructive MAGP. Nevertheless, for those complicated with elevated CA19-9 levels, extensive cautions should be taken for the severity of inflammation and surgical difficulty to avert the incidence of postoperative complications.
【Key words】Surgical timing;Laparoscopic cholecystectomy;Non-obstructive;Mild acute gallstone pancreatitis;Amylase;Carbohydrate antigen 19-9
目前,對(duì)于急性結(jié)石性膽囊炎或慢性結(jié)石性膽囊炎急性發(fā)作患者,行早期腹腔鏡膽囊切除術(shù)(ELC)治療已被廣大外科醫(yī)師接受,但對(duì)于血清淀粉酶水平達(dá)正常值上限3倍或以上且無(wú)膽管結(jié)石或膽管梗阻者,即非梗阻型輕度急性膽石性胰腺炎(MAGP)患者,其ELC的手術(shù)時(shí)機(jī)目前尚未達(dá)成共識(shí)。同時(shí)有研究顯示,非梗阻型MAGP患者入院時(shí)血清糖類抗原19-9(CA19-9)水平往往升高,升高機(jī)制尚不清楚,血清CA19-9水平在膽胰的良惡性疾病中均可升高,有時(shí)較難區(qū)分疾病性質(zhì)[1]。筆者見(jiàn)目前國(guó)內(nèi)外關(guān)于CA19-9在急性膽囊炎疾病的發(fā)生、發(fā)展中的作用研究甚少。在本研究中,我們?cè)u(píng)估了非梗阻型MAGP患者的手術(shù)時(shí)機(jī)以及血清CA19-9水平變化及其與疾病的關(guān)聯(lián),以期指導(dǎo)臨床決策。
對(duì)象與方法
一、研究對(duì)象
收集2018年10月至2019年10月于我科接受ELC治療的183例非梗阻型MAGP患者的臨床資料。181例患者的癥狀主要為右上腹疼痛、惡心、嘔吐;體征為局限于上腹部的壓痛和(或)伴輕度反跳痛;入院后均經(jīng)腹部B超和磁共振胰膽管造影(MRCP)證實(shí)有膽囊結(jié)石,不合并膽管結(jié)石,無(wú)膽胰惡性腫瘤影像學(xué)征象。181例均無(wú)肝內(nèi)外膽道梗阻及阻塞性黃疸表現(xiàn),無(wú)明顯血清膽紅素和轉(zhuǎn)氨酶異常,無(wú)消化道惡性腫瘤,無(wú)器官衰竭,無(wú)局部并發(fā)癥(包括胰周積液、胰腺和胰周壞死及假性囊腫形成等),無(wú)全身并發(fā)癥[2]。
淀粉酶的陽(yáng)性定義為正常值上限的3倍或以上;CA19-9陽(yáng)性定義為超過(guò)正常值上限。根據(jù)血清淀粉酶及CA19-9是否陽(yáng)性將181例分為3組,研究組1為淀粉酶陽(yáng)性+ CA19-9陰性,共28例;研究組2為淀粉酶陽(yáng)性+ CA19-9陽(yáng)性,共21例;對(duì)照組為淀粉酶陰性+ CA19-9陰性,共132例。淀粉酶陰性+ CA19-9陽(yáng)性病例僅2例,且為CA19-9輕度升高,故排除,最后共納入181例患者的資料作分析。所有患者圍術(shù)期均給予抗感染、補(bǔ)液或解痙等對(duì)癥處理。由于本研究中淀粉酶陽(yáng)性者多為血清淀粉酶水平輕度升高,因此不常規(guī)予抑酸、抑酶治療。
本研究符合醫(yī)學(xué)倫理學(xué)并通過(guò)我院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),診療過(guò)程均經(jīng)患者本人或家屬同意,并簽署了知情同意書。
二、觀察指標(biāo)
181例患者均于入院后96 h內(nèi)接受ELC,均采用3孔法。觀察并比較各組手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)后肛門排氣時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、中轉(zhuǎn)開腹率、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率。比較血清淀粉酶陽(yáng)性及CA19-9陽(yáng)性者手術(shù)前后血清淀粉酶及CA19-9的變化情況。
三、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
采用SPSS 17.0進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。計(jì)量資料以表示,多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,兩兩比較采用LSD-t檢驗(yàn);手術(shù)前后比較采用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以例(%)表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)或Fisher確切概率法。P < 0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
結(jié)果
一、3組非梗阻型MAGP患者一般情況比較
3組患者的性別、年齡、術(shù)前住院時(shí)間比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。研究組1和研究組2術(shù)前血清淀粉酶水平高于對(duì)照組(P均< 0.05),研究組2術(shù)前血清CA19-9水平高于研究組1和對(duì)照組(P均< 0.05),見(jiàn)表1。
二、3組非梗阻型MAGP患者手術(shù)相關(guān)指標(biāo)比較
術(shù)中所見(jiàn),研究組2患者膽囊、膽囊三角及膽囊周圍炎癥程度較其他2組患者重,膽囊頸部結(jié)石及膽囊膽汁淤積情況也更嚴(yán)重,見(jiàn)圖1。3組患者的肛門排氣時(shí)間、中轉(zhuǎn)開腹率及并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。中轉(zhuǎn)開腹原因:對(duì)照組中2例為膽囊管變異,1例為膽囊三角炎癥嚴(yán)重,解剖困難;研究組1和研究組2各有1例膽囊三角區(qū)域組織粘連嚴(yán)重。3組的并發(fā)癥主要為切口感染以及肺部感染,均未發(fā)生膽道損傷、膽漏、膽道狹窄及梗阻、腹腔出血等并發(fā)癥。研究組2在手術(shù)時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量方面劣于研究組1和對(duì)照組(P均< 0.05)。研究組1和對(duì)照組的各項(xiàng)手術(shù)相關(guān)指標(biāo)比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均> 0.05),見(jiàn)表2。
三、血清淀粉酶陽(yáng)性及CA19-9陽(yáng)性者手術(shù)前后血清淀粉酶及CA19-9變化情況
血清淀粉酶陽(yáng)性及CA19-9陽(yáng)性者術(shù)后2項(xiàng)指標(biāo)均較術(shù)前下降(P均< 0.05),見(jiàn)表3。
討論
膽囊結(jié)石在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的發(fā)病率為10% ~ 15%,其中高達(dá)20%為急性結(jié)石性膽囊炎,胰腺炎患者中80%為輕度急性胰腺炎,而急性胰腺炎中約30% ~ 55%為膽石性胰腺炎[3]。病理學(xué)和放射學(xué)研究表明,膽囊結(jié)石和胰腺炎的伴隨發(fā)生率可能遠(yuǎn)高于人們既往認(rèn)為的那樣[4]。CA19-9是膽胰惡性腫瘤最常用的標(biāo)志物,90%膽胰惡性腫瘤患者血清CA19-9水平超過(guò)37 U/ml[5]。CA19-9升高也可見(jiàn)于多種良性疾病,如膽管炎、肝脂肪變性、泌尿系結(jié)石、肝腎囊腫和膽囊炎等[6-7]。有研究顯示,老年急性膽囊炎患者(年齡> 65歲)入院時(shí)CA19-9水平為(620.5±205.6) U/ml,在接受經(jīng)皮經(jīng)肝膽囊穿刺引流術(shù)治療后72 h內(nèi),其CA19-9水平降至(55.2±20.1)U/ml,提示CA19-9可能在膽囊炎癥急性發(fā)作中發(fā)揮重要作用[8]。
目前ELC應(yīng)用于膽囊炎急性發(fā)作期已被臨床醫(yī)師廣泛接受,美國(guó)胃腸病學(xué)會(huì)、國(guó)際胰腺病學(xué)會(huì)及美國(guó)胰腺病學(xué)會(huì)也推薦對(duì)非梗阻型MAGP患者行ELC治療[9]。但有研究顯示這可能會(huì)造成一部分進(jìn)展中未被識(shí)別的壞死性胰腺炎患者出現(xiàn)潛在的嚴(yán)重后果[10]。同時(shí)有研究顯示,術(shù)前高淀粉酶血癥與腹腔鏡膽囊切除困難顯著相關(guān),術(shù)前血清淀粉酶水平升高會(huì)增加中轉(zhuǎn)開腹的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),故建議對(duì)于此類患者延遲手術(shù)[11-12]。因此,目前對(duì)于非梗阻型MAGP手術(shù)時(shí)機(jī)尚未達(dá)成一致。各個(gè)國(guó)際指南對(duì)于ELC的“早期”定義缺乏共識(shí),有學(xué)者將其定義為癥狀發(fā)作后3 d內(nèi)或7 d內(nèi),也有學(xué)者將其定義為入院后1周內(nèi)或2周內(nèi)[13-17]。對(duì)于“早期”定義的多樣化可能是導(dǎo)致各研究結(jié)論存在偏差的原因[18]。我們的研究小組一直致力于探索膽囊炎癥急性發(fā)作時(shí)的最佳手術(shù)時(shí)機(jī),并定義急性發(fā)病入院后96 h內(nèi)為“早期”[19]。術(shù)前正確預(yù)測(cè)手術(shù)難度可以避免多種手術(shù)帶來(lái)的相關(guān)問(wèn)題[20]。在本研究中,非梗阻型MAGP患者均無(wú)膽管結(jié)石及膽管梗阻,其血清淀粉酶升高原因并不明確,我們推測(cè)可能與患者膽囊功能減退有關(guān),由于Oddis 括約肌與膽囊間存在局部反射,在膽囊收縮功能減退的情況下,Oddis括約肌運(yùn)動(dòng)功能受到抑制,進(jìn)而可能導(dǎo)致血清淀粉酶升高[21]。我們發(fā)現(xiàn),研究組1與對(duì)照組手術(shù)及術(shù)后各項(xiàng)相關(guān)指標(biāo)無(wú)差異,2組術(shù)中膽囊炎癥程度及手術(shù)難易程度也相似,提示血清淀粉酶水平不代表急性膽囊炎的嚴(yán)重程度,這與近期的研究結(jié)果相似,淀粉酶并不是一個(gè)可靠的炎性診斷指標(biāo)[22-23]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,對(duì)于非梗阻型MAGP患者,ELC是安全、有效的,與對(duì)照組相比并不增加手術(shù)時(shí)間、中轉(zhuǎn)開腹率、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率和住院時(shí)間,與部分研究結(jié)果相同[24-26]。
ELC能夠降低整體風(fēng)險(xiǎn),避免或減少疾病復(fù)發(fā),改善患者生活質(zhì)量[27]。
盡管3組之間中轉(zhuǎn)開腹率無(wú)差異,但我們?cè)谛g(shù)中發(fā)現(xiàn),研究組2患者膽囊、膽囊三角及膽囊周圍炎癥程度較其他2組患者重,膽囊頸部結(jié)石及膽囊膽汁淤積情況也更嚴(yán)重。研究組2的手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量和住院時(shí)間劣于研究組1和對(duì)照組。我們考慮CA19-9可能是一個(gè)特異性炎癥指標(biāo),在膽囊炎癥急性發(fā)病中發(fā)揮重要作用。一般來(lái)說(shuō),膽胰惡性腫瘤及部分阻塞性黃疸患者血清CA19-9水平顯著升高。我們發(fā)現(xiàn),膽囊炎癥程度較重的研究組2患者的CA19-9水平大多數(shù)為輕度升高,我們推測(cè)其升高的機(jī)制及與膽囊炎癥的關(guān)系為:膽囊管結(jié)石嵌頓,引起膽囊管不同程度阻塞,膽囊內(nèi)壓力升高,炎癥加劇,膽囊壁上皮細(xì)胞受損;膽囊上皮細(xì)胞中的CA19-9產(chǎn)生增加,并進(jìn)入血液循環(huán);同時(shí)病情進(jìn)一步加重會(huì)導(dǎo)致炎癥從膽囊底部擴(kuò)散到肝臟內(nèi)。本研究結(jié)果顯示,膽囊切除術(shù)后CA19-9水平較術(shù)前下降,因此,我們認(rèn)為CA19-9水平變化對(duì)預(yù)測(cè)膽囊炎癥的嚴(yán)重程度和手術(shù)難度可能起一定的指導(dǎo)作用。
綜上所述,對(duì)非梗阻型MAGP患者實(shí)施ELC是安全、有效的,對(duì)于同時(shí)伴CA19-9升高者,則需謹(jǐn)慎,在排除惡性腫瘤的同時(shí),要充分認(rèn)識(shí)膽囊炎癥的嚴(yán)重程度及手術(shù)的難度,避免膽道及手術(shù)相關(guān)并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。由于本研究為回顧性研究,且樣本量較少,研究結(jié)果需要經(jīng)更高質(zhì)量的大樣本量前瞻性隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究來(lái)進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證,以便更好地指導(dǎo)臨床工作。
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(收稿日期:2020-02-20)
(本文編輯:洪悅民)